糖原贮积病Ⅱ型基因诊断与治疗进展

糖原贮积病Ⅱ型是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传性代谢性肌病,以进行性加重的骨骼肌萎缩、无力为特征,依靠临床病史、酸性α-葡糖苷酶(GAA)活性检测和GAA基因突变分析可以明确诊断。早期诊断可使患者在疾病早期即获得具有针对性的治疗和护理,改善预后和提高生活质量。本文拟就该病基因诊断和治疗进展进行概述。     

晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型患者呼吸功能临床研究

研究背景晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型(又称Pompe病)是一种主要累及骨骼肌的全身性遗传代谢性疾病,由溶酶体内酸性α-葡糖苷酶活性缺乏所致。呼吸衰竭是主要死亡原因。方法对11例经酶学、肌肉病理检查和基因突变分析证实的晚发型Pompe病患者进行立卧位用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、最大吸气压(MIP)、最大呼气压(MEP)和咳嗽峰流速(CPF)测试,与预测值进行对比并计算立位至卧位FVC变化(△FVC)百分比,分析呼吸功能与发病年龄、病程、运动功能、α-葡糖苷酶活性之间的关联性。结果 11例患者均存在肺功能异常,其中立位FVC和FEV1下降者各10例、△FVC下降者8例、MIP下降者11例、MEP下降者10例、CPF下降者10例;卧立位FEV1/FVC均于正常值范围。相关分析显示,立位FVC和△FVC与患者发病年龄、病程、运动功能、α-葡糖苷酶活性不存在关联性。结论呼吸功能障碍在晚发型Pompe病中较为常见。呼吸功能障碍主要表现为限制型通气障碍,以吸气肌无力突出。     

七例晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型患者临床特征及基因突变分析

目的分析4个家系7例晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型患者之临床特点和基因型,以提高对该病的认识。方法收集患者临床资料,并行酸性α-葡糖苷酶(GAA)基因突变分析。结果 7例患者分别来自4个家系,年龄13～31岁、发病年龄6～17岁、初诊年龄12～29岁、明确诊断年龄12～30岁;首发症状为肢带肌萎缩、无力,酸性α-葡糖苷酶活性0～5.27 nmol/(mg·h)。GAA基因突变分析共发现14种突变,其中2种为新突变位点(Q81X和c.1355_1356delC)、2种假缺陷等位基因位点(G576S和E689K)、8种多态性位点和2种已知的致病突变位点(W746C和D645E)。结论中国大陆地区对糖原贮积病Ⅱ型之诊断时间存在明显的延误,提高医务人员的认识和理解将有助于改善患者预后。在明确诊断糖原贮积病Ⅱ型或判断预后时,应结合临床病史、酸性α-葡糖苷酶活性检测和GAA基因突变分析。糖原贮积病Ⅱ型之临床表型具有异质性,在GAA基因型相同的情况下,同一家系的不同个体间可存在疾病进程和严重程度的差异。     

晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型1例患者的临床和病理及其家系GAA基因分析

目的研究1例晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型(GSDⅡ)患者的临床、病理和遗传特征。方法回顾性分析1例晚发型GSDⅡ患者的临床资料和骨骼肌病理特征,同时取得患者和家属知情同意后对其家系进行遗传咨询,提取外周血白细胞基因组DNA,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增酸性-α-葡萄糖苷酶(GAA)的基因编码区,直接测序分析GAA基因突变情况。结果 1患者男性21岁,临床表现为呼吸肌、四肢近端肌无力。肌电图提示肌源性损害。三角肌病理和免疫组化染色提示肌源性损害,酸性磷酸酶染色(+)。血GAA活性明显低于正常,符合晚发型GSDⅡ诊断。2家系GAA基因分析提示,患者及其父亲和2位姑姑(父亲的妹妹)均携带一个未见报道的GAA基因新突变:位于第8号外显子的缺失突变(p.Met439del);患者及其母亲、外祖母均携带一个已报道的GAA基因16号外显子错义突变(p.Trp746Cys);该家系中发现一些非致病性杂合突变。结论在晚发型GSDⅡ家系中发现一个新的GAA基因第8号外显子缺失突变p.Met439del。先证者因存在双杂合突变导致GAA活性下降并出现晚发型GSDⅡ的临床和病理改变。     

Myozyme对一例依赖呼吸机辅助通气的晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型患者疗效研究

目的观察Myozyme对依赖呼吸机辅助通气的晚期晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型患者的治疗效果。方法参照药品说明书要求,对1例晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型患者进行Myozyme治疗,剂量20 mg/kg(1次/2～4周),连续治疗6次,末次给药距首次给药间隔4个月;首次给药前须经静脉注射地塞米松5 mg预处理。随访16个月,记录每日运动功能、脱机时间和呼吸机参数变化。结果患者对Myozyme耐受良好,治疗期间未发生药物不良反应。首次给药第2天肩部压痛感即减轻,随着治疗时间的延长和给药次数的增加,脱机时间延长,原地踏步速度增快和时间延长、双上肢上举力量增加、自主呼吸下行走距离增加和时间延长。疗效评价显示,以治疗7个月时(停药后3个月)疗效最佳,至8个月时(停药后4个月)降至治疗前水平;肩部压痛感最先改善,也最快回复至治疗前水平。结论 Myozyme对依赖呼吸机辅助通气的晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型患者有一定疗效。     

对《糖原贮积病Ⅱ型诊断及治疗专家共识》的解读

糖原贮积病Ⅱ型是一种罕见的进展性溶酶体贮积病,由位于第17号染色体上的酸性α-葡糖苷酶(GAA)基因突变所致,呈常染色体隐性遗传。明确诊断依靠肌肉组织活检、血清α-葡糖苷酶活性检测和GAA基因突变分析。2006年以来,人重组α-葡糖苷酶用于该病的治疗,使患者预后显著改善。2013年《糖原贮积病Ⅱ型诊断及治疗专家共识》在《中华医学杂志》发表,有助于提高国内相关专科医师对该病的认识以及诊断与治疗水平。     

晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型临床、肌肉组织病理学及分子生物学特征分析

目的 总结晚发型糖原贮积病Ⅱ型(GSDⅡ)的临床表现、肌肉组织病理学和分子生物学特征.方法 与结果选择2013年1月至2020年1月在郑州大学第五附属医院诊断与治疗的5例晚发型GSDⅡ型患者,临床主要表现为抬头无力、四肢近端肌无力、肌张力降低、不耐受疲劳和呼吸困难,酸性α葡糖苷酶(GAA)活性均明显降低.5例患者肌肉组...     

糖原累积病Ⅱ型20例临床及病理特点

目的 总结糖原累积病Ⅱ型(GSDⅡ型)的临床及病理学特点.方法 回顾性分析20例经肌肉活体组织检查病理诊断的GSDⅡ型患者的临床和病理资料,并对部分患者进行随访.结果 20例患者中婴儿型1例,表现为全身肌力、肌张力低下,肌萎缩,运动发育迟缓,喂养困难,反复肺部感染合并心功能不全,血清肌酸激酶778 IU/L,肌电图示肌源性损害,超声心动图示肥厚性心肌病;晚发型19例(少年型18例,成人型1例),表现为双侧对称性四肢近端肌萎缩或呼吸肌无力等症状,呼吸肌与肢体肌受累可不平行.15例有实验室检查记录的患者中,14例血清肌酸激酶不同程度升高(208～2600 IU/L).17例行肌电图检查,9例为肌源性损害(其中1例伴易激惹现象),4例为可疑肌源性损害,1例为肌强直样放电,1例神经源性肌源性损害合并存在,2例正常.11例行超声心动检查,发现肥厚性心肌病1例,室间隔增厚、肺动脉高压各2例.肌活体组织病理检查均以肌纤维空泡样变为主要特征,空泡形态多样,多含有嗜碱性颗粒,过碘酸Schiff反应、酸性磷酸酶染色阳性反应明显.结论 GSDⅡ型在临床上表现为慢性肌病,以躯干肌和呼吸肌受累常见.多数患者血清肌酶轻度升高,肌肉病理检查有明显空泡样变,有助于确诊.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical and pathological features of glycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ⅱ. Methods The clinical and pathological data of the 20 GSD type Ⅱ patients were reviewed. Results One patient with infantile-onset mainly presented hypotonia, muscle weakness, feeding difficulties, pulmonary infection and cardiomyopathy insufficiency and increase of serum creatine kinase (778 IU/L) and echographic evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were detected. Electromyography studies indicated a definite myopathy. Nineteen cases were late-onset, presenting a slowly progressive proximal myopathy with truncal involvement or with symptoms dominated by respiratory insufficiency. Not all muscles were equally affected. Increase of serum creatine kinase (208-2600 IU/L) was detected in 14 patients and normal level in 1 patient. Electromyography studies indicated a definite myopathy in 9 patients,with abnormal irritability in 1 patient and susceptible in 4 patients and myotonic discharge in 1 patient and no abnormalities in 2 patients. Echographic evidence of thickening of the interventricular septum and pulmonary hypertension were detected in 2 patients respectively. The common light microscopic feature of all case was a vacuolar myopathy with high glycogen content and acid phosphatase activity in the vacuoles. Conclusions GSD type Ⅱ often presents slowly progressive myopathy which often affect the toro and respiratory muscles.In most patients the serum creatine kinase level is elevated slightly. Muscle biopsy is of use to make the definite diagnosis of this disease.     

代谢性肌病研究发展史

本文依据年代和科研进展两个层面对代谢性肌病的发展过程进行了回顾。展望其研究的努力方向仍是寻找不同代谢性肌病之特异性生物学标志物,并针对这些特异性标志物开发与研制特异性诊断与治疗措施。     

代谢谢肌病研究发展史

本文依据年代和科研进展两个层面对代谢性肌病的发展过程进行了回顾。展望其研究的努力方向仍是寻找不同代谢性肌病之特异性生物学标志物,并针对这些特异性标志物开发与研制特异性诊断与治疗措施。     

晚发型糖原累积病II型的临床和病理研究

目的：总结晚发型糖原累积病II型（CSDII型）的临床及病理学特点。方法：回顾性分析11例GSDII型患者的临床和病理资料,并对部分患者进行随访。结果：临床表现为对称性四肢肌无力,以近端受累为主,可伴有呼吸肌无力,肌酸激酶（cK）可有不同程度升高,肌电图检查均呈肌源性损害肌电表现,可伴肌强直电位。外周血α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性明显减低,肌肉活组织检查均以肌纤维空泡样变为主要病理特征,过碘酸希夫反应可见空泡内大量糖原沉积,酸性磷酸酶染色阳性。结论：晚发型GSDII型多表现为慢性肌病,易累及四肢肌和呼吸肌,血清CK轻度至中度升高,肌肉病理见明显空泡样变。α-葡萄糖苷酶活性明显减低,有助于确诊。     

Ⅱ型糖原累积病的研究进展

Ⅱ型糖原累积病(glycogen storage disease typeⅡ,GSDⅡ)也称为酸性麦芽糖酶缺乏症或Pompe病,属于常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,是由于酸性α-糖苷酶的缺乏,导致溶酶体内的糖原分解障碍并大量贮积而致病。本文就Ⅱ型糖原累积病的流行病学、基因突变特征、诊断新方法和治疗方面的进展作一介绍。     

Stroke in Primary Hyperoxaluria Type I

We report the case of a 27‐year‐old man with a history of previously undiagnosed renal disease that presented with multiple cerebrovascular infarctions. Workup for traditional causes of cerebrovascular infarction including cardiac telemetry, multiple echocardiograms, and hypercoagulative workup was negative. However, a transcranial Doppler detected circulating microemboli at the rate of 14 per hour. A serum oxalate level greater than the supersaturation point of calcium oxalate was detected, providing a potential source of the microemboli. Furthermore, serial imaging recorded rapid mineralization of the infarcted territories. In the absence of any proximal vessel irregularities, atherosclerosis, valvular abnormalities, arrhythmias, or systemic shunt as potential stroke etiology in this patient, we propose that circulating oxalate precipitate may be a potential mechanism for stroke in patients with primary oxalosis.     

The bleeding diathesis in human glycogen storage disease type I: in vitro identification of a naturally occurring inhibitor of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation

Platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine and ristocetin was studied in six patients with glycogen storage disease type I (GSD-I), five of whom had Ivy bleeding times in excess of six minutes. As has been previously reported, these patients demonstrated impaired platelet aggregation in response to ADP and epinephrine. We now report impaired ristocetin dependent platelet aggregation in those patients having an abnormal bleeding time. The impaired platelet aggregation was not corrected by the addition of purified factor VIII/von Willebrand's factor to platelet rich plasma from these patients. Normal ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation was observed when GSD-I platelets were suspended in buffer and factor VIII/von Willebrand's factor was added. Moreover, in the presence of GSD-I serum, the response to ristocetin was normal. When washed platelets from normal subjects were suspended in GSD-I plasma, abnormal ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation was observed. These data indicate the presence of an inhibitor(s) in GSD-I plasma which may be responsible for impaired ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation in patients with glycogen storage disease type I. This conclusion.is further supported by the finding of a parallel inhibition in the binding of ¹²⁵I-factor VIII/von Willebrand's factor to platelets by various fractions of GSD-I plasma separated by gel filtration. The elution position of the inhibitor and its absence from serum suggest that fibrinogen may be the inhibitor. Plasma from four patients with glycogen storage disease type III showed no evidence of a similar inhibitor(s).     

Glycogen accumulations in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease

Summary The fine structure of granular glycogen bodies (GGB) within the grey matter of the temporal cortex of 11 patients with Alzheimer's disease is described. GGB measure up to 50 m in diameter and consist of densely packed or glycogen granules (never both), neither of which are membrane bound. They were noted in axons, both myelinated and unmyelinated (sometimes close to the dystrophic neurites of senile plaques), and also in other processes of indeterminate origin. Their appearance may relate to disturbances of axonal transport resulting from damage to terminals within evolving senile plaques.Supported partically by a research studentiship from the Medical Research Council (PQS)     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与缺血性卒中

缺血性卒中和慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）分别位居中 国人口死亡原因的第一位和第三位,近年来两者之间的相关性越来越受到关注。本文总结了近年来 关于缺血性卒中和COPD之间关系的研究进展,就COPD与缺血性卒中的相关性进行探讨,希望能够借 此寻找更加有效的方式共同管理这两种疾病。     

既往卒中病史对缺血性脑血管病患者卒中结局的影响研究

目的 探讨中国人群中首发和复发缺血性脑血管病患者的临床特征和卒中结局差异。 方法 本研究基于全国多中心前瞻性中国国家卒中登记研究Ⅲ（the third China national stroke regi stry,CNSR-Ⅲ）,连续纳入2015年8月-2018年3月急性缺血性卒中或TIA患者,收集人口学信息、血 管危险因素、既往用药史及病因分型系统（causative classification system,CCS）等临床资料,记录随 访3个月和1年时卒中结局。卒中结局包括卒中复发（缺血性卒中或出血性卒中）、联合血管事件（卒中、 心肌梗死及血管性死亡事件）、脑血管病源性死亡及不良功能结局（mRS＞2分）。依据患者既往是否 有卒中病史分为有卒中病史组和无卒中病史组,比较两组的临床特征及卒中结局差异,并分析卒中病 史与卒中结局间的关系。 结果 最终纳入15 166例患者,平均年龄62.2±11.3岁,其中女性4802例（31.7%）;有卒中病史患者 3355例,无卒中病史患者11 811例。有卒中病史组患者年龄,冠心病、高血压、脂代谢紊乱、糖尿病、心 房颤动比例,既往用药史比例、入院NIHSS评分、住院期间降糖和降压治疗比例均高于无卒中病史组, 目前吸烟和重度饮酒比例、入院时LDL-C水平及住院期间抗血小板治疗比例低于无卒中病史组,差 异均有统计学意义。两组CCS分型的分布差异有统计学意义,其中有卒中病史组大动脉粥样硬化型和 心源性栓塞型卒中比例高于无卒中病史组。多因素分析结果显示,卒中病史是随访3个月不良功能结 局（校正OR 1.25,95%CI 1.09～1.44,P =0.002）,随访1年卒中复发（校正HR 1.44,95%CI 1.25～1.67, P＜0.001）、联合血管事件（校正HR 1.43,95%CI 1.24～1.64,P＜0.001）、脑血管病源性死亡（校正 HR 1.42,95%CI 1.12～1.80,P =0.004）、不良功能结局（校正OR 1.63,95%CI 1.42～1.88,P＜0.001）的 危险因素。 结论 有无卒中病史的缺血性卒中患者的临床特征及随访结局差异较大,尽管患者进行卒中二级 预防治疗,卒中病史仍然是患者1年卒中复发、联合血管事件、脑血管病源性死亡及不良功能结局的 危险因素。     

Screening for late-onset Pompe disease in Finland

Pompe disease (glycogen storage disease type II) is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in GAA gene. The estimated frequency of late-onset Pompe disease is around 1:60,000. However, only two infantile and one late-onset Pompe patients have been reported in Finland with a population of 5 million. We screened for late-onset Pompe disease in a cohort of undetermined myopathy patients with proximal muscle weakness and/or elevated serum creatine kinase values. Acid α-glucosidase (GAA) activity in dried blood spots was measured and clinical data collected in 108 patients. Four patients had low normal GAA activity; all the others had activities well within the normal range. Re-analyses of these patients did not reveal new Pompe patients. Our findings suggest that Pompe disease is extremely rare in Finland. Finland is an example of an isolated population with enrichment of certain mutations for genetic disorders and low occurrence of some autosomal recessive diseases.     

Glycogen storage disease: clinical, biochemical, and molecular heterogeneity

Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are characterized by abnormal inherited glycogen metabolism in the liver, muscle, and brain and divided into types 0 to X. GSD type I, glucose 6-phosphatase system, has types Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id, glucose 6-phosphatase, glucose 6-phosphate translocase, pyrophosphate translocase, and glucose translocase deficiencies, respectively. GSD type II is caused by defective lysosomal alpha-glucosidase (GAA), subdivided into 4 onset forms. GSD type III, amylo-1,6-glucosidase deficiency, is subdivided into 6 forms. GSD type IV, Andersen disease or amylopectinosis, is caused by deficiency of the glycogen-branching enzyme in numerous forms. GSD type V, McArdle disease or muscle phosphorylase deficiency, is divided into 2 forms. GSD type VI is characterized by liver phosphorylase deficiency. GSD type VII, phosphofructokinase deficiency, has 2 subtypes. GSD types VIa, VIII, IX, or X are supposedly caused by tissue-specific phosphorylase kinase deficiency. GSD type 0, glycogen synthase deficiency, is divided into 2 subtypes.     

Stroke in Fabry's disease

This study was performed to characterize the frequency, clinical presentation and etiology of cerebrovascular complications in patients with Fabry's disease. Thirty-three patients (age range 6–64 years) with Fabry's disease were reviewed, eight (24%) of whom suffered cerebrovascular complications. All patients developed ischemic strokes involving small arterial vessels which occurred in equal frequency in carotid and vertebrobasilar distributions. In six of these eight patients, a stroke occurred prior to age 40 years. Stroke frequently complicates Fabry's disease and represents a significant source of morbidity in patients affected with this condition; it usually involves thrombosis of small arteries affected by the disease process.