全覆膜食管金属支架治疗高位食管疾病

目的评价全覆膜食管金属支架在高位食管狭窄和瘘以及术后吻合口狭窄和瘘治疗中的有效性和安全性。方法复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心2005年5月至2013年7月间,应用16mm全覆膜食管金属支架对84例高位食管狭窄和瘘以及术后吻合口狭窄和瘘进行治疗。其中食管癌性狭窄31例,食管外压性狭窄2例,食管癌放疗后狭窄10例,食管癌术后复发致狭窄4例,吻合口狭窄27例,内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄1例,食管．气管瘘7例,食管一纵隔瘘1例,食管癌术后残胃瘘1例。狭窄或瘘口上缘距中切牙距离15～20cm者48例,大于20cm者36例。结果84例患者共置入100枚支架,术中无出血和穿孔等并发症发生。支架置入术后患者吞咽困难、呛咳症状均迅速缓解。术后并发症发生率为6．0％（5／84）,其中严重胸痛2例,经止痛药物缓解;气管塌陷1例,予气管切开术;支架移位2例,内镜下应用异物钳对支架位置进行调整。76例（90．5％）患者获得完整随访,5-3％（4／76）的患者出现再狭窄,2．6％（2／76）新发食管．气管瘘;其中5例接受再次内镜下置入全覆膜金属支架术并获成功,另1例经沙氏探条扩张及氩离子凝固术治疗效果满意。结论全覆膜食管金属支架治疗高位食管狭窄和瘘以及术后吻合口狭窄和瘘安全、有效,可考虑作为临床首选。     

The use of retrievable fully covered self-expanding metal stent in refractory postoperative restenosis of benign esophageal stricture in children

Purpose

This study analyzes the efficacy and safety of a retrievable, fully covered self-expanding metal stent (cSEMS) in the treatment of refractory benign esophageal restenosis in children.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of the application of a newly designed cSEMS in treating refractory benign postoperative restenosis in five children with ages ranging from 16 months to 8 years. Efficacy and safety were evaluated during the follow-up period.

Results

cSEMS with or without an antireflux valve at the distal end were successfully placed and removed in five children. These five patients were followed up for 4–12 months after stent removal. Among the five patients, ulcerative stricture was observed in two patients because of reflux esophagitis, while three patients showed no signs of stricture recurrence. Stent migration was observed in three patients, two of which required the stent to be reset. The narrow esophagus was successfully expended to a diameter of 12–13 mm. Besides the observation of mild granulation tissue growth in one case, no severe complications were observed during surgery and after stent placement.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that a retrievable, fully covered SEMS is safe and partially effective for treating refractory benign postoperative esophageal restenosis in children during short-term observation.     

Esophageal salvage with removable covered self-expanding metal stents in the setting of intrathoracic esophageal leakage

Background

Intrathoracic contamination from esophageal perforation, staple line dehiscence, or trauma can be a preterminal event. In our institution, covered self-expanding metal stents have been used aggressively in the management of esophageal leak, but their use remains controversial. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of esophageal salvage using stents to assist in the management of intrathoracic esophageal leakage.

Methods

Over 38 months, 63 patients with esophageal or gastric leaks were evaluated for stenting as primary treatment and identified using a prospective database.

Results

Fifty-six patients were managed with endoscopic stenting as primary therapy and 30 of those patients required a thoracic intervention after stenting. Seven of these patients required esophageal diversion after stent failure. Thirty-day mortality was 10% in the patients with intrathoracic contamination.

Conclusions

We suggest that the use of covered self-expanding metal stents in patients with intrathoracic leak after esophageal perforation is safe and offers esophageal salvage in 77% regardless of time of presentation.     

食管支架置入术的临床应用

目的探讨食管支架置入术对良、恶性食管狭窄和食管瘘的治疗方法、疗效和并发症的处理。方法对55例不同原因所致良、恶性食管狭窄和食管瘘患者采用食管金属支架置入术。结果食管狭窄的主要症状吞咽困难、呛咳得到改善，近期疗效达100％。出现的并发症主要为疼痛和大便隐血，发生率分别为100％和92．7％，其余依次为胃食管返流、食管再狭窄、支架脱落，经过治疗后得到缓解或消失。结论金属支架置入术是治疗中晚期食管癌、狭窄的有效方法之一，对食管良性狭窄和瘘效果亦好。并发症可以预防，处理后大部分缓解。     

Self-expanding Polyflex plastic stents in esophageal disease: various indications,complications, and outcomes

Background Esophageal stenting has become an important technique in the treatment of different clincal problems such as malignant or benign stenosis, anastomotic leaks after surgery, or fistulas. In this study we present our experience with the self-expanding Polyflex plastic stent in various indications, arising complications, and patient’s outcomes. Methods Over a three-year period, 35 patients underwent self-expanding Polyflex plastic stent placement for esophageal stenosis (n = 23) with 22 malignant, and for perforations, fistulas, or anastomotic leaks after surgery (n = 12). The short-term efficacy and long-term outcomes were analyzed. Results In patients with stenosis, implantation was performed without any complications in 91% (21/23). In one patient perforation occurred while passing the stenosis; in another patient the stent dislocated during the insertion procedure. Dysphagia score improved from 3.0 to 1.0 after stenting. In all patients with perforations, fistulas, or anastomotic leaks (n = 12), stents were placed successfully without any complication. Complete sealing of the mucosal defect was proven by radiography in 92% (n = 11) and healing was seen in 42% (n = 5). If indicated, stent removal was performed without any complications. Stent migration (n = 13; 37%) was the most common long-term complication. Conclusions The placement of self-expanding Polyflex plastic stents is a highly sufficient and cost-effective treatment for malignant and benign esophageal disorders. Because the long-term results were highly favorable, self-expanding plastic stent placement could be used as the initial treatment for various conditions.     

肺癌与食管癌术后乳糜胸的比较

目的：探讨肺癌术后乳糜胸（肺癌组）与食管癌术后乳糜胸（食管癌组）的临床特点。方法：回顾分析4084例肺癌术后12例,以及4479例食管癌术后52例乳糜胸的临床特点。结果：肺癌组术后乳糜胸的发生率为0.29％,食管癌组为1.16％。肺癌组术后4d内确诊4例,食管癌组为40例（77％）。肺癌组出现典型乳糜样胸水者占83.3％,而食管癌组为5.8％。肺癌组患者的临床症状及体征明显较食管癌组轻。肺癌组再手术率为16.7％,食管癌组为96.2％。本组所有病例均痊愈出院。结论：肺癌术后乳糜胸的发生率、病因、临床表现、诊断、及治疗与食管癌术后乳糜胸有明显不同。     

The use of a retrievable self-expanding stent in treating childhood benign esophageal strictures

Background/Purpose

Esophageal stenting is a popular form of treatment of esophageal strictures in adults but is not widely used in children. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether esophageal stents could be used safely and effectively in the treatment of esophageal stenosis in children.

Methods

Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 8 children with corrosive esophageal stenosis. The stents were removed 1 to 4 weeks after insertion.

Results

The stents were placed in all patients without complications and were later removed successfully. After stent placement, all patients could take solid food without dysphagia. Stent migration occurred in one patient and so the insertion procedure was repeated to reposition the stent. During the 3-month follow-up period after stent removal, all children could eat satisfactorily. After 6 months, 2 children required balloon dilation (3 times in one and 5 times in the other). The dysphagia score improved in all patients.

Conclusions

The use of the covered retrievable expandable stent is an effective and safe method in treating childhood corrosive esophageal stenosis.     

Self-expanding silicone stent for treatment of postoperative colorectal stricture in an infant with Hirschsprung's disease: a case report

Benign colorectal strictures can be a complication of intestinal surgery, with limited options for endosopic intervention. In this report, we describe a case where a removable silicone stent was temporarily placed to successfully treat a benign post operative stricture in an infant with Hirschprung's disease.     

支架置入或经皮穿刺胃造瘘术治疗颈段高位食管狭窄20例

目的探讨支架置入或经皮穿刺胃造瘘在颈段高位食管狭窄治疗中的可行性和安全性。方法食管狭窄位于C7～T3 13例，在X线监视下经口置入球型单丝编织带膜的镍钛合金支架；食管狭窄位于C7以上7例，在内镜（1例）或X线透视引导下（6例）经皮穿刺胃造瘘术。结果手术全部成功，无严重并发症。置入食管内支架13例，术后吞咽困难程度改善0级10例，Ⅰ级3例。5例食管一气管瘘封堵成功。2例术后l周支架向下轻度移位，但仍能覆盖病变全长，未做处理。支架置入11例随访l～30个月，平均18个月，食管再狭窄3例，死亡8例，无支架嵌入气管诱发食管一气管瘘发生。经皮穿刺胃造瘘术7例，均在术后2d经饲管注入胃肠营养液及流质食物。1例术后1周出现造瘘口周围红肿感染，1例5个月造瘘管松动，无腹腔感染、腹膜炎和造瘘口内瘘等并发症。经皮穿刺胃造瘘7例随访1～18个月，5例死亡。结论颈段高位食管狭窄并非内支架置入治疗禁区。透视引导下经皮穿刺胃造瘘术，安全性高，并发症少，可作为改善生活质量、延长生存时间的首选治疗方法。     

An antireflux stent versus conventional stents for palliation of distal esophageal or cardia cancer: a randomized clinical study

Background Self-expandable metal stents placed across the esophagogastric junction for palliative treatment of malignant strictures may lead to gastroesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration. This study compared the effects of a Dua antireflux stent with those of a conventional stent. Methods Patients with incurable cancer of the distal esophagus or gastric cardia were randomly assigned to receive an antireflux stent (n = 19) or a standard stent (n = 22) at nine Swedish hospitals during the period September 1, 2003 to July 31, 2005. Complications were recorded at clinical follow-up visits. Survival rates were assessed through linkage to the Population Register. Dysphagia, reflux symptoms, esophageal pain, dyspnea, and global quality of life were assessed as changes in mean scores between baseline and 1 month after stent insertion through validated questionnaires. Results No technical problems occurred during stent placement in the 41 enrolled patients. Fewer patients with complications were observed in the antireflux stent group (n = 3) than in the standard group (n = 8), but no statistically significant difference was shown (p = 0.14). The survival rates were similar in the two groups (p = 0.99; hazard ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.5–2.0). The groups did not differ significantly in terms of studied esophageal or respiratory symptoms or quality of life. Clinically relevant improvement in dysphagia occurred in both groups. Dyspnea decreased after antireflux stent insertion (mean score change, –11), and increased after insertion of standard stent (mean score change, +21). Conclusions Antireflux stents may be used without increased risk of complications, mortality, esophageal symptoms, or reduced global quality of life. These results should encourage large-scale randomized trials that can establish potentially beneficial effects of antireflux stents.     

食管腔内置管预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄

目的介绍食管腔内置管预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄的手术方法,并评价其疗效。方法食管腐蚀伤后3周内入院33例,除1例发生食管穿孔外均经食管镜检查诊断为度或度烧伤,所有患者均采用食管腔内置管方法预防瘢痕狭窄,4～6个月后拔管。结果本组无手术死亡,拔管后患者均恢复正常进食,食管X线钡餐检查无狭窄。随访1～60个月,随访期间28例进食无梗阻,5例拔管后2～3个月发生食管狭窄,其中1例经食管扩张治愈,另4例施行食管重建手术,术后进普通食物无梗阻。结论食管腔内置管能预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄,加用异烟肼能增强其疗效。     

Retrograde endoscopic dilatation for difficult caustic esophageal strictures: Feasibility and effectiveness

BackgroundDifficult caustic esophageal strictures may need a more sophisticated dilatation technique before referring for esophageal replacement surgery.Patients & methodRetrospective review of caustic esophageal strictures managed at our center between January 2010 and June 2018 was done. Twenty two patients labeled as undilatable strictures were enrolled. These patients had another trial for endoscopic dilatation using retrograde approach.ResultsAmong these 22 patients, 5 patients could be dilated by antegrade approach. Seventeen patients had a trial of retrograde dilatation after failed antegrade endoscopy. Retrograde dilatation was successful in 14 patients (82%). Nasogastric tube was left following dilatation in 4 patients to facilitate next sessions. Collectively, 19 out of the 22 patients could have their esophagus dilated in the first instance (86%). Among retrograde dilated patients; eight patients succeeded to retain their native esophagus (57%), two patients are still on dilatation with marked improvement (14%), and three patients underwent colon interposition owing to refractory stricture despite frequent dilatations.ConclusionEvery attempt should be tried to preserve the native esophagus. Retrograde endoscopic dilatation is a valuable alternative for undilatable stricture before referring the patient for replacement surgery.Level of evidenceThis is a case series with no comparison group (level IV).     

食管癌患者术后肺部感染的围术期影响因素分析

目的探讨围术期相关因素对食管癌患者术后肺部感染的影响。方法回顾性分析2012年8月至2016年8月于我院行食管癌根治术患者的临床资料,150例符合入选标准,根据术后是否并发肺部感染分为肺部感染组(n=32)与非感染组(n=118)。记录两组麻醉药物使用总量,记录两组插管时间、单肺通气时间、手术时间、全麻时间、拔管时间、术中出血量、晶体补充量、胶体补充量、术中总补液量、麻醉方法和单肺通气方式,比较两组非间断膨肺比例、鼻导管吸痰比例和术后哌替啶镇痛比例。通过Logistic回归分析预测肺部感染发生的危险因素。结果肺部感染组舒芬太尼与丙泊酚用量明显多于,单肺通气时间、手术时间、全麻时间、拔管时间明显长于,非间断膨肺比例、鼻导管吸痰比例和术后哌替啶镇痛比例明显高于非感染组(P0.05);两组咪达唑仑与顺阿曲库铵用量、插管时间、术中出血量、晶体补充量、胶体补充量、术中总补液量、麻醉方法及单肺通气方式差异均无统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示,舒芬太尼用量每增加7.5μg(OR=1.65,95%CI 1.24~2.85)、单肺通气时间每增加10 min(OR=2.14,95%CI 1.32~3.62)、全麻时间每增加20 min(OR=1.87,95%CI 1.46~3.15)、鼻导管吸痰(OR=2.03,95%CI 1.27~3.46)及术后哌替啶镇痛(OR=3.44,95%CI 2.25~5.13)是预测术后肺部感染发生的危险因素。结论麻醉中使用合适的舒芬太尼总量、减少单肺通气时间与全麻时间、应用纤维支气管镜吸痰及术后采取自控静脉镇痛,有利于减少食管癌患者术后肺部感染的发生。     

Long-term results of a self-expanding wallstent in the treatment of urethral stricture

OBJECTIVE: To report the long-term outcome over 12 years of using the urethral Urolume wallstent (AMS, Minnetonka, MI, USA) for treating recurrent bulbar urethral stricture disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The case-notes of 60 consecutive men with urethral Urolume wallstents placed for treating recurrent bulbar strictures were reviewed retrospectively. Information was collected on patient demographics, stricture aetiology, stent-related complications and the need for further surgery to treat stent- or stricture-related complications. RESULTS: The mean (range) age of the men was 58 (32-76) years. The most common cause of stricture was iatrogenic, arising after previous endoscopic surgery or after an indwelling catheter (45%). Thirty-five men had complications, with re-operation required in 27 (45%) of them. The most frequent nonsurgical complications were post-micturition dribble (32%) and recurrent urinary tract infections (27%). The most common surgical interventions required were transurethral resection of obstructing stent hyperplasia (32%), urethral dilatation or urethrotomy for stent obstruction or stricture (25%) and endoscopic litholapaxy for stent encrustation or stone (17%). CONCLUSIONS: The Urolume wallstent should only be used in patients who are unfit for or who refuse a bulbar urethroplasty.     

Anastomotic stricture after surgical repair of esophageal atresia: frequency, risk factors, and efficacy of esophageal bougie dilatations

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and risk factors of postoperative anastomotic stricture, and the efficacy and complications of esophageal bougie dilatations for symptomatic anastomotic stricture in a population of children with esophageal atresia.

Patients and Methods

The medical records of 62 children operated on for esophageal atresia type III (Ladd and Gross) over a 5-year period were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Anastomotic stricture developed in 23 (37%) of patients. Anastomotic tension during primary repair of esophageal atresia was associated with subsequent stricture formation (P < .05). Patients required esophageal dilation at a mean age of 149 days (range, 30-600 days). Stricture resolution occurred after a mean of 3.2 dilatations per patient (range, 1-7). Dilation was successful in 87% of patients. Three patients continued to present mild (n = 1) to severe (n = 2) dysphagia, mainly related to esophageal dysmotility. No complications were observed during or after the dilatation sessions.

Conclusions

Anastomotic stricture, secondary to the surgical treatment of esophageal atresia, remains a frequent complication in patients with esophageal atresia. Esophageal dilation with Savary-Gilliard bougies is a safe and effective procedure in the management of strictures.     

Treatment of Thoracic Esophageal Anastomotic Leaks and Esophageal Perforations with Endoluminal Stents: Efficacy and Current Limitations

Background  Intra-thoracic esophageal leakage after esophageal resection or esophageal perforation is a life-threatening event. The objective of this non-randomized observational study was to evaluate the effects of endoluminal stent treatment in patients with esophageal anastomotic leakages or perforations in a single tertiary care center. Methods  Thirty-two consecutive patients with an intrathoracic esophageal leak, caused by esophagectomy (n = 19), transhiatal gastrectomy (n = 3), laparoscopic fundoplication (n = 2), and iatrogenic or spontaneous perforation (n = 8), undergoing endoscopic stent treatment were evaluated. Hospital stay, mortality and morbidity, sealing rate, extraction rates, complications, and long-term effects were measured. Results  Median time interval between diagnosis and stent treatment was 3 and 5 days, respectively. Eighteen patients had futile surgical closure of the defect before stenting, while in 14 patients, stent placement was the primary treatment for leakage. Stent placement was technically correct in all patients. Functional sealing was achieved in 78%. Mortality was 15.6%. Stent extraction rate was 70%. Overall method-related complications occurred in nine patients (28%). Conclusions  Implantation of self-expanding stents after esophageal resection or perforation is a feasible and safe procedure with an acceptable morbidity even if used as last-choice treatment. Dirk Tuebergen and Emile Rijcken contributed equally to this work.     

食管癌患者生命质量测评的现状

生命质量（QOL）测评应用于临床治疗方法或方案选择、临床新药筛选、卫生资源投入的效益评价和建议、探讨癌症患者QOL的影响因素与防治重点，为改进社会卫生服务等功能提供更客观的依据和预测患者预后等。对食管癌患者QOL的研究较少，绝大多数局限于身体功能的研究，其最大原因是没有一个统一的信度、效率高，又具有鉴别能力的食管癌专用量表。欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织（EORTC）QLQ－OES24是在EORTC QLQ－C30量表基础上发展的食管癌专用量表，已进行了Ⅱ期临床试验，与EORTC QLQ－C30联合应用，具有较高的信度、效度和鉴别能力，但其尚未汉化。FACT食管子量表（FACT－E）是癌症治疗功能评价系统（FACT）的子量表，刚开始用于食管癌患者QOL测评，其信度、效度未见报道。