儿童青少年的体成分研究

本文以体成分测量常用的两组分模型和多组分模型为基础,讨论了密度法、人体测量法、生物电阻抗法、双能X 射线吸收法、计算机X线断层摄影技术、磁共振成像等体成分主要测量方法的原理、优点和缺点,探讨了在儿童青少年体成分测量中的应用以及测量的影响因素。     

躯干细分电阻抗人体成分分析方法

针对全身人体成分阻抗测量方法（BIA）和传统分段阻抗测量法存在的问题,在分析人体胸部和腹部对脂肪测量不同影响的基础上,提出了躯干细分BIA模型,研制了基于躯干细分模型的BIA测量系统,进行了新方法的验证和与多层螺旋CT法腹部脂肪测量的对比实验。两种方法对照试验的结果显示出很好的相关性。验证了躯干细分BIA方法的可行性和有效性。躯干细分BIA以人体躯干部分为检测重点,可有效区分躯干上段和下段的阻抗值,分别获取胸部和腹部脂肪含量,克服了全身BIA和传统五段法的缺陷,是对人体成分分析方法的有效改进,将为人体成分研究和临床应用提供更为有效的检测手段。     

骨密度无损测定方法简介及其最新进展

骨密度无损测定是评价骨质疏松的重要手段,其方法多种多样,临床应用各有千秋。本文仅就临床常见的X线片测量、X线片光吸收法、单光子和单能X线吸收测量法、双能X线吸收测量法、定量超声、定量CT、定量磁共振等测量方法作一简介,并对各种检查方法的适用范围、应用前景及测定结果的临床意义等进行综述。     

体质指数与皮褶厚度测量体脂含量准确度

目的了解身体质量指数法、皮褶厚度测量法和体成分仪判断人体肥胖的准确程度。方法将312名大学生分别测量体质指数、皮褶厚度,并计算肥胖程度,把计算结果和体成分仪判断结果相比较,从而了解身体质量指数法和皮褶厚度测量法对身体肥胖程度判断的准确程度。结果 3种方法对普通人群肥胖程度的判断基本一致,但均有部分差异。结论和体成分仪相比,体质指数法不如皮褶厚度法准确,适用范围较小。     

人体测量法和双能吸收测量法估计婴儿身体组成成分

估计婴儿身体组成成分对于全面评价其营养状况和生长发育是很重要的。此项研究通过人体测量法和双能吸收测量法估计营养不良婴儿的身体组成成分,以评价其营养状况,并比较两种方法的结果。研究表明:(1) 实验测量:借助特殊模型证实双能吸收测量法对脂肪组织和骨组织测量的可靠性(检验水准4.6% ,r分别为0.994 和0.989)。(2)婴儿测量:用人体测量法和双能吸收测量法进行测量,比较两者结果,发现两种方法在测量体重方面有很好的相关性(r=1.0);在人体测量法测量的皮下脂肪、臂部脂肪组织面积分别与双能吸收测量法测量的脂肪组织之间也有相关性(r= 0.5和0.6)。通过回归分析用人体测量法测量的皮下脂肪、臀部脂肪组织面积和年龄建立了几个用于估算婴儿脂肪组织的新公式。作者认为这两种方法对于全面评价、监测婴儿的营养状况和生长发育,以及作为观察营养治疗疗效的客观指标是非常有用的     

婴儿母乳摄入量测量方法研究进展

评估婴儿母乳摄入量是促进母乳喂养和营养调查的重要组成部分。各专业的研究者们探索了很多婴儿母乳摄入量的测量方法,包括称重法、同位素示踪法、泌乳法、观察法和文献法。称重法和同位素示踪法因为准确,被很多研究者视为"金标准";其他方法利用了现代技术,试图强调方便和对母婴干扰小,但准确性还需要进一步提高。不同专业的人员选择测量方法的侧重点不一样,样本及各方法在准确性和便捷性上无法均兼顾,因此开发和利用更有效便捷的测量方法是趋势所在。     

氟化物对健康的影响

氟化物是人体一切矿化组织的一种重要成分。适当的氟化物暴露和使用对骨骼和牙齿的完整有益,因此对一生的健康有重要影响。氟化物是骨骼和牙齿矿化作用的一种重要成分。局部和全身适当的使用氟化物,包括水加氟,可预防龋齿。美国疾病控制和预防中心指定水加氟是20世纪十项最重要的公共卫生措施之一。     

人体成分分析技术在评估非酒精性脂肪肝中的应用价值

以内脏脂肪组织大量增加为特征的中央型肥胖,是导致非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的重要因素,早期发现NAFLD,防止NAFLD进展成慢性肝病至关重要。体脂分布情况可以反映机体生长发育和疾病的变化,双能X线吸收仪一次全身扫描可以计算出体质指数、体脂率、皮下脂肪组织面积、内脏脂肪组织体积和骨矿物质含量等。DXA人体成分分析技术能够安全、精准地测定全身及局部的体脂成分及其分布,为肝脏脂质含量提供具体的、准确的预测数值,但未来仍需更多前瞻性研究对其实用性及准确性进行评估。     

无创血压测量技术的改进与进展

介绍数种常规的无创血压测量方法-柯氏音法、示波法和双袖带法及其改进。重点对国际上连续无创血压测量的新型实用技术、方法及前景进行较为详细的介绍,如动脉张力测量法、动脉容积钳制法、脉搏波速度测量法、超声测压法以及小波分析和模糊识别技术在血压信号处理中的应用等。指出无创血压测量技术,尤其是无创连续血压测量方法有着巨大的市场需求;脉搏波速度测量法能实现真正意义上的连续无创血压测量,因此具有广泛的应用前景,而采用新理论进行连续的无创血压测量将是该领域的目标和发展方向。     

人体甲状腺中131I的测量方法进展

放射性核素¹³¹I是核医学中最常用的核素,也是威胁放射工作人员健康的关键核素。目前国内放射工作人员监测仅限于外照射个人剂量监测,而关于内照射监测方法的研究较少,探讨放射性¹³¹I内照射剂量测量的方法具有重要意义。甲状腺中¹³¹I内剂量测量的方法主要为体外直接测量法、生物样品分析法和空气采样分析法三种。本文对国内外人体甲状腺中¹³¹I的内剂量测量方法进展进行了梳理与综述,以期为人体甲状腺中¹³¹I快速直接测量方法的建立提供参考依据。     

Assessment methods in human body composition

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present study reviews the most recently developed and commonly used methods for the determination of human body composition in vivo with relevance for nutritional assessment. RECENT FINDINGS: Body composition measurement methods are continuously being perfected with the most commonly used methods being bioelectrical impedance analysis, dilution techniques, air displacement plethysmography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and MRI or magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Recent developments include three-dimensional photonic scanning and quantitative magnetic resonance. Collectively, these techniques allow for the measurement of fat, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, total adipose tissue and its subdepots (visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular), skeletal muscle, select organs, and ectopic fat depots. SUMMARY: There is an ongoing need to perfect methods that provide information beyond mass and structure (static measures) to kinetic measures that yield information on metabolic and biological functions. On the basis of the wide range of measurable properties, analytical methods and known body composition models, clinicians and scientists can quantify a number of body components and with longitudinal assessment, can track changes in health and disease with implications for understanding efficacy of nutritional and clinical interventions, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in clinical settings. With the greater need to understand precursors of health risk beginning in childhood, a gap exists in appropriate in-vivo measurement methods beginning at birth.     

Body composition: why, when and for who?

Body composition reflects nutritional intakes, losses and needs over time. Undernutrition, i.e. fat-free mass (FFM) loss, is associated with decreased survival, worse clinical outcome and quality of life, as well as increased therapy toxicity in cancer patients. In numerous clinical situations, such as sarcopenic obesity and chronic diseases, the measurement of body composition with available methods, such as dual-X ray absorptiometry, computerized tomography and bioelectrical impedance analysis, quantifies the loss of FFM, whereas body weight loss and body mass index only inconstantly reflect FFM loss. The measurement of body composition allows documenting the efficiency of nutrition support, tailoring the choice of disease-specific and nutritional therapies and evaluating their efficacy and putative toxicity. Easy-to-use body composition methods integrated to the routine of care allow sequential measurements for an initial nutritional assessment and objective patients follow-up. By allowing an earlier and objective management of undernutrition, body composition assessment could contribute to reduce undernutrition-induced morbidity, worsening of quality of life, and global health care costs by a timely nutrition intervention.     

The value and limitations of the body mass index (BMI) in the assessment of the health risks of overweight and obesity

--The Body Mass Index (BMI) is used as a measure of overweight and obesity. In epidemiological studies age, sex and ethnic background all have to be taken into consideration, particularly when determining the health risk caused by the amount of body fat. --Caution should be observed when using the BMI as a measure for interpreting overweight and obesity as body composition can be highly variable yet have the same BMI. Therefore, BMI is not a reliable measurement of body composition in individuals particularly in older and younger people. --Excess body fat in the visceral depot poses a separate health risk. The BMI does not give any insight into regional body fat distribution. Waist circumference is a valid index of visceral fat accumulation and can therefore be used as an indicator of health risks associated with visceral obesity.     

山东省大学生肥胖与体质健康的关系

目的探讨大学生身体成分特征与运动能力及体质健康的关系,为大学生健康干预提供依据。方法采用身体成分测定、体质测试等方法,对山东省1 287名高校学生进行调查。结果18~23岁男、女大学生随年龄、体重的增长体脂缓慢增长,而去脂体重即瘦体重(LBM)却呈下降趋势。男、女大学生18和19岁年龄组的无氧工作能力及18岁年龄组的有氧工作能力明显好于其他各年龄组(P<0.05);各年龄组中,高体脂学生的体质状况及运动能力与体脂正常学生比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论采取适当手段对大学生特别是高体脂的学生进行必要的体质健康干预,以增强其体质健康水平。     

体成分与儿童青少年肥胖的相关研究进展

体成分是指人体内脂肪、蛋白质、无机盐、水份等各组分的含量,及其在人体总质量中的百分比。近年来相关研究发现,体成分对儿童青少年肥胖的检测评估、干预及肥胖相关疾病的预测有重要指导意义,通过体成分测量,能够区别出超标的体成分,可以更有针对性地制订预防措施,控制儿童青少年肥胖。本文就体成分在儿童青少年肥胖中应用的研究进展进行综述,并探讨体成分在儿童青少年肥胖评估、干预及相关疾病的预防中的应用价值。     

天津市中年高校教师身体成分分析

目的通过对天津市中年高校教师身体成分分析，了解现阶段该人群的健康状况。方法采用人体成分分析仪对200名其中男女各100名40-49岁受试者进行了身体成分与健康状况测试。结果男受试对象平均身高172．35cm，女子平均身高161．17cm，均超过中国人成年男、女平均身高，现阶段天津市高校中年教师身体成分、营养水平几乎全部指标的超出标准值，健康状况欠佳，健康评估在中等水平偏下，平均分男子为78．37，女子为74．57。结论天津市高校中年教师身体形态指标优于普通人群；体脂含量与脂肪相关的指标平均值尚未达到疾病状态，但需要加强体育锻炼，以预防疾病和增进健康。     

单纯性肥胖中学生体脂含量的初步研究

目的测定单纯性肥胖中学生全身脂肪含量及身体脂肪的分布，并探讨体脂含量对脂肪分布、肺活量以及血红蛋白含量等的影响。方法用标准方法测量广州市第十六中学全体学生的身高、体质量、胸围、肺活量以及血红蛋白含量，并用BMI标准筛选出肥胖和正常研究对象，用双能X线吸收测量法测定其全身及身体各部分的体脂含量。结果该校中学体质量超标及肥胖的检出率为17．2％，肥胖组全身脂肪含量（BF）、躯干脂肪含量（TF）、上肢脂肪含量（AF）、下肢脂肪含量（LF）、肺活量（CV）、胸围（CI）以及血红蛋白含量（FIB）显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。虽然肥胖组中低体脂含量学生的BMI显著大于对照组，但其BF、TF、AF、LF与对照组之间的差异却无统计学意义，而CI、VC以及HB却显著高于肥胖组中体脂含量较高的学生和对照组。结论用BMI来判定中学生的肥胖有一定的局限，因此，用DXA直接测定学生的体脂含量对指导与控制儿童青少年肥胖和制定肥胖的判定标准将更为精确。     

Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis

Body composition is acknowledged as a determinant of athletic health and performance. Its assessment is crucial in evaluating the efficiency of a diet or aspects related to the nutritional status of the athlete. Despite the methods traditionally used to assess body composition, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectric impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have recently gained attention in sports, as well as in a research context. Only until recently have specific regression equations and reference tolerance ellipses for athletes become available, while specific recommendations for measurement procedures still remain scarce. Therefore, the present narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding body composition analysis, with a special focus on BIA and BIVA. The use of specific technologies and sampling frequencies is described, and recommendations for the assessment of body composition in athletes are provided. Additionally, the estimation of body composition parameters (i.e., quantitative analysis) and the interpretation of the raw bioelectrical data (i.e., qualitative analysis) are examined, highlighting the innovations now available in athletes. Lastly, it should be noted that, up until 2020, the use of BIA and BIVA in athletes failed to provide accurate results due to unspecific equations and references; however, new perspectives are now unfolding for researchers and practitioners. In light of this, BIA and especially BIVA can be utilized to monitor the nutritional status and the seasonal changes in body composition in athletes, as well as provide accurate within- and between-athlete comparisons.     

某医院职工人体成分与脂肪肝检出情况研究

目的了解医院职工健康状况,研究体成分与脂肪肝的相关性,更好地预防慢性疾病的发生。方法 2014年2~5月职工体检期间有322名在职及离退休人员参加了体成分测试,结合同期体检腹部彩超结果,分为脂肪肝组与非脂肪肝组,对两组人员的体成分参数进行分析。结果参检者体质量指数(BMI)、体脂百分比、腹围、腰臀比等均值高于正常范围,不同性别参检者BMI、矿物质含量、骨骼肌肉量、蛋白质、身体水分、体脂百分比等有性别差异,P0.01;年龄、内脏脂肪面积、肥胖程度、健康评分等无性别差异,P0.05;男性脂肪肝检出率高于女性,P0.05;脂肪肝组与非脂肪肝组的BMI、矿物质含量、骨骼肌肉量、蛋白质、体脂肪、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积、腹围、臀围、腰臀比、健康评分有高度统计学差异,P0.01,内脏脂肪面积分段与脂肪肝检出率有统计学意义,P0.01。结论本组职工超重肥胖率较高,脂肪肝检出率高于近年事业单位体检报道[1-3],慢性疾病潜在危险性较高,脂肪肝组与非脂肪肝组体成分有高度统计学差异,对BMI、腰臀比超标及内脏脂肪面积80cm2的职工进行个体化饮食及运动方式指导,跟踪效果,利于脂肪肝等慢性疾病的预防。