关节镜技术在膝关节纤维性僵直中的应用

目的探讨关节镜技术在膝关节纤维性僵直应用中的疗效和应用价值。方法应用关节镜技术进行关节内粘连松解,必要时结合小切口改良股四头肌成形和髌内外支持带松解,术中达到满意的被动活动度为止。结果本组119例,术后平均随访18个月(8～42个月),平均膝关节屈曲度由术前的45°(0°～80°)增至术后的110°(90°～130°),较术前平均增加80°(60°～120°),无关节不稳,感染,皮肤坏死及神经麻痹和血管损伤等并发症。结论关节镜技术在治疗创伤后膝关节僵直上是一种创伤小,适应证广,安全有效,与传统手术相比具有很大优越性的治疗方法。     

全膝关节置换治疗僵硬膝关节的早期疗效分析

目的 评价人工全膝关节置换治疗僵硬膝关节的疗效,探讨术中操作和术后康复的要点.方法 2005年2月至2009年4月,采用人工全膝关节置换治疗僵硬膝关节患者23例34膝,男3例4膝,女20例30膝;年龄25～73岁,平均为56.9岁.临床评价指标包括美国特种外科医院评分(hospital for special surgery knee score,HSS)及关节活动范围,并统计术后并发症.结果 平均随访时间为32.2个月(24～40个月),无失访病例.HSS评分术前平均(42.9±5.2)分(24～66分),术后1个月时平均为(72.4±7.1)分(58～82分),末次随访时平均为(85.7±4.3)分(66～94分),较术前增加42.8分.膝关节屈伸活动范围术前平均为42.6°±5.7°(25°～50°),术后1个月时平均为80.2°±9.2°(60°～105°),末次随访时平均为89.2°±40.5°(60°～110°),较术前增加46.6°.12例16膝因术后活动范围不足90°,在术后3～8周进行静脉麻醉下的手法松解.末次随访时仍有6例8膝活动范围不足90°.结论 术中大范围的软组织松解、术后充分的肌力和活动范围训练是获得良好疗效的关键,对于术后关节活动范围不足的病例应及时采取静脉麻醉下的手法按摩松解.     

全膝关节置换治疗创伤后膝僵硬畸形

目的探讨全膝关节置换术(TKA)对创伤后膝僵硬畸形的治疗效果。方法对13例创伤后膝僵硬畸形患者采用TKA手术治疗,对比分析手术前后关节活动度范围以及膝关节HSS评分变化。结果 13例患者均获随访,时间3个月～3年6个月。HSS评分由术前的27～47(36±3.8)分提高到术后的80～92(86±3)分,关节活动范围由术前的5°～35°(20±3.5°)提高到术后的85°～100°(90°±5°),术前术后比较均有明显改善(P<0.05)。结论创伤后膝僵硬畸形采取TKA治疗可以明显改善关节活动范围,缓解症状,恢复功能,疗效满意。     

小切口辅助手法松解治疗TKA术后关节僵硬

目的探讨髌外侧小切口辅助麻醉下手法松解治疗初次全膝关节置换术后早期膝关节僵硬的临床疗效。方法对10例初次全膝关节置换术后早期（6周内）发生膝关节僵硬的患者行髌外侧小切口辅助麻醉下手法松解。其中男性3例,女性7例;术前膝关节平均活动度为（74.4±9.44）°（60°～85°）,平均年龄（72.8±7.18）岁（59～81岁）。排除因感染、假体松动、假体位置不良等明确原因导致术后关节僵硬的患者。术中给予蛛网膜下腔麻醉,反复、柔和、持续地对膝关节进行手法松解,结合髌外侧小切口,使其达到最大的活动度。采用KSS评分对膝关节术前及术后功能进行评价。结果平均随访（2.6±1.04）年（1～4年）,术中能达到的平均活动度为（112.5±9.20）°（100°～125°）,末次随访时平均活动度为（105±6.97）°（95°～115°）。KSS评分从术前平均69分提高到末次随访时平均82分。术前术后KSS评分差异有统计学意义（t=14.40,P〈0.01）。结论髌外侧小切口辅助麻醉下手法松解是治疗初次全膝关节置换术后早期发生膝关节僵硬安全、有效的治疗手段,通过早期治疗,能显著改善膝关节功能。     

全膝关节置换术治疗严重膝外翻的疗效观察

目的探讨全膝关节置换术治疗严重膝关节外翻畸形的临床疗效。方法对严重膝外翻患者39例(43膝)采用髌旁内侧入路、常规截骨、选择性的外侧软组织松解、安装后稳定型假体或半限制型假体进行全膝关节置换术。手术前后测量股胫角(FTA)、检查膝关节活动度并行KSS评分。结果所有患者均获得随访,时间6~22个月。FTA由术前的17°~38°(26.3°±2.3°)降低至1°~7°(4.2°±1.6°),P0.05;膝关节活动度由术前的62°~91°(63.7°±4.1°)提高到102°~120°(106.9°±5.1°),P0.05;KSS评分由术前的17~39(23.8±2.5)分提高到83~97(88.6±4.1)分,P0.05。结论采用髌旁内侧入路、常规截骨、选择性的外侧软组织松解、安装后稳定型假体或半限制型假体实施人工全膝关节置换术治疗严重膝外翻畸形的患者,可获得良好的临床效果,患者膝关节功能得到明显改善,生活质量显著提高。     

僵硬膝的人工全膝关节置换治疗

目的探讨僵硬膝关节(活动度小于50°)行人工全膝关节置换术的手术策略及疗效。方法对2005年4月～2009年1月间收治的30例僵硬膝关节患者(类风湿性关节炎16例,骨性关节炎11例,强直性脊柱炎2例,血友病性关节炎1例)进行回顾性研究,患者术前膝关节活动度平均为39.6°(10～50°),屈曲挛缩角度平均为32.3°(0～55°),膝关节HSS评分平均40.2分(15～71分)。结果 8例患者出现下肢肌间静脉或深静脉血栓;术中髌腱撕脱2例,采用钢丝固定。27例获得平均18个月随访,术后膝关节活动度平均为89°(50～120°),HSS评分平均为82分(70～95分)。结论术前活动度差的僵硬膝关节行人工全膝关节置换治疗,需要在手术入路、截骨技术、软组织松解、术后康复等多个环节精确设计,综合考虑上述措施才能获得满意的疗效。     

关节镜下松解膝关节粘连僵硬的探讨

目的　探讨关节镜下治疗膝关节僵硬的可行性及效果。方法　关节镜下行膝关节伸膝装置松解术治疗膝关节僵硬 2 0例 ,术中切断关节内粘连 ,松解髌骨支持带 ,在股中间肌同股骨干之间作切割分离 ,然后用刨削器将股中间肌刨除。术后早期CPM及主动股四头肌锻炼。结果　随访 3个月～3年 ,膝关节活动度均较术前明显改善 ,屈膝活动均超过 90° ;膝关节活动度达 12 0°者 13例 ,占 6 5 % ;股四头肌肌力均恢复到 5级 ;无严重并发症发生。结论　关节镜下作粘连松解创伤小 ,可早期功能锻炼 ,发生再粘连机会少 ,术后效果好 ,术中发现关节内其它病变可同时治疗     

关节镜松解术与开放式松解术治疗肘关节僵硬疗效比较

目的比较关节镜松解术与开放式松解术治疗肘关节僵硬的临床效果。方法从获得随访的肘关节僵硬患者中分别随机选取22例接受关节镜松解术及22例接受开放式松解术的患者,进行回顾性研究。根据关节活动度(ROM)及Mayo肘关节功能评分标准,比较两组术后关节活动度差异和患肘功能康复情况。结果关节镜松解组获得18～52(28.7±2.5)个月随访,11例术前ROM<50°的患者术后ROM增加62.7°±15.5°;11例术前ROM>50°的患者术后ROM增加48.6°±26.8°。开放式松解组获得12～49(23.5±3.0)个月随访,12例术前ROM<50°的患者术后ROM增加85.8°±28.9°;10例术前ROM>50°的患者术后ROM增加41.5°±19.0°。结论开放式松解术和关节镜松解术治疗肘关节僵硬均安全有效。术前ROM<50°患者采用开放式松解术后可获得更好的肘关节活动度和功能康复;而术前ROM>50°的患者结果则相反。     

肘关节松解术治疗创伤后肘关节僵硬:附258例报告

目的 探讨肘关节松解术治疗创伤后肘关节僵硬的疗效及并发症. 方法 2007年4月至2011年4月共收治306例肘关节僵硬患者,其中258例获得完整随访,男166例,女92例;年龄16～70岁,平均36.7岁.左侧142例,右侧116例;主力侧119例,非主力侧139例.对符合术前肘关节间隙正常、异位骨化轻微及术中未进行主要侧副韧带起止点剥离3个条件者行单纯肘关节松解术,其余患者均行肘关节松解结合铰链式外固定支架固定.分别采用内侧、外侧、后方正中或内外侧联合4种入路. 结果 258例患者术后获6 ～48个月(平均12.0个月)随访.213例患者松解术后使用外固定支架保护,外固定支架平均使用时间为7.7周(5～11周),其余45例患者仅单纯进行松解.屈伸活动度:术前平均为42.4°±31.1°(0～90°),术后平均为96.2°±18.2°(60° ～ 140°),改善53.9°±36.0°(0～140°);旋转活动度:术前平均为136.8°±49.1° (10°～ 180°),术后平均为161.2°±22.2° (120° ～180°),改善24.4°±33.4°(0 ～ 110°);Mayo肘关节功能评分:术前平均为(71.5±15.3)分(60 ～ 100分),术后平均为(91.6±7.3)分(85～ 100分),改善(20.0±17.1)分(0～40分),以上项目术前、术后比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).95例患者在松解术后出现肘后血肿、伤口裂开、针道感染、外固定支架断裂及神经损伤等并发症.结论 术前良好评估、严格掌握适应证,肘关节松解术效果良好.完善治疗细节可减少多种并发症的发生.     

关节镜技术联合改良小切口松解术治疗膝关节僵硬

目的 探讨关节镜技术联合改良小切口松解术治疗膝关节僵硬的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2011-06-2017-12采用关节镜技术联合改良小切口松解术治疗的14例膝关节僵硬,采用关节镜对膝关节内粘连结构进行松解,采用改良小切口Zhao松解术完成膝关节外粘连松解.结果 14例均获得随访,随访时间平均14.6(12～24)个...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.