骨盆肿瘤血管造影特点及临床意义

目的　通过分析骨盆肿瘤血管造影表现及供血特点 ,指导动脉栓塞治疗和手术治疗 ,强调肿瘤血管“多支栓塞”的重要性。方法　对 12例骨盆肿瘤患者进行了局部动脉灌注化疗和碘油栓塞治疗 ,其中纤维肉瘤 1例 ,软骨肉瘤、骨肉瘤各 2例 ,转移瘤 7例 ,治疗前均行髂内动脉、髂外动脉和 /或腰动脉造影 ,治疗后造影复查血管闭塞及碘油沉积情况。术后观察临床效果。结果　 ( 1)血管造影表现特点 :a“多源多支”供血 :髂内动脉、髂外动脉及腰动脉均参与骨盆肿瘤供血 ;b“富血管性”表现 ;c肿瘤染色区域明显大于骨破坏区。 ( 2 )栓塞结果 :每例均进行了 2支以上供养血管栓塞 ,复查见供养血管完全闭塞 ,肿瘤染色明显减少 ,碘油沉积良好。 ( 3)临床效果 :临床效果显著 ,疼痛减轻 ,肿块缩小 ,无严重并发症发生。结论　骨盆肿瘤的供血特点对指导临床治疗具有重要意义。     

60℃碘油栓塞对兔肝VX2肿瘤血供的影响

目的 观察60℃碘油栓塞对兔肝VX2肿瘤的血流动力学的影响.方法 30只肝VX2肿瘤兔,随机分为3组,分别采用37℃生理盐水(对照组)、37℃碘油及60℃碘油各1 ml分别经兔肝动脉灌注,多普勒观察处理前后1周肝脏及肿瘤血供情况,肝动脉、门静脉血流动力学变化.结果 60℃碘油栓塞后肝动脉最大血流速度与对照组比明显降低(P<0.01),与37℃碘油组比降低(P<0.05).与对照组比60℃碘油栓塞组肝动脉内径缩小(P<0.01),阻力指数增大(P<0.01),门静脉血流速度及内径均无明显变化(P>0.05).治疗前,所有病灶能量及彩色多普勒均可检测出瘤内及瘤周较丰富血流信号,治疗后显示60℃碘油组瘤内及瘤周血流信号均明显减弱,部分消失.结论 60℃碘油栓塞可更有效地阻断兔肝VX2肿瘤供血.     

热碘油栓塞兔肝VX2肿瘤血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨热碘油栓塞兔肝VX2瘤血液动力学的影响.方法 30只载VX2瘤兔,随机分为3组A组37℃生理盐水,B组37℃碘油,C组60℃热碘油,经股动脉穿刺、兔肝动脉插管灌注或栓塞瘤血管床,1周后多普勒超声观察肿瘤血供及肝动脉、门静脉血流动力学变化,检测结果与治疗前相应血管的多普勒参数行比较.结果 与A,B组相比,热碘油灌注栓塞后肝动脉血流速度降低最明显(P＜0.01),阻力指数增大(P＜0.05),门静脉血流速度及内径无明显变化(P＞0.05);治疗后显示热碘油组瘤内及瘤周血流信号均明显减弱,部分消失(P＜0.05).结论 热碘油栓塞可更有效地阻断兔肝VX2肿瘤供血,提高疗效.     

选择性肝动脉栓塞治疗巨大肝血管瘤

目的:研究和探讨经肝动脉栓塞治疗巨大肝血管瘤的价值和作用。方法:对12例巨大肝血管瘤进行超选择性肝动脉栓塞,先用碘油或超液态碘油栓塞肿瘤区小血管,再用明胶海绵细条栓塞供血动脉主干。结果:血管造影复查显示碘油聚积于肿瘤内,肿瘤血管消失,供血动脉闭塞,1～2 个月后复查肿瘤不同程度缩小,其中缩小50% 以上者9例,不足50% 者3 例,2 例栓塞后获手术切除,瘤体大部分纤维化,血管闭塞。结论:巨大肝血管瘤经动脉栓塞治疗是一种安全、简单、有效的治疗方法,认为对需手术切除的巨大肝血管瘤应先栓塞治疗     

暂时阻断肝静脉行动脉化疗栓塞治疗栓塞治疗大鼠移植性肝肿瘤

目的　观察暂时阻断肝静脉行肝动脉化疗栓塞术 (TACE -THVO)的疗效 ,对比阿霉素碘油 ,无水乙醇碘油化疗栓塞剂对移植瘤的作用。方法　建立 75只肝内移植性肝癌大鼠模型 ,随机将其分为 5组 ,设立对照 ,暂时阻断肝静脉后 ,用 2种不同的化疗药物碘油栓塞剂行肝动脉化疗栓塞术。 1周后 ,处死实验大鼠 ,观察大体标本与光镜下苏木素 -伊红染色病理切片的移植瘤缩小和坏死状况 ;苏丹Ⅲ染色切片光镜及扫描电镜观察药物碘油栓塞剂沉积部位与瘤细胞超微结构改变。结果　经肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗各组瘤灶体积均缩小。TACE -THVO试验组的肿瘤生长率小于未阻断肝静脉行肝动脉化疗栓塞的对照组 ;试验组肿瘤坏死范围和门静脉碘油沉积例数高于对照组 ;应用阿霉素碘油栓塞剂行肝动脉化疗栓塞术组的肿瘤坏死范围小于用无水乙醇碘油栓塞剂组 ;试验组中肿瘤细胞粗面内质网出现空泡变性 ,瘤细胞核内出现脂滴样物质 ,细胞核崩解。结论　用无水乙醇碘油做化疗栓塞剂经肝动脉栓塞移植性肝癌 ,其肿瘤的坏死范围高于用阿霉素碘油栓塞剂 ,TACE -THVO有可能成为治疗肝癌的一种有效方法。     

平阳霉素碘油乳剂栓塞治疗肝血管瘤

目的：评价平阳霉素碘油乳剂拴塞治疗肝血管瘤的疗效。方法：采用Seldinger技术股动脉插管，将导管超选择肿瘤供血动脉后，注入平阳霉素碘油乳剂栓塞。术后6—12个月随访CT观察肿瘤直径大小变化及碘化油充填情况。结果：21例患者肿瘤体积均明显缩小。5例直径超过8CM血管瘤一次栓塞后缩小的肿瘤内仍有血管瘤结构，经再次栓塞后显示瘤体内碘化油充填良好，随访6个月肿瘤无增大趋势。无1例发生严重并发症。结论：平阳霉素碘油乳剂动脉栓塞肝血管瘤疗效良好，微创、安全、副作用小，可作为首选治疗方案。     

双途径注药术治疗肝海绵状血管瘤的疗效评价

目的探讨经肝动脉栓塞结合经皮瘤体内直接注射治疗肝血管瘤的疗效和价值。资料与方法采用Seldinger技术行肝动脉插管至血管瘤供血动脉,对32例肝海绵状血管瘤注入平阳霉素碘油乳剂(PLE)至血管瘤体大部分充填,用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞供血动脉;对碘油空虚区域再行经皮瘤体内直接注射PLE。定期观察瘤体碘油充填情况,瘤体大小和并发症。结果经肝动脉栓塞结合经皮瘤体内直接注射治疗肝血管瘤后,碘油沉积好,血管瘤体积明显缩小,无严重并发症。结论经肝动脉栓塞结合经皮瘤体内直接注射治疗肝血管瘤具有疗效好,并发症少等优点。     

局部化疗栓塞术为主的肌骨肿瘤的综合介入治疗(附52例报告)

目的：探讨碘油化疗栓塞术治疗肌骨恶性肿瘤的临床价值,强调肌骨肿瘤综合介入治疗的重要性。方法：对52例肌骨肿瘤患者行以碘油局部化疗栓塞术为主的多种介入方法的综合治疗,全部病例分为手术组22例和非手术组30例,介入方法包括术前局部动脉灌注化疗术、局部动脉栓塞术、腹主动脉球囊阻断术、碘油局部化疗栓塞术及局部射频治疗等。结果：手术组术前动脉栓塞及球囊阻断术后手术出血量明显减少。非手术组碘油化疗栓塞术后患者局部疼痛减轻,肿块缩小,生存期延长,未出现皮肤坏死、溃疡或感染等严重并发症。结论：对不能手术的肌骨恶性肿瘤病变应进行以姑息性碘油化疗栓塞术为主的综合介入治疗。碘油局部化疗栓塞治疗安全可靠,疗效好,具有较大的临床应用价值。     

同轴导管超选择支气管动脉碘油化疗栓塞治疗肺癌的初步研究

目的：探讨经微导管行超选择性支气管动脉碘油化疗栓塞治疗肺癌的可行性，观察碘油在癌灶内的沉积情况及临床疗效。资料与方法：用同轴导管技术将微导管超选择插至17例肺癌患者（男1例，女4例，年龄41－78岁，平均59．5岁）的支气管动脉深部，插管成功者采用碘油化疗栓塞治疗，并于术后1天、1周、4周行CT复查，观察碘油在瘤体内的沉积情况。插管未成功者仅行灌注化疗。结果：超选择插管成功13例（76．5％），术后1天碘油沉积0级1例，Ⅰ级3例，Ⅱ级7例，Ⅲ级2例。碘油在肺癌组织内沉积多可持续4周以上。治疗后4周有8例肿瘤缩小50％以上，4例缩小25％－50％，1例大小无明显变化。均未出现与栓塞有关的并发症。结论：采用微导管同轴导管系统行超选择性支气管动脉碘油化疗栓塞治疗肺癌是一种安全有效的治疗方法，在临床上具有可行性。CT能清楚显示碘油在瘤体内的沉积情况。     

支气管肺癌栓塞化疗：明胶海绵与碘油

目的比较研究明胶海绵和碘油在支气管肺癌栓塞化疗术中的应用价值.材料和方法135例支气管肺癌,腺癌52例,鳞癌76例,小细胞肺癌7例.选择性支气管动脉插管造影确认肿瘤血供,分别在支气管动脉干或超选择肿瘤血管支内行明胶海绵栓塞化疗术或碘油栓塞化疗术.结果明胶海绵组85例,均在支气管动脉主干栓塞,伴23例共干的肋间动脉同时栓塞.碘油组50例,肿瘤血管支内栓塞41例,9例支气管动脉干栓塞者有3例共干肋间动脉.碘油组的有效率(CR+PR率)显著高于明胶海绵组(76%55.3%,p＜0.05).碘油组并发症包括脊髓缺血症状、肋间动脉缺血症状和肺动脉栓塞症状,发生率也显著高于明胶海绵组(12%2.4%,p＜0.05),后者仅出现肋间动脉缺血症状,上述并发症经治疗后缓解.选择性肿瘤血管内化疗栓塞者无并发症发生.结论碘油栓塞化疗术治疗支气管肺癌的近期疗效优于明胶海绵栓塞化疗术.明胶海绵栓塞化疗术较安全,碘油化疗栓塞术宜在超选择性肿瘤血管插管的基础上谨慎施行.     

Liver abscess formation after treatment of liver cancer by arterial injection using adriamycin/mitomycin C oil suspension (ADMOS)]

Of 210 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 135), metastatic liver cancer (n = 71) and cholangiocarcinoma (n = 4) who underwent intra-arterial infusion of adriamycin and/or mitomycin C oil suspension (ADMOS) and cisplatin, and both regimens, pyogenic liver abscess occurred in seven (3.3%). The percentages of abscess formation in the respective types of liver cancer were 0.8, 7.0 and 25%. These differences among the three types of liver cancer were attributed to the volume of the tumor vascular beds to be embolized, which might determine the relative amount or regional Lipiodol retention in the tumor and normal liver tissue. Four of seven patients with hepatic abscess had received the intra-arterial infusion of ADMOS, and their angiographic findings showed sequential decreases in the vascular beds of the tumor in comparison with those of previous infusion procedures; all had hypovascular liver tumors angiographically. We have never experienced this complication in other treatments such as embolization of the hepatic arteries and intra-arterial infusion of water-soluble anticancer drugs alone. These results suggest that the most important factor leading to abscess formation is the ischemic destruction of the intrahepatic ducts secondary to occlusion of the peribiliary arterial plexus by Lipiodol and/or the direct effects of anticancer drugs on these vessels. To avoid this complication, the volume of Lipiodol used for intraarterial infusion therapy should be carefully determined, especially when the patient has hypovascular tumors of the liver and a history of multiple previous intraarterial infusion procedures of anticancer drug. The use of ADMOS should be avoided in patients with hypovascular tumors of the liver such as secondary deposits and cholangiocarcinoma.     

骨肿瘤的术前栓塞初步研究（以术中失血较多的脊柱、骨盆肿瘤为主）

脊柱、骨盆肿瘤的术前栓塞为外科手术解决术中失血提供了一种有价值的新方法。本组９例共接受术前栓塞１０次。病种有：软骨肉瘤、骨肉瘤、转移瘤、骨巨细胞瘤等。栓塞物质为明胶海绵和钢丝圈。以术中失血量作为疗效评价指标。栓塞后造影显示肿瘤染色均较栓塞前减少７５％以上。９例术中失血量在８００～２８００ｍｌ之间，平均术中失血１８００ｍｌ；未经栓塞治疗的病例术中失血多在３５００ｍｌ，多者可达１５０００ｍｌ，且手术成功率不高。本研究表明，脊柱、骨盆肿瘤术前栓塞能够有效地减少术中失血，提高手术治疗的成功率。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞后碘油在肝癌内聚积、存留和消失的血管造影、CT与病理对照研究

用血管造影和ＣＴ对照分析肝动脉化疗栓塞后碘油在肝癌内的初期聚积特点，用ＣＴ动态观察碘油在肝癌内的存留和消失时间，同时与栓塞后切除标本行病理对照研究。结果表明：碘油能选择性聚积于多血供的肝癌内，且聚积量与肿瘤血供有关。少血供肝癌无或少有碘油聚积。碘油能选择性聚积并持续存留部是肿瘤栓后坏死区，一般存留２～６月甚至更长，伴肿瘤明显缩小；碘油虽能选择性聚积但逐渐消失部是肿瘤栓后存活区，一般１～２月消失，肿瘤缩小不明显或反增大。少量碘油在非癌肝实质一般２周消失。对碘油聚积、存留物消失问题的阐明，为肝癌的介入治疗提供了理论依据。     

Renal vein to portal vein collaterals in three cases of renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava: Consequences for chemoembolization

Three patients with renal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus from left renal cell carcinoma (RCC) showed Lipiodol deposits in the liver following selective SMANCS (styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin)/Lipiodol embolization of the renal tumors. In 2 of the 3 patients, renal-portal communications were demonstrated during selective renal arteriography. In I of these patients, considerable liver dysfunction occurred after the second renal chemoembolization and Lipiodol deposits persisted in the liver for about 1 month. We conclude that these anastomoses need to be considered prior to embolization therapy of patients with RCC and tumor thrombus in the renal vein and IVC. Sclerosing substances or larger particles may be better embolic agents in such patients.     

骶髂骨肿瘤切除术前介入栓塞价值

目的 评估骶、髂骨肿瘤术前经导管超选择性动脉栓塞的价值和作用.方法对15 例骶、髂骨肿瘤用明胶海绵颗粒行超选择性动脉栓塞,栓塞后1～3 d行手术切除.疾病包括:骨巨细胞瘤5 例、动脉瘤样骨囊肿2例、转移瘤2 例、软骨肉瘤4例、脊索瘤3例.结果本组15 例栓塞后造影均显示肿瘤染色范围均较术前减少80 %以上.术中失血500～2600 ml 之间,平均为1100 ml .所有肿瘤均被顺利切除.结论 骶、髂骨肿瘤手术治疗前超选择性动脉栓塞能安全有效地减少术中出血, 提高肿瘤手术治疗效果并降低手术的风险.     

Repeat uterine artery embolization: indications and technical findings

PURPOSE: To determine the indications and technical aspects of procedures in patients undergoing repeat uterine artery embolization (UAE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: At a single center, 24 patients underwent repeat embolization for recurrent or persistent symptoms. The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings before repeat embolization were compared with those of earlier studies. The extent of tumor infarction after the first procedure was determined, and the status of existing or new tumors before the second procedure was assessed. The angiographic studies from the initial and repeat embolization studies were reviewed and summarized. These findings were assessed with the use of summary statistics. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients underwent repeat embolization 6-66 months after the initial embolization. The most common symptom at representation was pressure and/or bulk symptoms (n=15), followed by recurrent heavy bleeding (n=12) and pelvic pain or cramping (n=7). MR imaging studies before repeat embolization revealed incomplete infarction of tumors present before the first embolization in 22 of 24 patients. New tumors were identified in 12 patients, two of whom had new tumors only. During repeat embolization, nine patients (37%) required ovarian artery embolization to occlude ovarian supply to the uterus. Among 21 women with clinical follow-up after the second embolization, 19 (90%) had symptom control. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat embolization prompted by recurrent uterine leiomyomas usually occurs in the setting of regrowth of incompletely infarcted tumors. Although ovarian embolization was often needed, on the basis of this limited experience, symptoms appear to respond well to repeat embolization.     

Preoperative transarterial embolization of spinal tumor: embolization techniques and results

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The techniques of preoperative embolization of hypervascular spinal tumors, which has been known to be helpful for completing tumor resection, have not been described in detail. The purpose of this study was to analyze the technique and to evaluate the safety and value of preoperative transarterial embolization of hypervascular spinal tumors. METHODS: Eighteen patients with hypervascular spinal tumors underwent transarterial embolization before surgery. The lesions were located between the upper cervical and lower lumbar spine: C1-T1 (n = 6), T5-L3 (n = 11), and L5 (n = 1); they arose intradurally in six patients and extradurally in 12. Thirty-one arteries were embolized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles (150-500 microm), and, in 18 of these, pieces of gelatin sponge were added for proximal pedicular embolization. The criteria for judging the effectiveness of embolization were completeness of tumor removal and estimated blood loss during surgery. RESULTS: Tumor embolization was total in eight patients, nearly total in seven, subtotal in one, and partial in two. There were no symptomatic complications associated with embolization. Tumors were totally removed in 17 patients and nearly totally removed in one. The average estimated blood loss during surgery was 1100 mL (range, 200-6000 mL) for all 18 patients, and 1540 mL in patients with extradural tumors. CONCLUSION: Preoperative embolization of hypervascular spinal tumors is safe and effective. It can make complete resection of a tumor possible and can make an unresectable tumor resectable. Superselection or flow control is necessary to achieve effective devascularization and to avoid complications.     

Interventional radiology for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy and transcatheter arterial lipiodol chemoembolization

OBJECTIVE: The prognosis of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma remains poor. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy and transcatheter arterial Lipiodol chemoembolization for treatment of advanced tumor. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Thirty-seven patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and unresectable tumors were enrolled. In the hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy group (n = 16), cisplatin (10 mg/person, on days 1-5) and subsequent 5-fluorouracil (250 mg/person, on days 1-5) were administered for four serial courses. In the transcatheter arterial Lipiodol chemoembolization group (n = 21), an emulsion of Epirubicin (20-30 mg/person) and Lipiodol was administered every 3-4 weeks. RESULTS: The tumor response rates (complete response plus partial response for all cases) of the hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy and transcatheter arterial Lipiodol chemoembolization groups were 56.3% and 23.8%, respectively, showing the significantly higher rate in the former than in the latter group. The cumulative survival rates between the two groups were not significantly different; whereas in those patients whose tumors were classified as TNM stage IV or as having the maximal tumor size of greater than 5 cm, patients tended to have higher survival rates in the hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy group than in the transcatheter arterial Lipiodol chemoembolization group. Univariate analysis identified the serum aspartate aminotransferase value as solely significant. Patients' adverse reactions were successfully managed by treatment of symptoms. Adverse events, such as obstructions of the catheter or hepatic artery or infection around the catheter, rarely occurred. CONCLUSION: Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy had a better antitumor effect than transcatheter arterial Lipiodol chemoembolization and may be a useful therapeutic option for more advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Arterial embolization therapy for metastatic bone and soft-tissue tumors with microcatheter and microcoils

Transcatheter arterial embolization therapy was performed in fifteen patients with hypervascular metastatic bone and soft-tissue tumors (7 from renal carcinoma, 5 from hepatocellular carcinoma, and one each from breast, thyroid, and cholangiocarcinoma). Sites of metastasis were spine (7), pelvis (5), skull (2), paraspine (2), chest wall (1), and thigh (1). Five patients had not responded to previous radiation therapy and hyperthermia. Embolization of feeding arteries was performed superselectively with long tapered catheters or coaxial microcatheters. Emulsion of Lipiodol and anticancer agent, polyvinyl alcohol sponge, gelatin sponge, and microcoils were used as embolic materials in various combinations. Relief of pain was experienced in 14 of 15 patients. Two patients were operated following embolization with minimal blood loss. Change in tumor size was evaluated by CT or MRI in ten patients. Reduction of tumor size were more than 50% in five patients, from 25% to 50% in two, and no change in three patients. Especially, patients embolized with microcatheter and microcoils showed excellent long-term results. No serious complications were seen. In conclusion, superselective arterial embolization therapy with coaxial microcatheter and microcoils was proved to be an useful treatment for hypervascular metastatic bone and soft-tissue tumors.