腹腔镜胆囊切除术360例Calot三角解剖特点与临床处理

目的腹腔镜胆囊切除术了解Calot三角解剖特点以指导临床。方法靠近胆囊壶腹找出解剖间隙,用电凝钩解剖分离粘连带并切断。胆囊张力大时应作术中减压,对于致密粘连,沿胆囊壶腹胆囊壁分离,找出它与胆囊管入右肝管或右肝管入胆囊壁分离,找出它与胆囊管间变细的部位,可预防右肝管、胆总管损伤。结果胆囊动脉(1)主干型18例,走行于Calo三角内35例,胆囊管胆囊前16例,管胆囊后8例,管下6例.直接入胆囊体5例;(2)分支型78例。Clot三角区脂肪堆积有三种类型,薄层脂肪均匀堆积,块状脂肪堆积,脂肪堆积伴慢性炎症.结论了解Calot三角解剖特点及胆囊动脉类型,提高手术的治愈率并减少并发症.     

腹腔镜胆囊大部切除并胆囊造瘘引流术在胆囊三角重度粘连性胆囊切除术中的应用

自1987年法国的Mourt成功实行世界首例腹腔镜胆囊切除术以来,腹腔镜胆囊切除术现已成为治疗胆囊结石伴或不伴急(慢)性胆囊炎的金标准.但由于胆囊区解剖变异多,在行腹腔镜胆囊切除术时容易造成肝外胆管的损伤,其发生率高达0.4％～1.4％,且损伤程度较为严重[1].其发生除与术者的技术、经验有关外,还与辨认不清胆囊三角的解剖关系有关[2].在胆囊三角区严重粘连时,发生肝外胆管损伤的概率会大大增加.我科成功实行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除并胆囊造瘘引流术治疗胆囊三角区严重粘连患者,本文拟评估其临床疗效.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤3例体会

1997～ 2 0 0 2年 ,我们行腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤 3例。现报告如下。临床资料 :本组男 2例 ,女 1例 ;年龄 35～ 6 2岁。择期手术 1例 ,急诊手术 2例。其损伤均发生于胆囊切除术中。其中胆总管横断 2例 ,胆总管损伤 1例。术中发现并处理 2例 ,术后 7天发现处理 1例。放管引流治愈 1例 ;2例行胆总管空肠吻合 ,发生胆道狭窄 ,再次行胆肠吻合治愈。讨论 :腹腔镜胆囊切除术医源性胆管损伤多因术者操作不熟练、缺乏经验所致。术者应熟悉胆囊与周围组织解剖关系及常见变异。损伤大部分有解剖及病理基础 ,如 Colot三角、Moosman区存在胆管或血管…     

Rouviere沟定位在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用——附750例报告

目的探讨以Rouviere沟作为胆囊管解剖定位标志,以指导腹腔镜胆囊切除术。方法同一初学腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术者自2012年10月至2014年3月于川北医学院附属三台医院连续实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术750例,术中记录Rouviere沟的出现率,并采用Rouviere沟为胆囊管解剖定位标志。结果 750例中,705例有Rouviere沟。全组未发生手术死亡,胆管损伤1例(0.13%),其术中未见Rouviere沟。前300例使用三孔法35例,中转30例(10%);后450例使用三孔法387例,中转15例(3.3%)。结论 Rouviere沟是重要的胆囊管解剖定位标志,以Rouviere沟为胆囊管解剖定位标志可以帮助胆囊三角解剖,对于初学腹腔镜胆囊切除术者预防术中胆管损伤有重要临床意义,值得推广应用。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉变异及处理

自1993年1月—1993年7月底我们施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.简称LC)216例,统计胆囊动脉解剖学变异38例,现报告如下。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝外胆管横断损伤原因及对策

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝外胆管横断损伤发生的原因及预防措施。方法　回顾分析了６ ０００ 例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中９例肝外胆管横断损伤的原因,探讨了预防肝外胆管横断损伤的措施。结果　指出Ｃａｌｏｔ三角解剖结构不清或存在解剖变异,误把胆总管当胆囊管钳夹、切断是肝外胆管横断损伤的主要原因。结论　严格掌握手术适应证,沿胆囊壶腹向下分离,仔细辨别Ｃａｌｏｔ三角解剖结构,术中始终想着Ｃａｌｏｔ三角解剖结构存在的变异,避免盲目自信、莽撞行事是预防肝外胆管横断损伤的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中粗大胆囊管的处理

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中粗大胆囊管的处理方法.方法:1995-10/2004-12施行LC 640例,发现胆囊管明显增粗46例,其中胆囊管直径为0.4-0.6 cm.0.6-0.8 cm,0.8 cm以上的例数分别为21,14和11例.分别采用阶梯施夹法(12例)、大号钛夹法(5例)、圈套器法(1例)、结扎后再施夹法(22例)和结扎法(6例)处理增粗的胆囊管.结果:全组46例患者手术顺利,术后无胆漏及其他并发症发生.结论:在LC中,可选用阶梯施夹法、大号钛夹法、圈套器法、结扎后再施夹法和结扎法等牢固处理增粗的胆囊管.如果结扎技术熟练,结扎法可适用于各种情况,可做为首选.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管造影

方法在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中,只有把卡洛(Calot's)三角区解剖结构分清,胆囊动脉和胆囊管清楚的显示并分清后,才行术中胆管造影。胆囊动脉用钛夹夹牢但不分离,在胆囊管上一钛夹尽可能地靠近胆囊钳住胆囊管,用一小剪刀在胆囊管前上壁开一小孔。这样应用不同的导管和各种导入术就可行胆管造影。最简单的办法是用中层有5mm直径孔的胆管造影钳,这种中空的钳可以通过4或     

64排SCT胆囊动脉血管成像结果分析

腹腔镜胆囊切除术相关并发症发生率相对高于传统开腹手术，其主要原因在于胆囊三角内胆囊动脉变异较多见。据文献报道，典型的单支走行于Calot三角内的胆囊动脉仅占70％左右。因胆囊动脉起源和走行变异是造成手术困难和术中大出血而被迫开腹的重要原因，故术前行胆囊动脉血管成像检查非常必要。2006-2008年，我们对120例患者行胆囊动脉血管成像检查，并采用MPR、MIP、VIP、VR技术重建胆囊动脉，比较各种血管后处理技术对胆囊动脉解剖变异的显示，现分析结果。     

腹腔镜逆行胆囊切除预防术中胆管损伤68例报告

为预防术中胆管损伤，2002年5月至2004年8月，我们对术中胆囊三角区解剖不清、“三管”(胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管)关系模糊的68例患者施行腹腔镜下逆行胆囊切除术，获得了良好的效果。现报告如下。     

Post‐cholecystectomy cystic duct stump leak: a preventable morbidity

OBJECTIVE:  While major bile duct injury is the most serious complication following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, bile leak from the cystic duct stump remains the commonest morbidity. This is a retrospective assessment of all patients who had a cholecystectomy over a 5‐year period from April 2003 to March 2008. METHODS:  Data related to bile leakage were obtained from the Unisoft endoscopic retrograde cholangio‐pancreatography (ERCP) database. RESULTS:  Overall 2011 cholecystectomies were performed, of which 488 were done as emergency procedures. Thirteen patients had significant bile leakage, three of which were from accessory ducts, in one the source could not be identified and nine had a cystic duct stump leak (CDSL), which formed the basis of this study. Eight of the nine CDSL patients had successful ERCP and stenting. One had a percutaneous trans‐hepatic cholangiography and stenting. CDSL following emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy was up to threefold higher than after elective procedures. CONCLUSION:  The CDSL of 0.44% was comparable to the reported incidence in the literature. Endoscopic management remains the treatment of choice. Emergency cholecystectomies seem to have a higher incidence of CDSL.     

New classification of the anatomic variations of cystic artery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AIM： To investigate the anatomic variations in the cystic artery by laparoscopy, and to provide a new classification system for the guidance of laparoscopic surgeons.METHODS： Six hundred patients treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy from June 2005 to May 2006 were studied retrospectively, The laparoscope of 30° （Stryker, American） was applied, Anatomic structures of cystic artery and conditions of Calot＇s triangle under laparoscope were recorded respectively,RESULTS： Laparoscopy has revealed there are many anatomic variations of the cystic artery that occur frequently. Based on our experience with 600 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, we present a new classification of anatomic variations of the cystic artery, which can be divided into three groups： （1） Calot＇s triangle type, found in 513 patients （85.5%）; （2） outside Calot＇s triangle, found in 78 patients （13%）; （3） compound type, observed in 9 patients （1.5%）.CONCLUSION： Our classification of the anatomic variations of the cystic artery uncontrollable cystic artery extrahepatic bile duct injury. will be useful for decreasing hemorrhage, and avoiding extrahepatic bile duct injury.     

Incidents and postoperative complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomies for acute cholecystitis

The purpose of this study was to analyze incidents and postoperative complications of the laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed for acute cholecystitis in 1453 patients in the 3rd Surgical Clinic, Cluj-Napoca. Hemorrhage occurred in 139 (9.5%) cases from which 75 (54%) lesions of the cystic artery, 63 (45.3%) cases of bleeding from the vesicular bed and 1 patient (0.72%) with section of the hepatic artery. Lesions of the bile ducts occurred in 13 (0.9%) patients from which 4 (3.07%) were on the right hepatic duct and 9 (6.93%) on the common bile duct. We encountered 152 (10.46%) early postoperative complications from which 92 (60.5%) were grade I, 56 (37%) grade II, 0 grade III and 4 (2.63%) grade IV, according to Clavien's classification. There were 35 (2.4%) nonspecific postoperative complications from which there where phlebitic reactions in 25 (71.4%) patients, phlebitis in 9 (25.7%) and upper digestive hemorrhage due to acutization of a duodenal ulcer in 1 patient (2.9%). We also registered a number of 20 (1.38%) later postoperative complications: 10 (50%) residual biliary lithiasis in the first postoperative year, and 10 (50%) hernias at the umbilical trocar insertion site.     

Avoidance of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is still a serious problem. Injury occurs as a result of technical errors or misidentification of ducts. Inexperience, inflammation, and aberrant anatomy are key risk factors. The most serious technical problem is cautery‐induced injury. This problem may be avoided by use of cautery under very low power settings in the triangle of Calot. Misidentification injuries occur when the surgeon mistakes the common bile duct or an aberrant right hepatic duct for the cystic duct. This error usually occurs when the surgeon uses the “infundibular” technique to identify the cystic duct. This technique, which depends on seeing the cystic duct flare as it becomes the infundibulum, is especially prone to be misleading in the face of acute inflammation. This technique is unreliable and should not be used alone for anatomic identification of the ducts. It is preferable to use the critical view technique or to perform a cholangiogram.     

A case of double cystic duct with cholecystolithiasis treated by laparoscopy

A case of cholecystolithiasis with double cystic duct treated successfully by laparoscopic surgery is reported. The patient was a 50-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. On admission, extracorporeal ultrasonography (US) revealed a hyperechoic area accompanied by an obscure acoustic shadow in the gallbladder. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed two cystic ducts that led separately from the same cluster of the gallbladder. After preoperative examination around the biliary tree, we determined that laparoscopic cholecystectomy was the treatment of choice. Intraoperative color Doppler US was useful for distinguishing the cystic duct from vessels. An ultrasound aspirator (UA) was also extraordinarily useful for skeltonizing the cystic ducts and the cystic artery. The postoperative course was not eventful. Our findings suggest that laparoscopic cholecystectomy, using an UA, is indicated in patients with an anomalous arrangement of the biliary system, since the use of the UA provides a clear delineation of the anatomy of Calot's triangle.     

Double cystic duct detected by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and confirmed by intraoperative cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a case report

A case of double cystic duct with cholecystolithiasis detected by preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and confirmed by intraoperative cholangiography which was treated successfully by laparoscopic surgery is reported. The patient was a 74-year-old woman who complained of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. On admission, ultrasonography revealed hyperechoic areas accompanied by obscure acoustic shadows in the gallbladder. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed 2 cystic ducts; 1 branched from the common bile duct and the other from the right hepatic duct. After a diagnosis of double cystic ducts, we chose laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraoperative cholangiography via 1 of the cystic ducts revealed the presence of the other. We were able to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy without any complications and the postoperative course was uneventful. This case suggests that preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and intraoperative cholangiography is required to avoid complications during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Right hepatic duct opening into the cystic duct: the role of pre- and intraoperative cholangiography

Although an aberrant hepatic duct entering the cystic duct is not especially rare, the main right hepatic duct entering the cystic duct is extremely rare. A 69-year-old woman developed severe intermittent right upper quadrant pain and high fever. A diagnosis of acute calculus cholecystitis was made by radiographic examinations. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography demonstrated dilatation of the right hepatic duct, but could not identify the junction of the right hepatic duct and the cystic duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography established that the right hepatic duct joined the cystic duct and that cholecystolithiasis was present. As the right hepatic duct entering the cystic duct can lead to ductal injury, this anomaly should be kept in mind when performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Pre- and intraoperative cholangiography contribute to the avoidance of iatrogenic bile duct injury. When the right hepatic duct drains into the cystic duct, the gallbladder should be removed distal to the junction of the hepatic and cystic ducts.     

Cystic Duct Stones Detected During Intraoperative Cholangiography in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

During intraoperative cholangiography, cystic duct stones were diagnosed in 79 of 898 consecutive patients (8.8%) who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy over a 45-month period. The stones were successfully removed laparoscopically. In addition, it should be mentioned that the stones were identified and retrieved before the cholangiography was started in all but 8 of the 79 cases. Of these 79, only 27 cases (34.2%) had been diagnosed as having cystic duct stones preoperatively by intravenous cholangiography and/or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that intraoperative cholangiography is mandatory to detect unsuspected retained stones not only in the common duct but also in the cystic duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and also provides vital information as to biliary anatomic variations, the proximity of the cystic duct to the common duct, and the confirmation of inadvertent bile duct injury.     

Cystic Duct Anatomy: An Endoscopic Perspective

Knowledge of the junction of the cystic and common hepatic duct is essential for endoscopic management of biliary tract disease. The cystic and common hepatic ducts were evaluated retrospectively in cholangiograms obtained for a variety of indications in 524 persons. The cysticohepatic junction was adequately visualized in 70%. Medial junctions were noted in 18% and a spiral configuration in 32%, both more common than reported. An 11% occurrence of parallel duct systems was less frequent than expected. In 10% of patients, the cystic duct entered the hepatic duct in the distal third of the extrahepatic biliary tree. The importance of understanding this anatomy is illustrated with selected cases of therapeutic biliary endoscopy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy complications. Suggestions are made for improving performance in this area.