股骨内髁软骨波纹征对内侧半月板纵形撕裂损伤的诊断意义

目的探讨股骨内髁软骨波纹征诊断膝内侧半月板纵形撕裂损伤的特异性。方法 2013年6月-2014年6月,对56例半月板损伤患者关节镜下探查股骨内髁软骨是否存在波纹征,明确半月板损伤类型;同时行半月板修复及韧带重建术。男35例,女21例;年龄12~38岁,平均22.2岁。致伤原因:运动伤40例,摔伤10例,交通事故伤6例。左膝22例,右膝34例。病程10~40 d,平均20.2 d。单纯内侧半月板损伤15例;合并前交叉韧带损伤38例,后交叉韧带损伤2例,髌骨脱位1例。结果关节镜下探查示患者股骨内髁软骨均出现波纹征,其中轻度23例、中度28例、重度5例;内侧半月板损伤均为纵形撕裂损伤。结论关节镜下发现股骨内髁波纹征提示可能存在内侧半月板纵形撕裂损伤。     

膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的关节镜诊治

目的探讨膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的临床诊断、关节镜诊断及疗效。方法回顾分析1996年1月～2007年12月收治的420例诊断为膝关节痛或半月板损伤或滑膜皱襞综合征的患者,其中有70例内侧滑膜皱襞综合征患者。按Sakakibara法分析其关节镜下形态,在镜视下行皱襞切除术、挛缩内侧支持带松解术,随访分析其疗效。结果70例内侧滑膜皱襞综合征中,镜下A型8例,B型13例,C型24例,D型25例。经镜下行皱襞切除,获得随访43例,随访时间为6个月～5年,平均32个月,按Lysholm法进行疗效评定,优良率90.7%。结论关节镜仍是该病确诊的"金标准",镜下彻底切除滑膜皱襞、松解挛缩内侧支持带是治疗该病有效的方法。     

髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的诊断和治疗

目的探讨髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2004年10月～2006年11月收治的单纯髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征37例。将其临床症状、体征与关节镜检查进行比较,探讨临床诊断治疗方法。结果经关节镜检查证实,单纯膝关节滑膜皱襞综合征37例,其中术前诊断半月板损伤而术后诊断滑膜皱襞5例;滑膜皱襞B型4例,C型25例,D型8例。关节镜下动态观察,发现可解释症状的有病理改变的滑膜皱襞即可诊断。术后随访时间3～48个月,关节功能优良达89.2%,手术后无症状加重或感染病例,疗效与伴随的软骨损伤程度呈负相关。结论早期髌内侧膝关节滑膜皱襞综合征临床诊断较困难,认真详细的体格检查及造影后MRI检查有助于提高诊断准确率,关节镜是诊断和治疗髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的最佳方法。     

青少年滑膜皱襞综合征的临床治疗

目的探讨青少年滑膜皱襞综合征的临床诊断及关节镜治疗的有效性。方法笔者自2012-03—2016-10诊治年龄18周岁的40例(46膝)滑膜皱襞综合征。关节镜下行滑膜皱襞完整清除,并给予关节腔内注射玻璃酸钠配合治疗。结果术后1例延迟愈合,余患膝均达到一期愈合,无感染及其他并发症。37例获得随访3个月~2年,平均13.8个月。术后3个月疗效按照Lysholm评分评定:优23例,良10例,可3例,差1例,优良率89.2%。结论关节镜下对于诊断与治疗青少年滑膜皱襞综合征效果明显。     

关节镜下治疗内侧滑膜皱襞综合征

目的探讨关节镜下治疗内侧滑膜皱襞综合征方法及疗效。方法对47例(54膝)内侧滑膜皱襞综合征,术前确诊31膝,术中确诊23膝,行关节镜下内侧滑膜皱襞切除术。结果本组术前症状完全消失,术后疗效评价,优41例,良6例。本组无一例症状复发。治愈率100%。结论关节镜下内侧滑膜皱襞切除术是治疗内侧滑膜皱襞综合征较好的方法。其具有损伤小、恢复快、疗效佳等优点。     

关节镜下治疗膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征

目的探讨膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的临床诊断、治疗方法及结果。方法自2006年10月至2010年11月期间,我院共诊治膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征患者87例,其中46例采取保守治疗后症状无缓解而接受关节镜下手术切除滑膜皱襞。男24例,女22例;年龄23～72岁,平均年龄为41岁。按Sakakibara法对滑膜皱襞进行分类,在关节镜下行皱襞切除术,并随访记录其疗效。结果 46例经关节镜下皱襞切除的患者,其中A型27例,B型15例,C型3例,D型1例;同时合并9例半月板损伤,5例髌股关节内侧面骨关节炎形成。增生的滑膜皱襞均采用篮钳或刨削器将其切除。43例获得随访,平均随访时间为25个月,无复发病例。膝关节功能根据Lysholm评分进行评定,术后功能较术前明显改善,治疗结果优良率为90.7%。结论膝关节内侧滑膜皱襞综合征根据临床症状和MRI表现即可诊断,关节镜下可以确诊,同时镜下行滑膜皱襞切除可获得满意的效果。     

髌内侧滑膜皱襞与对应股骨内侧髁软骨损伤关系的探讨

[目的]探讨髌内侧滑膜皱襞的存在、分型与对应股骨内侧髁关节软骨损伤之间的关系.[方法]回顾性分析2004年1月-2008年7月所行的膝关节镜探查手术录像资料,共收集到有髌内侧滑膜皱襞者76膝作为研究组,记录它们的改良Sakakibara分型与对应股骨内侧髁软骨损伤的有无及Outerbridge分级,并按年龄、性别比例相近随机选取80膝无髌内侧滑膜皱襞者作为对照组,研究髌内侧滑膜皱襞与对应股骨内侧髁软骨损伤之间的关系.[结果]研究组和对照组相比,股骨内侧髁软骨损伤发生率分别为89.5%和61.3%,差异有统计学意义(P＝0.001);在研究组中BCD型较A型软骨损伤发生率高,分别为95.2%和64.3%,差异有统计学意义(P＝0.004);股骨内侧髁软骨损伤程度与髌内侧滑膜皱襞炎症程度呈正相关(r＝0.611, P＝0.000),并与患者年龄相关(r＝0.271,P＝0.019).[结论]髌内侧滑膜皱襞的存在增加了对应股骨内侧髁软骨损伤的危险性;髌内侧滑膜皱襞的棚架样外观也是股骨内侧髁关节软骨损伤的一个危险因素;股骨内侧髁关节软骨损伤程度与髌内侧滑膜皱襞病变的严重程度呈正相关.     

髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征临床诊断标准的探讨

目的提高髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的临床诊断水平。方法通过对６７例经关节镜证实为病理性内侧滑膜皱襞膝关节的术前临床表现的回顾性分析,探讨其临床诊断标准。结果髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征有以下主要临床表现：（１）患者均有膝痛和髌内侧压痛;（２）可触及痛性索条;（３）“压迫股内髁膝关节屈伸试验”阳性;（４）麦氏征阳性。结论（１）膝痛及髌内侧压痛伴有“压迫股内髁膝关节屈伸试验”阳性、触及痛性索条、麦氏征阳性中的任一项,即可初步诊断为髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征;（２）膝痛及髌内侧压痛伴有“压迫股内髁膝关节屈伸试验”阳性、触及痛性索条、麦氏征阳性中的二项或三项,即可确立诊断     

关节镜下微骨折术联合自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节股骨髁大面积软骨损伤

目的探讨关节镜下微骨折术联合自体骨软骨移植(osteochondral autologous transplantation,OAT)治疗膝关节股骨髁大面积(4~6 cm^2)软骨损伤的疗效。方法2016年3月-2017年6月,采用关节镜下微骨折术联合OAT治疗22例膝关节股骨髁大面积软骨损伤患者。其中男16例,女6例;年龄22~60岁,平均38.6岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤8例,运动损伤14例。病程1~6个月,平均3.4个月。股骨内侧髁损伤15例,外侧髁损伤7例;软骨损伤面积4~6 cm^2,平均4.98 cm^2。软骨损伤国际软骨修复协会(ICRS)分级:Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级13例。伴半月板损伤18例。术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为(6.36±1.25)分,Lysholm评分为(36.00±7.77)分。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间2~3年,平均2.3年。术后2年时VAS评分为(1.27±0.94)分,Lysholm评分为(77.82±6.21)分,均较术前明显改善(t=16.595,P=0.000;t=21.895,P=0.000)。术后2年,MRI显示软骨缺损区修复良好。结论关节镜下微骨折术联合OAT治疗膝关节股骨髁大面积软骨损伤早期疗效较好。     

关节镜下自体软骨镶嵌移植修复股骨髁软骨损伤

目的探讨关节镜下自体软骨镶嵌移植修复股骨髁软骨损伤的效果。方法12例股骨髁软骨损伤患者,术前Brittberg-peterson功能评定标准评定,膝关节功能45~98分,平均(67±7.36)分。在关节镜下采用自体软骨镶嵌移植修复股骨髁软骨损伤。结果术后随访10~12个月,平均11个月。术后11例为2分,1例3分。结论关节镜下自体软骨镶嵌移植修复股骨髁软骨损伤有确切的疗效。     

膝关节髌下皱襞的临床意义

目的:观察膝关节镜下髌下皱襞结构的变化,探讨膝关节髌下皱襞的临床意义。方法:回顾性总结分析膝关节镜手术病例400例,男177例,女223例;年龄9⁷9岁,平均42岁。术前均有膝关节疼痛、肿胀和交锁等现象,保守治疗无效,行膝关节镜检查及镜下手术。术中证实单纯的髌下皱襞病变11例,术前有膝前区疼痛症状者8例,疼痛区域模糊不定者3例,膝关节反复肿胀、积液者2例;术前诊断为半月板损伤4例,关节软骨损伤2例,髌股关节骨性关节炎1例,髌下脂肪垫损伤4例。11例均行膝关节镜下髌下皱襞切除术。结果:400例膝关节镜手术中发现有髌下皱襞结构的284例（71%）;有髌下皱襞病变的52例（13%）,其中单纯的髌下皱襞病变11例（2.75%）。髌下皱襞病变镜下表现为髌下皱襞肿胀、增厚、纤维化、丧失弹性,与髁间凹产生撞击。11例单纯髌下皱襞病变均行关节镜下髌下皱襞切除术,术后随访9例,2例失访,随访时间3²4个月,平均14个月。疗效评定优7例,良1例,可1例,差0例,优良率88.89%。结论:髌下皱襞具有明确的临床意义,其病变可以引起临床症状。     

膝关节髌下皱襞的临床意义

目的:观察膝关节镜下髌下皱襞结构的变化,探讨膝关节髌下皱襞的临床意义。方法:回顾性总结分析膝关节镜手术病例400例,男177例,女223例;年龄9~79岁,平均42岁。术前均有膝关节疼痛、肿胀和交锁等现象,保守治疗无效,行膝关节镜检查及镜下手术。术中证实单纯的髌下皱襞病变11例,术前有膝前区疼痛症状者8例,疼痛区域模糊不定者3例,膝关节反复肿胀、积液者2例;术前诊断为半月板损伤4例,关节软骨损伤2例,髌股关节骨性关节炎1例,髌下脂肪垫损伤4例。11例均行膝关节镜下髌下皱襞切除术。结果:400例膝关节镜手术中发现有髌下皱襞结构的284例(71%);有髌下皱襞病变的52例(13%),其中单纯的髌下皱襞病变11例(2.75%)。髌下皱襞病变镜下表现为髌下皱襞肿胀、增厚、纤维化、丧失弹性,与髁间凹产生撞击。11例单纯髌下皱襞病变均行关节镜下髌下皱襞切除术,术后随访9例,2例失访,随访时间3~24个月,平均14个月。疗效评定优7例,良1例,可1例,差0例,优良率88.89%。结论:髌下皱襞具有明确的临床意义,其病变可以引起临床症状。     

内侧半月板退变性损伤的关节镜下分型

 目的 探讨内侧半月板退变性损伤的关节镜下分型及其临床意义。方法 2012年1至12月因内侧半月板退变性损伤接受关节镜手术者122例,不包括因重度滑膜炎需做滑膜切除者。男27例,女95例;年龄37~80岁,平均（61.8±8.9）岁。左膝63例,右膝59例。BMI平均（26.5±3.4） kg/m2,术前Lysholm评分（47.2±15.0）分。关节镜术中依据Outerbridge软骨损伤分级对软骨损伤进行评估,比较不同分型者（后角水平撕裂、后角根部损伤和复杂严重损伤）Ⅳ度软骨退变性损伤所累及的关节面数量及术前Lysholm评分。结果 后角水平撕裂33例,Ⅳ度软骨退变性损伤累及的关节面（1.24±1.48）个,术前Lysholm评分（52.5±14.4）分,其中疼痛评分（7.7±6.5）分;后角根部损伤16例,Ⅳ度软骨退变性损伤累及的关节面（1.13±1.26）个,术前Lysholm评分（37.5±8.4）分,其中疼痛评分（3.1±4.0）分;复杂严重损伤73例,Ⅳ度软骨退变性损伤累及的关节面平均（2.26±1.61）个,术前Lysholm评分平均（46.9±15.3）分,其中疼痛评分（6.8±5.4）分。后角根部损伤者术前Lysholm评分低于后角水平撕裂和复杂严重损伤者,差异有统计学意义;其中疼痛评分的差异也有统计学意义。后角根部损伤者Ⅳ度软骨退变性损伤累及的关节面数量与后角水平撕裂者的差异无统计学意义;均小于复杂严重损伤者,差异有统计学意义。结论 关节镜下内侧半月板退变性损伤可分为三种类型。后角根部损伤和后角水平撕裂的软骨退变性损伤相对较轻,是较早期的关节退变;其中后角根部损伤的临床症状和功能减退较为明显。复杂严重损伤的软骨退变性损伤相对较重,是较晚期的关节退变,但临床症状和功能减退却相对较轻。     

Articular cartilage lesions in the symptomatic anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee

Purpose: The goal of the study was to report the prevalence of the lesions of the articular cartilage of the femoral condyles and tibial plateau in patients with a symptomatic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knee undergoing day-case arthroscopy. Type of Study: Case series study. Methods: We studied 378 skeletally mature patients (average age, 27.3 years; range, 16–50 years; 282 men and 84 women), part of a sample of 1,978 patients undergoing a primary knee arthroscopy between January 1986 and August 1993. The articular cartilage lesions were classified according to Outerbridge by a single observer. We assessed the relationship between time of injury and articular cartilage lesions and between meniscal lesions and articular cartilage lesions. Results: A complete ACL tear was found in all 378 knees. Of these, 157 showed at least one lesion of the articular cartilage. The medial femoral condyle (MFC) showed the highest frequency of articular cartilage lesions, especially in the weight-bearing portion. Patients with a bucket-handle tear of the medial meniscus had greater degeneration of the MFC than those with other meniscal tears. A meniscal tear was associated with a greater degree of articular damage. The second most common lesion was a combined lesion of the medial and lateral compartments, followed by isolated lateral compartment lesion. A time-dependent pattern of development of articular cartilage lesions was identified. Conclusions: In patients with more advanced degenerative changes, the time from injury to arthroscopy was significantly longer than in patients with lesser articular surface abnormalities, and the presence of a meniscal tear was associated with a greater degree of articular cartilage damage. Patients with a symptomatic ACL-deficient knee and an associated tear of the medial meniscus are at high risk of having a lesion of the articular surface of the weight bearing area of the knee.     

Articular cartilage lesions of the knee

The pathogenesis and clinical significance of articular cartilage lesions of the knee persist as topics of considerable interest among orthopedic surgeons. This study was designed to assess the association of articular cartilage degeneration with concomitant intraarticular abnormalities and to correlate the prevalence and severity of articular cartilage damage with preoperative historical and physical exam findings in patients presenting with knee pain. Twenty-six history and physical exam data points were prospectively collected from 192 patients (200 knees), consecutively undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery. During surgery, all articular cartilage lesions were recorded with respect to size, location, and character and were graded according to Oglivie-Harris et al. All concomitant knee joint abnormalities were simultaneously recorded. Of 200 knees examined arthroscopically, 12 knees revealed no demonstrable etiology for the presenting symptoms, 65 knees revealed assorted intraarticular pathology but no articular cartilage degeneration, and the remaining 123 knees revealed a total of 211 articular cartilage lesions (103 femoral, 72 patellar, 36 tibial); 7 femoral, 6 patellar and 0 tibial lesions were completely isolated (no concomitant knee joint pathology). The concomitance of femoral defects with tibial lesions was highly significant (p = 0.01). Femoral and tibial articular cartilage lesions were strikingly correlated with the presence of an unstable torn meniscus (p less than 0.001). Medial compartment articular cartilage lesions were significantly more common (p = 0.001), more closely associated with meniscal derangement, and appreciably more severe than lateral compartment lesions. In 75% of anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees with concomitant articular cartilage degeneration, the duration from injury to surgery was greater than 9 months, and in each of these cases, a history of reinjury to the knee was elicited. From these data one can conclude that: (a) in some patients with painful knees, isolated articular cartilage lesions may be the only abnormality noted at arthroscopy; (b) unstable meniscal tears are significantly associated with destruction of articular cartilage; (c) the medial compartment is particularly susceptible to articular cartilage degeneration; and (d) in our series, anterior cruciate ligament tears were increasingly associated with articular cartilage destruction as the elapsed time from injury to arthroscopy increased.     

Chondral and osteochondral injuries associated with acute patellar dislocation

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and precise pathology of articular cartilage injuries after acute patellar dislocation. Type of Study: Case series. Methods: In 39 consecutive knees with initial lateral patellar dislocation, the articular cartilage injuries were examined using arthroscopy or macroscopic observation. Results: Thirty-seven knees (95%) had articular cartilage injuries of the patellofemoral joint and 2 knees (5%) had no cartilage injury. In all 37 knees (95%), articular cartilage injuries were observed in the patella. The appearances were categorized into 3 groups: cracks alone (9 knees), cartilage defect caused by osteochondral or chondral fracture (7 knees), and cartilage defects caused by osteochondral or chondral fracture associated with cracks (21 knees). The main site of osteochondral fracture was the medial facet, and the main site of cracks was the central dome. Twelve knees (31%) had cartilage injury of the lateral femoral condyle. Conclusions: From this study, articular cartilage injuries, especially of the patella, seem to be common occurrences after acute patellar dislocation. Chondral and osteochondral injuries of the patella were classified into 3 groups.     

膝关节盘状半月板损伤的关节镜治疗

目的分析关节镜下盘状半月板损伤的治疗方法与近期临床效果。方法回顾分析自2005年1月至2009年6月45例膝关节盘状半月板损伤患者,采用膝关节镜下半月板部分切除成形术24例。大部分切除15例,全切术6例;同时行镜下内侧皱襞切除术5例,软骨面修整2例．术后根据具体手术方式进行个体化的康复治疗。结果所有患者术后未见明显关节肿胀,关节积液在5一加ml,无一例发生关节感染,关节活动无受限,43例患者后术后获得复查,追踪时间6—23个月．平均14个月,平均Lysholm评分由术前61．8±3．2提高为93．5±2．8分（t=49．609,P〈0．01）。结论关节镜下诊疗盘状半月板损伤可根据具体损伤部位采取相应治疗方法,具有准确性高、创伤小、术后关节功能恢复快、并发症少等特点,同时术中可处理其他病变和避免漏诊,获得了良好的近期手术效果。     

Severity of medial meniscus damage in the canine knee after anterior cruciate ligament transection

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the severity of cartilage damage and the severity of meniscus damage after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACLT) in adult dogs. DESIGN: Data were obtained from 40 dogs which underwent ACLT and from three additional sham-operated dogs that were subjected to arthrotomy but not ligament transection. Joint pathology was analysed 12, 24 or 32 weeks after surgery. The severity of damage to the articular cartilage on the femoral condyle and tibial plateau was graded with a scoring system based on that of the Sociètè Fran?aise d'Arthroscopie and meniscus damage was graded on a 0-4 scale. RESULTS: No damage to the meniscus or articular cartilage was observed 12 weeks after surgery in the dogs subjected only to arthrotomy. In contrast, tears of the medial meniscus were observed in two of 10 (20%) dogs examined 12 weeks after ACLT. The incidence of severe tears increased to 86% and 84% after 24 weeks and 32 weeks, respectively. Damage to the lateral meniscus was mild, with only 7.5% of all dogs with a cruciate-deficient knee having a bucket handle or complete tear. Most of the unstable knees exhibited ulceration of the articular cartilage of the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus 12 weeks (mean chondropathy score+/-standard deviation 11.9+/-8.5, N=10), 24 weeks (7.9+/-5.0, N=7), and 32 weeks (7.1+/-5.5, N=23) after ACLT. The mean chondropathy scores for the tibial plateaus were similar to those for the femoral condyles. No correlation was apparent between the severity of cartilage damage and of meniscus damage for either joint surface. CONCLUSION: Damage to the medial meniscus is a consistent feature of the pathology which develops in the canine knee after ACLT, but the severity of cartilage damage is not correlated with the severity of meniscal damage.     

Posttraumatic cartilage degradation progresses following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A second-look arthroscopic evaluation

BackgroundSeveral studies have demonstrated that posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis progresses even after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Few reports described zone-specific cartilaginous damages after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. This study aimed to compare the status of articular cartilage at anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with that at second-look arthroscopy.MethodsThis study included 20 patients (20 knees, 10 males and 10 females, mean age 22.4 years, Body mass index 24.4 kg/m²) that underwent arthroscopic anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and second-look arthroscopy. Mean periods from injury to reconstruction and from reconstruction to second-look arthroscopy were 3.4 and 15.3 months, respectively. Cartilage lesions were evaluated arthroscopically in the 6 articular surfaces and 40 articular subcompartments independently, and these features were graded with the International Cartilage Repair Society articular cartilage injury classification; comparisons were made between the grades at reconstruction and at second-look arthroscopy. Furthermore, clinical outcomes were assessed at reconstruction and at second-look arthroscopy, using the Lysholm knee score, Tegner activity scale, International Knee Documentation Committee score, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, side-to-side difference of the KT-2000 arthrometer, and pivot shift test.ResultsEach compartment showed a deteriorated condition at second-look arthroscopy compared with the pre-reconstruction period. A significant worsening of the articular cartilage was noted in all compartments except the lateral tibial plateau and was also observed in the central region of the medial femoral condyle and trochlea after reconstruction. However, each clinical outcome was significantly improved postoperatively.ConclusionsGood cartilage conditions were restored in most subcompartments at second-look arthroscopy. Furthermore, posttraumatic osteoarthritic changes in the patellofemoral and medial compartments progressed even in the early postoperative period, although good knee stability and clinical outcomes were obtained. Care is necessary regarding the progression of osteoarthritis and the appearance of knee symptoms in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.     

2000ArthroCare System在膝关节镜手术中的应用

目的探讨冷融化技术在膝关节镜手术中方法和前景。方法采用2000ArthroCare System(2000ACS)对221例膝关节病实施手术治疗。关节镜下疾病诊断：骨性关节炎73例，半月板损伤49例，关节软骨软化症29例，滑膜皱襞综合征15例，盘状半月板13例，滑膜炎11例，大骨节病11例，ACL 8例，剥脱性骨软骨炎5例，关节粘连5例，TKA术后松解2例。通过2000ACS做关节镜下的半月板切除、成形，软骨面及韧带修整，滑膜切除，髌外侧支持带松解术等。结果按Lysholm评分，术前平均43．92，术后3个月81．96，术后6个月92．06。结论关节镜2000ACS治疗关节疾病，操作安全，疗效可靠，痛苦少，有利于早期功能锻炼。