脑脊髓液中腺苷脱氨酶活性对结核性脑膜炎诊断价值的临床研究

目的 探讨脑脊髓液中腺苷脱氨酶（CSF-ADA）活性对结核性脑膜炎的诊断价值及在病程中的动态变化.方法 选择160例患者纳入本研究,76例结核性脑膜炎为病例组;84例非结核性脑膜炎为对照组,其中细菌性脑膜炎36例,病毒性脑膜炎30例,隐球菌性脑膜炎18例.每例患者均于治疗前抽取CSF,采用酶耦联Trinder法测定CSF-ADA活性,结果以（-x）±s表示,组间差异使用Mann-Whitney U检验.47例结核性脑膜炎患者于抗结核治疗后2周和6周时再次检测CSF-ADA,治疗前后差异使用配对t检验.结果 结核性脑膜炎组CSF-ADA活性为（12.9±6.4）U/L,非结核性脑膜炎组为（6.0±4.1）U/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义（U=7.860,P＜0.05）.取CSF-ADA≥9 U/L作为临界值时鉴别结核性脑膜炎与非结核性脑膜炎价值最高,灵敏度为84.21%,特异度为83.33%.随着患者病情好转,CSF-ADA活性逐渐降低.结论 CSF-ADA活性≥9 U/L可作为诊断结核性脑膜炎的一项辅助诊断指标,抗结核治疗后CSF-ADA活性可作为疗效判断的参考指标.     

Use of adenosine deaminase as a diagnostic tool for tuberculous pleurisy.

BACKGROUND--A statistical audit of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in pleural effusions was undertaken. METHODS--ADA analysis, cytological and microbiological examinations, and differential cell counts were performed on 462 pleural fluid samples. RESULTS--ADA activity in tuberculous effusions was higher than in any other diagnostic group. At a level of 50 U/l the sensitivity and specificity for the identification of tuberculosis was 90% and 89%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS--ADA activity remains a useful test in the evaluation of pleural effusions.     

The role of cerebrospinal fluid shunting in tuberculous meningitis

Twenty-three patients with severe tuberculous meningitis who underwent cerebrospinal fluid shunting within the first month of illness were reviewed nine months later. The criteria for and results of the use of cerebrospinal fluid shunts in tuberculous meningitis are reviewed.     

Cerebrospinal fluid lactate and lactate dehydrogenase levels as diagnostic aids in tuberculous meningitis

The value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) values as aids in differentiating tuberculous meningitis (TBM) from aseptic meningitis has been investigated. Using an upper limit of normal for CSF lactate levels of 2,75 mmol/l resulted in detection of 24 out of 26 cases of TBM (a sensitivity of 92%). If, however, a level of 3,85 mmol/l was taken as the upper limit of normal, then 18 out of 26 cases were detected (a sensitivity of 69%). Using 40 U/l as the upper limit of normal for LD levels detected 21 out of 38 cases of TBM (a sensitivity of 55%). Both tests may give normal values in the presence of TBM, but this should not cause specific antituberculosis therapy to be withheld. Neither test appears to hold marked advantages over conventional chemical analysis of CSF in differentiating TBM from aseptic meningitis.     

Temporal evolution of cerebrospinal fluid following initiation of treatment for tuberculous meningitis

OBJECTIVE: Clinicians often perform follow-up lumbar punctures (LPs) on patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) to document changes occurring in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Normalisation of the CSF then serves as indirect confirmation of the diagnosis. However, changes occurring in CSF following the initiation of anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment are not well described. We undertook a retrospective study to determine the temporal evolution of CSF in patients with TBM on anti-TB treatment in an attempt to provide a more rational basis for the interpretation of repeat LPs. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with TBM at King George V Hospital in Durban from 1994 to 2003 were identified. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological data were recorded. We examined the change in CSF lymphocyte cell count, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell count, glucose concentration and protein concentration. Initially, scatter plots of the data modelled over time were produced and random effects models were then used to model the predicted changes in CSF over time. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients were identified, and a total of 327 LPs were done. The average number of LPs per patient was 3 (range 3 - 9). Statistically significant changes in all four variables (lymphocytes, PMN cells, glucose and protein) were demonstrated, with a p value < 0.001. The predicted models showed that lymphocyte count and protein concentration change slowly over time. PMN cells and glucose concentration changed rapidly in an exponential manner. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the tendency for CSF to normalise over time. The slow change in lymphocyte count and protein concentration limits clinical use. The rapid change in PMN cells and glucose concentration allows us to make reasonable clinical decisions. If a repeat LP does not show definite improvement in these two parameters, it should be considered atypical for TBM.     

Role of cerebrospinal fluid shunting for human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with tuberculous meningitis and hydrocephalus

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and its complications continue to have devastating neurological consequences for patients. Budgetary constraints, especially in developing countries, have made it necessary to select patients for shunting who are likely to experience good recoveries. To date, the value of cerebrospinal fluid shunting for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with TBM has not been clearly established. METHODS: Thirty patients with TBM and hydrocephalus were prospectively evaluated. Coincidentally, one-half of the patients were HIV-positive. All patients underwent uniform treatment, including ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement and antituberculosis treatment. CD4 counts were measured for all patients. Outcomes were assessed at 1 month. RESULTS: No complications related to shunt insertion were noted. The HIV-positive group fared poorly (death, 66.7%; poor outcome, 64.7%), compared with the HIV-negative group (death, 26.7%; poor outcome, 30.8%). Despite cerebrospinal fluid shunting, no patient in the HIV-positive group experienced a good recovery (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 5). This is in contrast to the six patients (40%) in the HIV-negative group who, with the same treatment, experienced good recoveries (Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 5) at discharge (P<0.14). No patient (either HIV-positive or HIV-negative) who presented in TBM Grade 4 survived, whereas no HIV-positive patient who presented in TBM Grade 3 survived. A significant relationship was noted between CD4 counts and patient outcomes (P<0.031). CONCLUSION: In the absence of obvious clinical benefit, HIV-positive patients with TBM should undergo a trial of ventricular or lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and only those who exhibit significant neurological improvement should proceed to shunt surgery.     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of mycobacterial antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid in tuberculous meningitis

Fifty-three cerebrospinal fluid specimens from meningitis patients were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of mycobacterial antigens. After heating at 56 degrees C for 1 hour to eliminate nonspecific interference, all 22 tuberculous meningitis (TBM) specimens had an optical density of greater than 0.05 (sensitivity 100%). Six out of 31 non-TBM cases gave false-positive results (specificity 81%).     

Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in the presence of a cerebrospinal fluid shunt

Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in the presence of a cerebrospinal fluid shunt has been reported uncommonly. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the most common etiological agents, are usually acquired by contiguous spread from an intraoperative or perioperative source. These infections usually occur within 2 months of shunt insertion and are rarely associated with bacteremia. Review of the literature shows that infection with H. influenzae typically occurs later than with the more common pathogens, is commonly associated with bacteremia, and frequently can be treated with antibiotics alone.     

The failure of cystometry as a diagnostic aid in impotence

Recent evidence suggests an increasing recognition of the importance of organic factors in the etiology of impotence. This recognition has spurred the development of indices to reliably differentiate between psychogenic and organic types. This paper reports findings from the evaluation of the cystometric (CMG) assessment in impotence. Forty-one impotent patients, in whom etiology (organic or psychogenic) had been clearly established using independent criteria, were investigated. The results show that abnormal CMG findings occurred approximately equally in both diagnostic groups, and that CMG values could not be used as a reliable indicator of etiology in impotence.     

脑脊液半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C在隐球菌性脑膜炎中临床价值的探讨

目的 探讨脑脊液半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(cystatin C)在隐球菌性脑膜炎(CM)中的临床应用价值.方法 前瞻性观察和对比分析本院2007年1月~2011年5月所收治的隐球菌性脑膜炎(n = 14)、单纯结核性脑膜炎(n = 61)和结核性脑膜脑炎患者(n = 37)脑脊液cystatin C水平及相关生物化学指标的差异.结果 隐球菌性脑膜炎患者脑脊液cystatin C水平(3.18 ± 1.14 mg/L)显著低于单纯结核性脑膜炎的患者(4.62 ± 1.42 mg/L)(P< 0.01),而与结核性脑膜脑炎患者脑脊液cystatin C水平(3.68 ± 1.42 mg/L)相比,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05);CM组的其他脑脊液生化标志物,如糖(Glu)、氯化物(Cl-)、总蛋白(TP)、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、乳酸(LAC)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)和微量蛋白(mALB)等,与其他两组比较均无统计学意义(P> 0.05).HIV(+)的隐球菌性脑膜炎患者(6例)cystatin C水平为(3.48 ± 1.16 mg/L),与HIV(-)隐球菌性脑膜炎组(8例)(2.96 ± 1.15 mg/L)相比,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05).结论 脑脊液cystatin C可作为脑膜疾病鉴别诊断的一种新的标记物,有利于隐球菌性脑膜炎与结核性脑膜炎的鉴别,但其与结核性脑膜脑炎的鉴别诊断应慎重考虑.     

The diagnostic value of measuring creatine kinase BB activity in cerebrospinal fluid following acute head injury

Summary During a period of 2 months the activity of creatine kinase BB (CK-BB) was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 93 consecutive patients admitted as emergencies to the Neurosurgical Department.Fourteen of the 15 patients with verified brain contusion showed an increased activity of CK-BB in the CSF whereas all patients with various other acute neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and acute headache, had a normal CK-BB activity. Two of 5 patients with subarachnoidal haemorrhage and 13 of 58 patients classified as concussion also showed an increased CK-BB activity. Spinal fluid pressure, number of red cells and activity of CK (total) were less useful than CK-BB in diagnosing acute brain damage. Even diagnostic ventricular puncture with a Fisher cannula, producing a tiny (diameter=2.8 mm) brain lesion, gave rise to an increased CK-BB activity.CSF sampled repeatedly from 10 other patients with brain contusion showed CK-BB activities that suggest the optimum period for sampling to be between one and 15 hours after head injury. The results obtained suggest that CK-BB is a reliable indicator of brain damage following head injury.Petter Urdal is a fellow of the Norwegian Research Council for Science and Humanities.     

脑脊髓液和淤斑中同时检出脑膜炎奈瑟菌一例

患者男,11岁,无明显原因发热,体温40 ℃,伴头痛,全身皮疹,非喷射性呕吐1次,为胃内容物,量不多,于2009年4月21日拟"伤感,反应疹"收入我院.入院体检:全身可见散在出血点,压之不褪色,散在皮疹压之褪色,无水肿,咽部充血,扁桃体不大,两肺呼吸音清,未闻及干、湿性哕音,克尼格征(-),巴彬斯基征可疑(+),布鲁金斯基征(-),颈部抵抗.无麻疹、水痘、风疹和流行性腮腺炎等传染病史及接触史,2008年曾接种流脑疫苗.实验室检查:脑脊髓液无色、透明,潘氏试验弱阳性,有核细胞计数:12×106/l,以多核细胞为主,微量总蛋白:763 mg/l,葡萄糖:4.1 mmol/l,腺苷脱氨酶:0 u/l,k+:2.54 mmol/l,na+:140.3 mmol/l,cl-:126.9 mmol/l;血常规:白细胞(wbc)23.5×109/l,中性粒细胞0.939,淋巴细胞0.022,单核细胞0.031,血小板:99.0×109/l;c-反应蛋白69.7 mg/l,其余指标正常.     

Pleural adenosine deaminase levels in tuberculous pleurisy —Its diagnostic performance under the different prevalences in the different age of population—

In the diagnosis of pleural effsion, tuberculous pleurisy should always be considered because the prevalence of tuberculosis in Japan remains high. The measurent of adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels in pleural fluid is useful for the diagnosis of the tuberculous pleurisy because of its high sensitivity and specificity. However, no studies have addressed the post-testprobability (= positive predictive value; PPV) of the test. Since the PPV depends on the pre-test probability (= prevalence) of the tuberculous pleurisy that varies with age, we have retrospectively evaluated the PPV in the different age population; the young (?35 years of age), the middle (36–65 years), and the old (66-years). A total of 208 data sets were collected; the tuberculosis (n=52), malignancy (n = 34), non-specific infection (n = 31), transudates (n=45), the others (n=36), and unknown causes (n = 10). It was found that 1) the prevalence of tuberculous pleurisy was decreased with age, (70% in the young, 28.7% in the middle, and 8.5% in the old), 2) the PPV was the lowest in the old (53.8%), while the highest in the young (95.0%), and 3) no significant correlation was found between age and the ADA activity in pleural effusion.     

Malondialdehyde level and adenosine deaminase activity in nasal polyps.

OBJECTIVE: Although there are many reports on adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in different tissues, no information is available about the enzyme activity in nasal mucosa and polyp tissues. Whereas ADA is related to the production of free radicals by neutrophils, malondialdehyde (MDA) is an indicator of lipid peroxidation that is a general mechanism of tissue damage by free radicals. This study is aimed at determining and comparing the ADA activity and MDA level in nasal polyps and normal mucosa. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Twenty-three patients with nasal polyps and a control group consisting of 14 patients with septal deviation and lower turbinate hypertrophy were included in the study. Tissue MDA level was measured by the method of Okawa with modification and tissue ADA activity by the method of Giusti. RESULTS: In patients with nasal polyp, mean tissue MDA level and ADA activity were 2.43 +/- 0.38 nmol/mg protein (Pr) and 0.235 +/- 0.055 U/mg Pr, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of control nasal mucosa (1.03 +/- 0.41 nmol/mg protein and 0.056 +/- 0.011 U/mg Pr, respectively) (P < 0.05). In addition, tissue MDA level was positively correlated to ADA activity in nasal polyps (r = 0.701, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed the presence of detectable ADA activity in nasal mucosa, and also significant increases in both tissue MDA level and ADA activity in NP tissue when compared to normal turbinate tissue. EBM rating: B-2b.