HPLC法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中三组分的含量

目的:建立 HPLC 法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量。方法:采用日本岛津 VP-ODS色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(40:60)为流动相,流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长273 nm,柱温:30℃,进样量:20 μL。结果:对乙酰氨基酚进样浓度在10～100μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率(n=3)为98.8%～99.4%;咖啡因进样浓度在2.4～24μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率(n=3)为98.2%～101.5%;氨基比林进样浓度在8～80μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均回收率(n=3)为98.3%～100.4%。结论:本方法灵敏度高,操作简便、可靠,适用于测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定泌感颗粒中小檗碱和槲皮素的含量

目的:建立同时测定泌感颗粒中小檗碱和槲皮素含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为 Diamonsil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液(27:73),流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为360nm。结果:小檗碱浓度在8.33～41.6μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9997),平均方法回收率(n=6)为98.6%;槲皮素浓度在4.08～20.4μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均方法回收率(n=6)为97.8%;结论:本法简便,准确度和重复性好,可用于泌感颗粒中小檗碱和槲皮素的同时测定。     

HPLC法同时测定乳块消片中丹参素、原儿茶醛、橙皮苷、丹酚酸B的含量

目的:采用 HPLC 法同时测定乳块消片中丹参素、原儿茶醛、橙皮苷、丹酚酸 B 4种成分的含量。方法:采用 Eclipse XDB-C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);以甲醇-3%醋酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱;流速为1 mL·min~(-1);柱温为30℃;检洲波长280 nm。结果:丹参素、原儿茶醛、橙皮苷、卅酚酸 B 进样浓度分别在7.0～223.0μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),0.7～21.5μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),8.5～272.0μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),34.8～1112.0μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)范围内呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率(n=6)分别为101.4%,98.9%,96.2%,99.4%及其 RSD 分别为2.4%,1.8%,1.3%,1.5%。结论:本方法简便,重现性好,结果准确可靠,为乳块消片的质量控制奠定了基础。     

高效液相色谱分离柱后化学发光法同时测定菟丝子中黄酮类成分

目的:建立高效液相色谱分离柱后化学发光法测定菟丝子中芦丁、山柰素、槲皮素和异鼠李素含量。方法:基于在氢氧化钠碱性介质中铁氰化钾可以直接氧化芦丁、山柰素、槲皮素和异鼠李素产生化学发光。色谱柱:Hypersil ODS(5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm),流动相:乙醇-乙腈-水-磷酸(21:22:55:2),流速:1mL·min~(-1),柱温:25℃。结果:芦丁、山柰素、槲皮素和异鼠李素浓度分别在0.2～5μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9990),0.1～15μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9991),0.1～100μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9994),0.3～200μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)范围内,与峰面积有良好的线性关系;检测限(S/N=3)分别为0.02,0.08,0.08,0.03μg·mL~(-1)。结论:水法简便、快速、有效,灵敏度高,首次用于菟丝子中黄酮类成分的测定,取得了很好的结果。     

HPLC法测定抗菌消炎胶囊中槲皮素和山柰素的含量

目的建立抗菌消炎胶囊中槲皮素和山柰素含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。方法色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-4mL·L~(-1)磷酸溶液(50∶50);柱温:30℃;流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);检测波长:360nm。结果槲皮素质量浓度在1.034~20.68μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 3),加样回收率为97.14%,RSD值为0.84%(n=6);山柰素质量浓度在2.061~41.22μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 1),加样回收率为98.05%,RSD值为0.59%(n=6)。结论该方法定量准确可靠,操作简便,灵敏度高,可用于抗菌消炎胶囊的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定新疆哈萨克族常用药材包尔胡特果实中芦丁和槲皮素的含量

目的建立测定新疆包尔胡特(Rhamnus cathartica L.)果实中芦丁和槲皮素含量的方法。方法色谱柱:依利特Hypersil ODS2C18(260mm×4.6mm,5μm)配预柱;芦丁的流动相:甲醇-10mL·L~(-1)乙酸溶液(70∶30),槲皮素的流动相:甲醇-4mL·L~(-1)磷酸溶液(35∶65);流速均为1.0mL·min~(-1);柱温:30℃;芦丁检测波长:257nm,槲皮素检测波长:360nm;进样量均为10μL。结果芦丁质量浓度在43.411 0~165.600 0μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),平均加样回收率为99.84%,RSD值为1.45%;槲皮素质量浓度在5.454 0~87.264 0μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为99.83%,RSD值为1.49%。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于包尔胡特果实原料中芦丁和槲皮素的含量测定。     

新复方大青叶片中4种西药成分的含量测定方法的研究

目的:建立新复方大青叶片中扑热息痛、咖啡因、异戊巴比妥和维生素 C 的含量测定方法。方法:采用 HPLC 法测定了扑热息痛、咖啡因、异戊巴比妥和维生素 C 的含量。结果:扑热息痛在199.5～1247μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.81%,RSD=0.99%(n=6);咖啡因在20.64～129μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.8%,RSD=1.43%(n=6);异戊巴比妥在8.42～210.5μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率为100.4%,RSD=1.41%(n=6);维生素 C 在40.48～253.0μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.36%,RSD=1.42%(n=6)。结论:含量测定方法简便准确,重复性好,可用于控制新复方大青叶片的质量。     

HPLC法同时测定白花蛇舌草注射液中2种成分的含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定白花蛇舌草注射液中对香豆酸(Ⅰ)和反式6-O-对香豆酰鸡屎藤苷甲酯(Ⅱ)的含量。方法:色谱柱为 Hypersil C_8柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-水(20:80,v/v),含0.3%醋酸;流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1);检测波长为310 nm。结果:Ⅰ和Ⅱ的浓度分别在14.4～115.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)和5.2～41.4μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999)范围内线性关系良好;方法回收率分别为99.9%(RSD=1.5%,n=6)和99.8%(RSD=1.8%,n=6)。结论:本法准确可靠,可用于白花蛇舌草注射液的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定利通淋胶囊中总黄酮醇苷的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定利通淋胶囊中总黄酮醇苷含量。方法采用Kromasil C18(4.6×250mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相:甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(55∶45);流速:1.0mL.min-1;测定检测波长为360nm。结果槲皮素在浓度4.067μg·mL-1~40.67μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998);山奈酚在浓度0.871μg·mL-1~8.71μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998);异鼠李素在浓度0.616μg·mL-1~6.16μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9996)。结论本方法简便、准确、专属性强,可测定利通淋胶囊中总黄酮醇苷的含量。     

GC法测定香薷感冒滴丸中麝香草酚和香荆芥酚的含量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定香薷感冒滴丸中麝香草酚和香荆芥酚的含量。方法:色谱柱为 HP-17石英毛细管柱(HP50%PhMe Silicone,10m×0.25mm×0.25μm),柱初始温度130℃,停留14min,以20℃·min~(-1)速度一阶升温至220℃,停留36min。结果:麝香草酚在12.5～125.1μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998),香荆芥酚在21.5～215.2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997)范围内有良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为麝香草酚101.4%(RSD=2.7%),香荆芥酚98.7%(RSD=2.3%),重复性的 RSD 分别为麝香草酚2.3%,香荆芥酚2.0%。结论:本方法可靠、准确,专属性强,可以作为控制香薷感冒滴丸质量的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.