分离成年大鼠心肌细胞α_1受体及其磷脂酰肌醇代谢研究

为排除整体心脏组织中其它非心肌成分的影响,本文用胶原酶分离成年大鼠心肌细胞,分析其中α_1受体及其亚型的分布,并研究α_1受体与磷脂酰肌醇代谢的关系。作~(125)I-BE与α_1受体结合的饱和曲线,经Scatchard分析,其Bmax(代表α_1受体的数目)为42.7±0.8fmol/mg蛋白,Kd为58.4±6.3(n=4)。5-MU对~(125)-BE与     

大鼠心脏中可能存在一种新的α_1受体亚型

一般认为α_1肾上腺素受体在大鼠心脏中分为α_(1A)和α_(1B)两种受体亚型,其中α_(1A)对WB_(4101)和5-Methyl-Ura-pidil亲和性较高,对CEC(氯乙基可乐宁)不敏感,而α_(1B)亚型则对上述两种药物低亲和,并可被CEC不可逆阻断。本文用放射配体结合实验方法观察大鼠心肌组织粗制膜在CEC处理前后α_1受体亚型比例的改变。结果表明心肌组织粗制膜用10μmol/L CEC处理后与~(125)IBE的结合容量Bmax由120.8±9.4fmol/mg下降至44.6±6.8fmol/mg(约35%)。在CEC处理前,WB_(4101)和5-Methyl-Urapidil的竞争抑制曲线的计算机两位点拟合均显示有     

氧自由基对大鼠心脏肾上腺素受体的影响及其与心功能改变间的相互关系

在大鼠离体灌流心脏观察外源性羟自由基对心肌肾上腺素受体（受体）及其亚型１Ａ与１Ｂ的影响，并观察上述受体改变与心功能改变之间的关系。采用放射配基结合方法测定心肌受体数量与亲和性的改变。实验显示羟自由基灌流时冠脉流量与心肌收缩性能呈时间依赖性显著降低；１受体总数量不变，但ａ１Ａ亚型与ａ１Ｂ亚型之间的比值增大；受体无显著改变；自由基清除剂甘露醇与超氧化物歧化酶可对抗上述受体的改变，却只能部分逆转心功能的改变。提示氧自由基可选择性地直接作用于１受体，引起１Ａ亚型增加，１Ｂ亚型减少，这种受体改变可能与心肌缺血再灌时心肌损伤心功能降低有关，但仅为影响因素之一。     

常压缺氧对大鼠肺组织肾上腺能受体分布的影响

本文利用自行标记的放射配基~(125)I CYP和~(125)I BE观察常压缺氧对大鼠肺组织β和α_1受体分布的影响,并用计算机图像处理系统半定量研究。正常大鼠肺组织β和α_1受体分布均以肺实质最多。支气管β受体多于肺血管,而肺血管α_1受体多于支气管。放射自显影的半定量结果表明:缺氧时肺内各种组织结构的β和α_1受体都有变化,肺血管β受体在缺氧2、4周时减少,α_1受休在缺氧1天和4周增加。这同我们用放射配基结合法测定的肺匀浆中β和α_1受体的变化是一致的。肺血管上β受体减少,α_1受体增加可加强缺氧性肺血管收缩。气道上的受体变化也会影响其对各种刺激的反应性,这些在缺氧性肺动脉高压的发生、发展中可能起着一定的作用。     

α_1肾上腺素受体中仅α_(1a)亚型参与对心肌DNA合成的促进作用

目前普遍认为儿茶酚胺引起心肌蛋白质合成与心肌肥大的作用是通过激动α_1肾上腺素受体(α_1受体)来达到的。本工作的目的是确定α_1受体的两种亚型——α_(1a)与α_(1b)是否都参与上述作用。取1-3d乳鼠心脏,经胰酶消化后差速贴壁1.5h,取悬浮细胞以0.6-1.0×10~6/ml密度植入24孔培养板,在常规DMEM液中培养48h后加药,分为     

脾淋巴细胞α2—肾上腺素能受体的特征和功能的实验研究

用放射配基结合法研究大鼠脾淋巴细胞α_2-肾上腺素能受体的特征。~3H-可乐定(~3H-CLO)与脾淋巴细胞的结合呈现快速(t1/2:2min)、可逆(t1/2:3—4min)、高亲和力(K_D:6.57±SD1.63nM)、可饱和性(B_(?a):72.4±SD13.4fmo1/10~?细胞)(n=6)和立体结构特异性等特征,表明脾淋巴细胞存在α_2-肾上腺素能受体。肾上腺素能受体激动剂抑制~3H-CLO结合的效能顺序是:肾上腺素>去甲肾上腺素>异丙肾上腺素,表明为α_2亚型。竞争实验资料的计算机分析提示,脾淋巴细胞α_2-肾上腺素能受体存在高、中、低三种亲和力状态,彼此相差2～3个数量级。在体外诱生抗体中,10umo1.L~(-1)可乐定显著抑制诱生的IgM量,可被10umol:L~(-1)酚妥拉明阻断,表明脾淋巴细胞α_2肾上腺素能受体激活抑制抗体应答。     

常压缺氧性肺动脉高压大鼠肺组织肾上腺素能受体亚型数目的动态变化

我室以往工作表明间断常压缺氧1周大鼠肺β受体略升高,缺氧2周及4周减少,α_1受体则呈上升变化。本文在此基础上研究常压缺氧不同时间后大鼠肺肾上腺素能受体亚型的动态变化规律。结果表明缺氧1周肺β受体略升高,2及4周β受体减少,β_2受体的变化规律与总β受体相同,表现为先增后降的动态变化,而β_1受体在缺氧过程中呈上升变化。α_2受体缺氧后均呈上升变化。结果表明调节肺血管舒张的β_2受体减少,调节肺血管收缩的α体增加对肺动脉高压发生发展是起作用的,这种受体亚型的变化对选择更特异的α受体阻断剂及β受体激动剂进行防治有重要参考意义。     

α-和β-肾上腺素能受体系统相互关系的初步研究

用亚型选择性标记配基[~3H]CGP12177和[~3H]prazosin在培养的A431细胞中检定到β_1-和α_1-受体。由于它们的信号转导系统分别为Gs-腺苷酸环化酶(AC)和Gp-磷脂酰肌醇(PI),具有代表性,遂用这种细胞以研究该二受体系统的相互关系。     

长期糖尿病大鼠心脏肾上腺素受体的改变

本文观察了长期糖尿病大鼠心脏β肾上腺素受体，α１肾上腺素受体及其亚型的改变。在功能实验中，糖尿病大鼠左心耳对异丙肾上腺素与苯肾上腺素所介导的正性肌力作用无显著改变，而放射配体结合实验结果表明，糖尿病大鼠心肌β受体与α１受体数目均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在α１受体中，α１Ｂ受体亚型所占的比例显著增高，由于在大鼠心脏主要由α１Ｂ亚型受体介导正性肌力作用，上述亚型的改变可部分解释糖尿病大鼠心肌α１受体     

肺组织内两种β肾上腺素能受体的直接证明

本文作者应用~3 H标记的二羟基外搏停(~3H-DHA,一种β受体阻滞剂),与大鼠肺组织膜进行结合,直接证明了肺内存在β_1和β_2两型肾上腺素能受体,其比例为1:3。~3H-DHA与肺组织膜的结合具有高度亲和力和立体结构特异性,其药理学性质表明是结合在β受体上。此种特异性结合可代表总结合力的90％。在此基础上,作者应用了某些β受体阻滞剂来置换~3H-DHA的结合,其中有些是属于非选择性β阻滞剂,即对β_1和β_2受体都有同样的亲和力,有的则是β_1受体选择性阻滞剂。结果表明,非选择性β阻滞剂如噻吗心安     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

Platelet-activating factor receptor and respiratory and metabolic responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia

Activation of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) regulates neural transmission. A PAFR blocker reduced the peak hypoxic (pHVR) but not hypercapnic ventilatory (HCVR) responses in rats [Am. J. Physiol. 275 (1998) R604]. To further examine the role of PAFR in respiratory control, genotype-verified PAFR -/- and PAFR +/+ adult male mice underwent hypoxic and hypercapnic challenges. HCVR was similar in the two groups (p-NS). However, pHVR was significantly reduced in PAFR -/- mice (38 +/- 13% baseline [S.D.]) compared to PAFR +/+ mice (78 +/- 16% baseline; P < 0.001, ANOVA), with reduced tidal volume recruitments during pHVR. In addition, hypoxic ventilatory depression was attenuated in PAFR -/- mice (P < 0.01), and was primarily due to attenuation of the time-dependent decreases in oxygen consumption during sustained hypoxia (P < 0.01). Thus, PAFR expression/function modulates components of the acute ventilatory and metabolic adaptations to hypoxia but not to hypercapnia. Imbalances in PAFR activity may lead to maladaptive regulation of the tightly controlled metabolic-ventilatory relationships during hypoxia.