克隆的人LAK细胞对骨髓粒单系造血祖细胞体外增殖的抑制作用

本文应用琼脂半固体培养法观察了克隆化的人LAK细胞对骨髓粒单系造血细胞(CFU-GM)增殖的影响。LAK细胞对CFU-GM集落形成有抑制作用:2×10~5/mlLAK细胞与1×10~5/ml骨髓单个核细胞BMMNC预孵育0.5小时可使集落数减少43.8%(P<0.01),LAK与BMMNC预孵育4小时对CFUGM的抑制更为明显,0.5×10~5/ml LAK细胞即可使集落数减少58.8%(P<0.01),随LAK浓度加大抑制效应增强;当LAK与BMMNC在双层培养体系中不接触时,高浓度(4×10~5/ml)亦可表现集落抑制活性。抑制率28.8%(P<0.05)。自体LAK细胞对CFU-GM的抑制效应与异体相比无显著差异(P>0.20)。作者认为LAK细胞对CFU-GM的抑制作用为细胞直接作用与分泌可溶性因子介导的双重效应。     

肺癌组织培养液和病人血清对自身T细胞集落形成能力的影响

本文观察了10例肺癌病人围术期的肺癌组织、正常肺组织培养液和血清对自身外周血T细胞集落形成能力的影响,并以14例正常人的血清作为对照。结果显示:肺癌人病在去肿瘤负荷前T细胞集落产率为160.73±124.02/10~5,故低于正常人的397.81±133.89/10~5(P<0.001),也低于去肿瘤负荷后的(P<0.001)306.53±79.86/10~5(P<0.001)。术前病人的血清对T细胞集落的抑制率为46.97±21.42%,术后则下降至27.63±23.25%(P<0.01)。加进肺癌组织培养液时,病人的T细胞集落产率为224.83±104.05/10~5,正常肺组织培养液则为323.12±125.27/10~5(P<0.001),肺癌组织培养液和病人血清两者对T细胞集落产率的抑制性呈正相关关系(r=0.817,P<0.005)。本研究结果认为,肺癌组织能产生细胞免疫抑制物质进入血循环,导致病人T细胞集落形成能力明显下降。手术根治性切除肺癌组织,能有效地解除T细胞集落形成能力受抑制的情况。     

血红蛋白氧化生成的自由基对自身红细胞老化作用的初步研究

本文报道用小鼠和家兔做实验,在红细胞悬液(1×10~8细胞/ml)中加入Hb(125×10~(-5)gHb/ml),并在4℃放置4天,溶血百分数为47.8±4.6(%),如果Hb是加入含有甘露醇或SOD的红细胞悬液,则溶血百分数为7.3±6.9和8.0±8.6(两者的P<0.01),红细胞膜脂质过氧化的程度(荧光单位/gHb)也由4.21±0.26分别降至3.61±0.26和3.43±0.17(两者的P<0.01)。家兔溶血前血浆自由基浓度为4.1±1.2,溶血后5分钟和1小时的值分别为14.3±3.6和12.8±1.9(两者的P<0.01)。结果表明,血红蛋白在自动氧化过程中产生自由基,它对自身红细胞产生脂质过氧化和老化作用,并认为在某些溶血性贫血患者体内也存在这种损伤作用。     

云芝多糖增强人NK细胞杀伤功能的体外研究

目的探讨云芝多糖(PSK)对体外培养的人自然杀伤(NK)细胞杀伤功能的影响。方法采集健康成年人外周血,分离单个核细胞(PBMC),加入含白细胞介素(IL)-2的NK细胞培养液。培养第10天时加入不同质量浓度(100、75、50、25、10、5μg/m L)的PSK诱导NK细胞48 h,收集细胞检测。用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞仪检测诱导前后NK细胞穿孔素、颗粒酶B、CD107a及NKG2D受体表达(PSK诱导为实验组,同时设不加药物及无细胞的空白对照孔为对照组)。通过CCK-8法检测对红白血病细胞株K562细胞的杀伤活性:取质量浓度25μg/m L PSK诱导48 h后NK细胞,调整细胞浓度至1×10~9/L作为效应细胞;调整红白血病肿瘤细胞株K562细胞浓度至5×10~7/L,按效靶比为5∶1、10∶1、20∶1、40∶1、80∶1的比例混合培养于96孔板内,同时设单独效应细胞孔、单独靶细胞孔(实验组)和空白孔(对照组)。结果培养10 d后NK细胞纯度达到78.70%左右。经PSK诱导48 h后,NK细胞的增殖及功能具有一定浓度依赖性,PSK质量浓度在25μg/m L对NK细胞的增殖率(51.62%±3.20%)最为明显(P0.01),之后逐渐下降。在质量浓度0~100μg/m L可以促进NK细胞的生长和增加NK细胞表面穿孔素、颗粒酶B、CD107a和NKG2D受体表达,以及增强对红白血病细胞株K562细胞的杀伤活性;尤其是当PSK质量浓度为25μg/m L时,颗粒酶B、穿孔素、NKG2D和CD107a表达为55.42%±2.34%、70.49%±1.87%、83.45%±1.77%和85.00%±2.02%,显著高于对照组(25.83%±1.31%、40.79%±1.59%、70.66%±2.39%和72.79%±2.31%)(P0.01)。在效靶比80∶1时,实验组杀伤活性为57.63%±3.42%,高于对照组(24.78%±2.47%)(P0.01)。结论 PSK在一定质量浓度下能促进NK细胞的生长,且增强NK细胞的杀伤功能。     

喜树碱诱导的HL-60细胞凋亡过程中线粒体的变化

目的:研究喜树碱(CPT)诱导的人早幼粒细胞性白血病细胞HL-60凋亡过程中线粒体的质量和膜电势的变化。方法:以CPT诱导HL-60细胞凋亡为模型,利用膜联蛋白V(annexinV)-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术,研究HL-60细胞的凋亡和坏死。用DiOC6(3)染色流式细胞术,检测线粒体的膜电势(△ψm)。用NAO染色流式细胞术,检测线粒体的质量。结果:在4×10-6mol/LCPT的诱导下,HL-60细胞(12h)早期的凋亡率为(12.75±4.61)%,对照组为(2.88±2.49)%,二者相比较差异显著(P<0.01);CPT组坏死比率为(3.48±1.67)%,对照组为(0.71±1.10)%(P<0.01)。PI染色的结果显示,HL-60细胞(12h)晚期凋亡细胞的百分率,CPT组为(3.52±1.07)%,对照组为(0.46±1.06)%(P<0.01)。同时观察到,G2/M期细胞出现阻滞,G2/M期细胞的百分率,对照组为(22.46±2.19)%,CPT组为(13.45±1.91)%(P<0.01)。在12h时间点,CPT组线粒体的质量显著低于对照组(P<0.01),低线粒体质量的细胞所占百分率,对照组为(4.53±1.26)%,CPT组为(25.74±2.09)%。同时,CPT组线粒体的膜电势显著下降(P<0.01),CPT组线粒体膜电势降低的比率为(17.71±5.23)%,对照组为(1.64±2.00)%。结论:CPT诱导HL-60细胞凋亡过程中,线粒体的质量和膜电势均有所下降,但其去极化作用增强。     

5-杂氮胞苷和甲基硝基亚硝胍处理细胞DNA中5-甲基胞嘧啶含量的HPLC分析

应用高效液相色谱技术对5-azaCR及MNNG处理的FL、Wish及Vero-E6细胞的DNA中5—甲基胞嘧啶(~mC)含量进行直接测量。结果表明5—aza CR(2×10~(-6)mol/L)处理细胞DNA的~mC含量较对照细胞为低(P<0.01),但在MNNG处理的FL细胞(5×10~(-6)及1×10~(-5)mol/LMNNG)及Wish和Vero-E6细胞(2及3.3×10~(-5)mol/L MNNG)中,DNA的~mC含量与对照并无差异(P>0.05)。这与用HpaⅡ限制性片段长度放射活性分析法检测新复制DNA甲基化状态的结果一致。认为文献中关于细胞DNA低甲基化是化学致癌启动过程普遍规律的结论是由于实验设计的内在缺陷所致。     

微波辐射对PC12细胞突触素Ⅰ表达的影响及其机制

目的:探讨微波辐射对PC12细胞突触素Ⅰ表达及其磷酸化水平的影响,并通过对其相关影响因子BDNF及其受体TrkB改变的探讨,初步揭示突触素Ⅰ改变的机制.方法:采用30 mW/cm2微波辐射PC12细胞,于辐射后1 h,通过HPLC检测氨基酸递质释放的改变;于辐射后3 h、9 h、1 d和2 d,通过RT-PCR、Western blot和免疫细胞化学检测突触素Ⅰ,BDNF和TrkB表达以及突触素Ⅰ磷酸化的改变;通过免疫共沉淀检测BDNF和TrkB相互作用的改变.结果:30 mW/cm2微波辐射后1 h,PC12细胞释放的Asp、Glu、GABA和Gly均减少(P<0.01);突触素Ⅰ mRNA于辐射后3～9 h减少,1 d增加(P<0.01或P<0.05),2 d基本恢复;其蛋白于辐射后9 h～2 d减少(P<0.01或P<0.05);磷酸化的突触素Ⅰ在辐射后3～9 h减少,1 d增加,2 d又见减少(P<0.01或P<0.05).BDNF mRNA于辐射后3～9 h减少,1 d增加,2 d又见减少(P<0.01或P<0.05);其蛋白于辐射后3 h减少,1～2 d又见增加(P<0.05或P<0.01).TrkBmRNA在辐射后3 h和2 d减少;其蛋白于辐射后3 h～1 d增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),2 d基本恢复.BDNF和TrkB的相互作用于辐射后3～9 h增强,1～2 d减弱(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论:微波辐射可引起PC12细胞氨基酸递质释放障碍,突触素Ⅰ表达及其磷酸化水平降低,BDNF和受体TrkB表达及其相互作用异常,参与微波辐射所引起的PC12细胞信息传递障碍及其修复过程.     

癌症患者T细胞集落形成及血清免疫抑制作用

采用T细胞集落甲基纤维素微量培养方法,发现20例癌症病人外周血T细胞集落(CFU-TL)形成能力显著低于正常人(P<0.001)。20例病人的血清对自身及正常人的CFU-TL均有明显抑制作用(P<0.001,P<0.001),抑制率分别为41.33±25.30%和47.96±22.94%。16例经手术切除肿瘤病人术后7至10天中,CFU-TL产率较手术前有所提高(P<0.01),同时,病人的血清对自身及正常人CFU-TL抑制作用明显减弱(P<0.0025,P<0.0025),术后病人CFU-TL产率提高的程度与病人血清抑制率下降的程度呈正相关关系(r=0.8024,P<0.0005)。结果表明:癌症病人的T细胞集落形成能力明显降低,部分原因由病人血清中存在免疫抑制物质所致。     

X线头部照射对大鼠脾细胞ConA刺激反应及IL—2活性的影响

Wistar大鼠头部受10GyX线照射后48小时,脾细胞对ConA刺激反应明显增强。脾细胞浓度为5×10~6个/ml时,头部照射组与全身屏蔽照射组的反应比值平均为3.20(P<0.01),反应增强持续到照后5天(比值为3.09,P<0.05);脾细胞浓度为2.5×10~6个/ml时,反应比值为1.72(P<0.05),照后5天增强不显著。上述反应增强伴有脾重下降和有核细胞数减少。照后9天,反应达对照水平。头部10Gy照射后5天,脾细胞体外培养24小时的IL-2产量减少。照后2及9天变化不显著。实验结果说明,头部X线照射对机体免疫功能可产生明显影响。讨论了神经和内分泌系统在上述变化发生机理中的可能意义。     

SLE患者外周血HLA-DR阳性单核细胞表达率与表达强度的研究

本文采用APAAP免疫组化法检测46例SLE患者和22例健康女性外周血HLA-DR~ 单核细胞表达率和表达强度。结果显示,SLE活动期患者HLA-DR~ 单核细胞表达率(77.4±9.12%)和表达强度值(3.4±1.27×10~(-2))与健康人(52.1±6.30%,2.1±0.63×10~(-2))相比均明显升高(P<0.01),而SLE稳定期患者(53.7±14.81%,1.3±0.47×10~(-2))与健康人比,表达率无明显差异(P>0.05)。SLE患者中,HLA-DR~ 单核细胞表达率与表达强度值之间呈现相关性(r=0.82,P<0.01),表达率与ANA,抗ds-DNA抗体之间也呈正相关。本研究表明,HLA-DR~ 单核细胞表达率和表达强度值的升高与SLE患者活动期病情加重有关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.