第一掌背动脉双叶皮瓣在手外科中的应用

我们设计主要以第１掌背动脉为蒂的手背双叶皮瓣，同时修复两个部位的手部皮肤缺损和拇指再造，共１０例均获成功。皮瓣面积最小１０ｃｍ×３ｃｍ，最大１３ｃｍ×５ｃｍ，蒂宽１．５ｃｍ×２．５ｃｍ。皮瓣每叶面积最小为３．５ｃｍ×２ｃｍ，最大６ｃｍ×３ｃｍ。文中介绍了本皮瓣的解剖学基础，并对其手术适应证和优缺点进行了讨论。     

拇指桡侧指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损

自１９９１年起，我们设计了拇指桡侧指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复拇指指腹缺损，临床应用１１例１１指，均获成功。皮瓣的最大面积为４．０ｃｍ×３．５ｃｍ，最小面积为２．５ｃｍ×２．０ｃｍ。经术后３个月～３．５年的随访结果证实本皮瓣修复的拇指指腹外形美观满意，耐磨，功能理想。     

第二指蹼分叶岛状皮瓣急诊修复拇指脱套伤

１９９３年以来，根据第１、２掌背动脉血供特点，设计以这二条动脉为血管蒂的第２指蹼分叶岛状皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤５例。皮瓣大小３ｃｍ×６ｃｍ～６ｃｍ×７ｃｍ，结果全部成活，伤口一期愈合，术后随访３～９月，皮瓣质薄，有感觉，拇指活动、外形良好。认为此皮瓣对拇指脱套伤的修复很有实用价值     

带胸肩峰动脉蒂筋膜皮瓣急诊修复拇指严重软组织缺损

笔者对急诊拇指严重创伤的修复，从外观与功能考虑，设计胸三角区带胸肩峰动脉筋膜皮瓣。应用于急诊拇指严重创伤软组织缺损６例，皮瓣面积５．５ｃｍ×２ｃｍ～１１ｃｍ×６ｃｍ，全部成活，功能与外观满意。本文介绍手术方法，胸肩峰动脉应用解剖特点。     

介绍几种残指延长拇指再造的方法

本文报告带血管神经蒂组织瓣移位及手残指缓慢延长术治疗６４例拇指缺损，拇指平均延长２．６ｃｍ，平均随访时间３年６个月，再造拇指外形及功能均较满意。本法简单、安全、有效。拇指掌指关节以远缺如，残端指骨长１ｃｍ以上者行指骨延长术，不足１ｃｍ者可行第１掌骨延长术、二期行虎口加深术。掌指关节平面缺如采用第１掌骨延长术或带血管蒂皮瓣移位再造拇指。也可用带桡骨片的前臂桡侧皮瓣一期再造拇指。第１掌骨近侧平面缺如，     

拇指末节指骨脂肪肉瘤一例报告

拇指末节指骨脂肪肉瘤一例报告田江宜发生于骨内的脂肪内瘤罕见，尤其是在指骨。于１９９４年２月收治１例，报告如下。患者男，４９岁。因左拇指末节肿物２个月住院。无外伤史，轻微疼痛．生长速度快。局部检查：左拇指指甲下见－０．５ｃｍ×０．５ｃｍ×０．５ｃｍ的肿...     

显微外科花絮

△第一掌背神经营养血管皮瓣结合指固有神经血管皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤内蒙古呼和浩特第二五三医院骨科卡索,刘成,关志明来稿：我院应用第一掌背神经营养血管皮瓣结合指固有神经血管皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤６例。掌背皮瓣３．０ｃｍ～３．５ｃｍ×５．５ｃｍ×６．５ｃｍ,指侧...     

拇指再造一例

拇指再造一例孙伟＊患者女，３６岁。左手被拖拉机皮带轮绞压伤１小时急诊入院。检查：左拇指及第１掌骨缺失，离断的拇指严重挫裂伤，无再植条件。即行左拇指残端清创术，切取左侧带旋髂浅动脉的髂骨皮瓣，皮瓣面积１０ｃｍ×８ｃｍ，髂骨条为６ｃｍ×１ｃｍ×１ｃｍ，行...     

示指背侧复合皮瓣修复拇指皮肤肌腱缺损

１９９０年以来，采用带示指固有伸肌腱和桡神经浅支的示指背侧皮瓣，修复拇指皮肤肌腱同时缺损８例。皮瓣全部成活，伸屈肌腱功能恢复良好。一、资料与方法一般资料：本组８例，男７例，女１例，年龄２２—４５岁。急诊修复５例，二期修复３例。伤口：电击伤３例，热压伤２例，撕脱伤２例，车祸１例。拇指背侧皮肤缺损６例，拇掌侧皮肤缺损２例，缺损面积在２．２—２．５ｃｍｘ３．０～３．５ｃｍ范围内。８例均伴指骨外露，２例合并指骨骨折。伴拇长伸肌腱缺损６例，拇长屈肌腱缺损２例，肌腱缺损长度在２．０—４．０ｃｍ范围内。手术方…     

静脉蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复指掌侧皮肤缺损

静脉蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复指掌侧皮肤缺损熊明根，司徒扑，王晋煌，侯文明自１９９０年以来，我们采用带浅静脉干的掌、指背皮瓣逆行转移修复指掌侧及指端皮肤缺损５例，其中外伤性缺损３例，瘢痕切除１例．感染性溃疡创面１例。皮瓣大小为５ｃｍ×３ｃｍ～３ｃｍ×２ｃｍ，...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.