AO微型钛板内固定治疗手部骨折

目的临床应用并分析AO微型钛板内固定治疗手部骨折的疗效。方法对手部掌、指骨骨折256例307处，行切开复位后用AO微型钛板内固定治疗。术后用石膏托外固定，时间为2-14d(平均7．1d)。结果x线片示骨折愈合时间为3—5周(平均4．6周)。重返工作岗位时间为6—12周(平均8周)。术后2例因螺丝钉松动，假关节形成，行植骨后愈合。3例因软组织挫伤严重，骨外露致骨髓炎后行岛状皮瓣修复及植骨术而愈合。结论应用AO微型钛板治疗手部骨折，固定牢固，可缩短骨折愈合时间；但局部软组织挫伤严重者不宜急诊手术。     

闭合性掌骨多发骨折并发症的诊治

目的 重视闭合性掌骨多发骨折并发症的诊断和治疗。方法 对1997年～2000年收治的382例闭合性掌骨多发骨折中，合并手部骨筋膜室综合征、急性腕管综合征等并发症的12例进行回顾性分析，其中7例合并急性手部骨筋膜室综合征，均为第2、3、4、5掌骨干多发骨折，行骨折切开复位内固定，同时行手部骨筋膜室切开减压；4例并发急性腕管综合征，均为掌骨基底骨折，予以骨折复位，未行腕横韧带切开；1例掌骨基底多发骨折合并腕部正中神经闭合性挫伤，骨折予以复位，神经未行特殊治疗。结果 本组12例经3个月随访，骨折于术后4～6周愈合，患手无爪形手畸形及痛、温觉功能障碍，与健手对比，其掌指关节、指间关节屈伸运动正常，无对掌功能障碍。结论 闭合性掌骨多发骨折，在治疗骨折的同时，应警惕手部骨筋膜室综合征、急性腕管综合征及正中神经直接损伤等并发症的发生，以免贻误诊断。     

跟骨截骨术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合

跟骨截骨术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合雷云山，雷晓晶，雷晓宇，陈林山作者自１９６４年以来治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合１９例（２８足），获得较好的治疗效果。１临床资料本组男１６例２４足，女３例４足，共１９例２８足，单足１０例，双足９例，均为青壮年。原因：高处坠落...     

骨形态发生蛋白在闭合性长骨折愈合中的作用

为观察骨形态发生蛋白在闭合性长骨骨折愈合中的作用，以６４只健康ＳＤ大鼠为动物，制备闭合性胫骨骨折动物模型，分别于１２小时、，３，５，７，９，１４，２８天取材，行恒冷切片，ＰＡＰ染色，设立正常及ＰＢＳ阴性替代对照。     

手部内生性软骨瘤的手术治疗分析

目的探讨手部内生性软骨瘤的最佳手术方法，防止病理性骨折。方法本组15例采用手术刮除，碘酒灭活肿瘤髓腔壁，12例未合并骨折者采用异种异体骨填塞，3例合并骨折者采用自体骨植骨填塞并用交叉克氏针固定。结果随访6～24个月，无复发，骨折全部愈合，关节功能基本恢复。结论对内生性软骨瘤应尽早手术刮除，碘酒灭活，植骨填塞。     

骨形态发生蛋白4（BMP4）基因表达在骨折愈合过程中的定位研究

创伤后，骨组织的再生修复十分完全，其修复常无瘢痕残留。骨组织之所以有如此完美的愈合能力，是因为骨骼组织内存在有成骨因子，即骨生长因子。骨形态发生蛋白（ｂｏｎｅｍｏｒｐｈｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ，ＢＭＰ）因其直接诱导软组织成骨而受重视。本文应用ＢＭＰ４ｃＤＮＡ探针检测骨折愈合过程中外骨痂内ＢＭＰ４基因表达的定位与分布，探讨ＢＭＰ４基因表达在闭合性骨折愈合外骨痂形成中的作用。用６４只健康ＳＤ大鼠制备闭合性胫骨骨折动物模型。分别于骨折后１２小时、１、３、５、７、９、１４及２８天取材。取材后行恒冷切片，用地高辛素标记的ＢＭＰ４ｃＤＮＡ探针进行原位核酸分子杂交。大鼠骨折后１２小时～３天，骨折周围血肿内细胞及肌肉中新出现的间充质细胞内ＢＭＰ４ｍＲＮＡ表达检测为阳性信号。表明创伤激活ＢＭＰ４ｍＲＮＡ的表达，并呈区域性参与骨折的修复，也说明骨折血肿及周围软组织在骨折愈合过程中具有非常重要的地位。     

磷酸钙生物陶瓷在治疗手部内生软骨瘤中的临床应用

目的 探讨磷酸钙生物陶瓷(人工骨)在治疗手部内生软骨瘤中的疗效.方法 2004年10月-2008年10月,对30例手部内生软骨瘤的患者,采用病灶刮除、瘤壁烧灼、人工骨植入术进行治疗.随访内容包括肿瘤的控制、人工骨与自体骨融合情况及病理性骨折愈合情况、有无并发症等方面.结果 术后全部患者切口均I期愈合,平均随访时间为8个月,内生软骨瘤无复发及恶变,人工骨与自体骨均完全融合,无排斥或过敏等并发症发生.术后手功能恢复优良率为86.7%.结论 磷酸钙生物陶瓷是治疗手部内生软骨瘤的一种安全、可靠、实用的植骨材料.     

国产PDLLA可吸收定位螺钉治疗手部掌指骨骨折

目的评价应用国产PDLLA可吸收定位螺钉治疗手部掌骨、指骨骨折的临床疗效。方法2005年10月-2008年12月对126例手部不同部位的掌骨、指骨骨折患者应用国产PDLLA可吸收定位螺钉进行骨折内固定，术后观察其骨折移位、切口及骨折愈合等情况。结果术后123例伤12一期愈合，3例伤口经换药后痂下愈合。随访时间为6～28个月，平均13．6个月，无肿胀、渗出或感染发生，无1例骨折再移位，均获骨性愈合，手功能恢复良好。结论国产PDLLA可吸收定位螺钉应用于手部掌骨、指骨骨折，能够取得满意的疗效，是一种可取的临床治疗方法。     

掌指骨骨折AO微型钢板内固定25例报告

目的：评价AO微型钢板治疗手部骨折的近期疗效。方法：25例手部骨折患者复位后用AO微型钢板行内固定，掌骨骨折18例（28块钢板），指骨骨折6例（6块），掌指骨同时骨折1例，术后平均随访时间4个月（2－12个月），25例都行切开复位钢板内固定。结果：根据TAF评分，22例为优良，优良率为88％，畸形愈合1例，手术感染1例，所有病例均无骨不连发生，结论：AO微型钢板内固定是手部骨折理想的固定方法，只要适应证合理，掌握良好的手术技巧和术后早期功能锻炼，即可取得满意的疗效。     

磷酸钙生物陶瓷在治疗手部内生软骨瘤中的临床应用

目的 探讨磷酸钙生物陶瓷(人工骨)在治疗手部内生软骨瘤中的疗效.方法 2004年10月-2008年10月,对30例手部内生软骨瘤的患者,采用病灶刮除、瘤壁烧灼、人工骨植入术进行治疗.随访内容包括肿瘤的控制、人工骨与自体骨融合情况及病理性骨折愈合情况、有无并发症等方面.结果 术后全部患者切口均I期愈合,平均随访时间为8个月,内生软骨瘤无复发及恶变,人工骨与自体骨均完全融合,无排斥或过敏等并发症发生.术后手功能恢复优良率为86.7%.结论 磷酸钙生物陶瓷是治疗手部内生软骨瘤的一种安全、可靠、实用的植骨材料.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.