2015年中国十五省(自治区、直辖市)老年居民坚果摄入状况

目的 了解中国十五省(自治区、直辖市)60岁及以上居民坚果摄入现状。方法 利用2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"资料,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样法选取15个省(自治区、直辖市)5071名60岁及以上居民作为研究对象,利用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法收集坚果消费数据。分析摄入状况并与《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》推荐摄入量比较。应用Logistic回归模型对坚果消费的影响因素进行分析。结果 中国十五省(自治区、直辖市)60岁及以上居民坚果消费902人(17.8%),全人群消费量第90百分位数(P90)为13.6 g/d。消费人群消费量的中位数(P50)为16.7 g/d,达到并超过推荐摄入量的人群比例为81.1%。Logistic分析结果显示,低年龄组、高学历和城市地区坚果消费的可能性更大。结论 中国老年居民坚果的消费率低且消费量不足。年龄、教育程度和地区是老年居民是否食用坚果的影响因素。     

2015年中国15省(自治区、直辖市)18～59岁居民坚果摄入状况北大核心CSCD

目的了解中国18~59岁成年人坚果摄入状况。方法利用2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"资料,选取有完整膳食数据的18~59岁人群作为研究对象,共计10 401人。利用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法收集坚果消费数据。分析坚果摄入状况并进行非参数检验,与《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》坚果食物推荐摄入量进行比较。结果我国15省(自治区、直辖市)成年居民坚果的总体消费率为18.0%,全人群消费量的第99百分位数(P99)为65 g/d。消费人群消费量的P50为16.7 g/d。全人群中,高教育程度和城市居民总坚果消费率和消费量都较高。结论我国成年居民坚果的消费率低且消费量不足,只达到膳食指南推荐量的一半。应采取措施提高我国居民坚果消费率和消费量,尤其是低教育程度和农村居民。     

2015年中国15省(自治区、直辖市)18～59岁居民坚果摄入状况

目的了解中国18~59岁成年人坚果摄入状况。方法利用2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"资料,选取有完整膳食数据的18~59岁人群作为研究对象,共计10 401人。利用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法收集坚果消费数据。分析坚果摄入状况并进行非参数检验,与《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》坚果食物推荐摄入量进行比较。结果我国15省(自治区、直辖市)成年居民坚果的总体消费率为18.0%,全人群消费量的第99百分位数(P99)为65 g/d。消费人群消费量的P50为16.7 g/d。全人群中,高教育程度和城市居民总坚果消费率和消费量都较高。结论我国成年居民坚果的消费率低且消费量不足,只达到膳食指南推荐量的一半。应采取措施提高我国居民坚果消费率和消费量,尤其是低教育程度和农村居民。     

中国15省儿童青少年蔬菜和水果摄入状况

目的了解中国15省6～17岁儿童青少年蔬菜水果摄入情况和影响因素。方法采用2015年中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究资料,选取有完整连续3 d 24 h膳食调查数据6～17岁的2035名儿童青少年为研究对象。应用Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验和χ~2检验分析不同特征的儿童青少年蔬菜水果的摄入量和消费率;应用多因素Logistic回归模型分析蔬菜摄入和水果消费情况的影响因素。结果 6～、11～和14～岁儿童青少年蔬菜摄入量≥推荐量分别占12.1%、1.9%、19.7%。蔬菜的消费率为99.7%,水果的消费率为40.1%。南方(OR=2.682,95%CI:1.849～3.891)和14～岁(OR=1.893,95%CI:1.383～2.592)的儿童青少年蔬菜摄入量较高。南方(OR=0.716,95%CI:0.592～0.867)、农村(OR=0.563,95%CI:0.464～0.683)和低人均家庭收入的儿童青少年水果消费率较低。结论我国6～17岁儿童青少年的蔬菜水果摄入量不足。年龄和南北方是儿童青少年蔬菜摄入达到推荐量的影响因素。南北方,城乡和人均家庭收入是儿童青少年水果消费的影响因素。应采取健康教育健康促进等干预措施,提高蔬菜和水果消费。     

2015年中国15省(自治区、直辖市)18～65岁居民水果摄入状况北大核心CSCD

目的评估我国成年居民水果日常摄入状况。方法从2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"中选取同时有3天24小时膳食回顾法和食物频率(FFQ)法调查资料并满足要求的12 379名18~65岁成年人为研究对象,利用美国国家癌症研究院(NCI)建立的食物日常摄入量评估方法(简称NCI法),采用混合效应Logistic回归、线性回归分别建立我国成年居民水果日常消费概率和消费量的模型,评估我国成年居民水果日常摄入量,并描述水果日常摄入量的分布。结果 2015年我国15省成年居民水果消费率为40.2%,人均每日水果消费量中位数(四分位间距)为0(0,70.0)g/d。男性水果的消费频率达到每天一次及以上的人占17.4%,低于女性22.9%的水平。经过NCI法重新评估,我国成年居民日常水果消费率达98.7%,男性和女性分别为98.3%和99.1%;人群水果日常摄入量中位数(四分位间距)为6.4(3.2,58.3)g/d,其中男性为4.4(2.5,36.7)g/d,女性为9.0(4.1,78.6)g/d。结论经过NCI法调整,我国成年居民水果消费率大大提高,水果消费量的分布情况有所改善,但仍处于偏低水平,远未达到水果推荐摄入量的最低要求,需科学引导居民进行合理的水果消费。通过将反映个体水果长期消费频率的FFQ与反映个体短期水果消费量的膳食回顾法相结合,将水果的非消费者和未消费者进行分离,兼顾食物频率与消费量之间的相关性,NCI法能够对水果的日常摄入量进行重新估计。     

2015年中国15省(自治区、直辖市)18～65岁居民水果摄入状况

目的评估我国成年居民水果日常摄入状况。方法从2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"中选取同时有3天24小时膳食回顾法和食物频率(FFQ)法调查资料并满足要求的12 379名18~65岁成年人为研究对象,利用美国国家癌症研究院(NCI)建立的食物日常摄入量评估方法(简称NCI法),采用混合效应Logistic回归、线性回归分别建立我国成年居民水果日常消费概率和消费量的模型,评估我国成年居民水果日常摄入量,并描述水果日常摄入量的分布。结果 2015年我国15省成年居民水果消费率为40.2%,人均每日水果消费量中位数(四分位间距)为0(0,70.0)g/d。男性水果的消费频率达到每天一次及以上的人占17.4%,低于女性22.9%的水平。经过NCI法重新评估,我国成年居民日常水果消费率达98.7%,男性和女性分别为98.3%和99.1%;人群水果日常摄入量中位数(四分位间距)为6.4(3.2,58.3)g/d,其中男性为4.4(2.5,36.7)g/d,女性为9.0(4.1,78.6)g/d。结论经过NCI法调整,我国成年居民水果消费率大大提高,水果消费量的分布情况有所改善,但仍处于偏低水平,远未达到水果推荐摄入量的最低要求,需科学引导居民进行合理的水果消费。通过将反映个体水果长期消费频率的FFQ与反映个体短期水果消费量的膳食回顾法相结合,将水果的非消费者和未消费者进行分离,兼顾食物频率与消费量之间的相关性,NCI法能够对水果的日常摄入量进行重新估计。     

2015年中国15省(自治区、直辖市)18～65岁居民水果摄入状况北大核心CSCD

目的评估我国成年居民水果日常摄入状况。方法从2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"中选取同时有3天24小时膳食回顾法和食物频率(FFQ)法调查资料并满足要求的12 379名18~65岁成年人为研究对象,利用美国国家癌症研究院(NCI)建立的食物日常摄入量评估方法(简称NCI法),采用混合效应Logistic回归、线性回归分别建立我国成年居民水果日常消费概率和消费量的模型,评估我国成年居民水果日常摄入量,并描述水果日常摄入量的分布。结果 2015年我国15省成年居民水果消费率为40.2%,人均每日水果消费量中位数(四分位间距)为0(0,70.0)g/d。男性水果的消费频率达到每天一次及以上的人占17.4%,低于女性22.9%的水平。经过NCI法重新评估,我国成年居民日常水果消费率达98.7%,男性和女性分别为98.3%和99.1%;人群水果日常摄入量中位数(四分位间距)为6.4(3.2,58.3)g/d,其中男性为4.4(2.5,36.7)g/d,女性为9.0(4.1,78.6)g/d。结论经过NCI法调整,我国成年居民水果消费率大大提高,水果消费量的分布情况有所改善,但仍处于偏低水平,远未达到水果推荐摄入量的最低要求,需科学引导居民进行合理的水果消费。通过将反映个体水果长期消费频率的FFQ与反映个体短期水果消费量的膳食回顾法相结合,将水果的非消费者和未消费者进行分离,兼顾食物频率与消费量之间的相关性,NCI法能够对水果的日常摄入量进行重新估计。     

中国9省(自治区)1991－2011年18～44岁人群蔬菜水果摄入状况及变化趋势

目的 研究1991－2011年中国9省(自治区)18～44岁人群蔬菜、水果的摄入状况及变化趋势。方法 以“中国健康与营养调查”(CHNS)1991－2011年调查数据为基础,选择连续3天24 小时有完整膳食数据的18～44岁健康人群作为研究对象,计算该人群平均每天蔬菜、水果的摄入率及摄入量,并与《中国居民膳食指南》蔬菜、水果推荐摄入量进行比较。结果 1991－2011年中国9省(自治区)18～44岁人群蔬菜摄入率变化不大、摄入量下降明显;水果摄入率及摄入量不断提高,2011年调查人群蔬菜、水果摄入率及摄入量分别为99.7%、48.0%、321.6 g/d、90.1 g/d。蔬菜摄入量达到《中国居民膳食指南》推荐摄入量的人群比例显著下降,至2011年为50.2%;水果摄入量达到《中国居民膳食指南》推荐摄入量的人群比例显著上升,至2011年为17.4%。结论 中国9省(自治区)18～44岁人群蔬菜、水果平均摄入量仍低于《中国居民膳食指南》的推荐摄入量,应采取措施进一步促进该人群蔬菜和水果的摄入。     

广州市城区居民蔬菜水果消费现状

目的了解广州市城区居民蔬菜水果消费现状,为开展科学高效的营养教育和营养干预工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层与人口成比例整群随机抽样的方法,于2011年1月—2012年4月选取天河区160户家庭的503人进行连续3 d24 h膳食调查,对108户328人进行食物频率法问卷调查。结果广州市城区居民平均每标准人日蔬菜摄入量为384.4 g(深色蔬菜为172.4 g,浅色蔬菜为212.0 g),符合膳食指南推荐量要求,但深色蔬菜摄入量不及蔬菜摄入总量的1/2。平均每标准人日水果摄入量为86.2 g,远不足指南推荐量;84.5%的居民摄入量低于推荐摄入量。82.0%的居民每天摄入蔬菜,以叶类蔬菜居多;36.9%的居民每天摄入水果,以仁果类和柑橘类为主;大多居民水果消费频次少于1次/周。秩和检验显示,不同年龄居民蔬菜摄入量差异有统计学意义(≥60岁最高,1~6岁最低)(χ~2=39.293,P0.01);低收入家庭深色蔬菜摄入量显著低于其他收入家庭(χ~2=18.000,P0.01);水果摄入量随家庭收入升高而增加(χ~2=6.475,P0.05),女性水果摄入量显著高于男性(Mann-Whitney U=27 336.0,P0.05)。结论当前广州市城区居民蔬菜摄入结构不合理,水果摄入严重不足。在开展营养教育和营养干预时需考虑性别、年龄和家庭收入的影响,进而有效促进合理膳食。     

2015年中国15省(自治区、直辖市)18～59岁居民肉类消费模式现状

目的分析中国15省(自治区、直辖市)18～59岁成年人肉类摄入状况及其人口经济因素的差异。方法利用2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"中有完整膳食及相关数据的18～59岁成年人作为研究对象,共计10 367名。采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,以县城居委会、城市居委会、村和郊区村作为基本调查点,每个调查点随机抽取20户,户内所有家庭成员均作为调查对象。膳食调查采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法,在调查的3 d中任意一天消费了畜禽肉的成年人,就被视为相应肉类的消费人群,利用3 d的肉类食物摄入计算肉类及亚类的人群消费率和平均每天摄入量(全人群和消费人群),评价各种肉类摄入量占肉类总摄入量的比例并分析肉类消费在不同特征(性别、年龄、收入、教育程度、城乡、地区)人群间的差异。结果 2015年我国15省(自治区、直辖市)成年人肉类总体消费率为86.0%,畜肉和禽肉消费率分别为83.6%和30.0%。成人肉类平均摄入量为94.0 g/d,其中畜肉和禽肉平均摄入量分别为77.4 g/d和16.7 g/d。消费人群肉类、畜肉和禽肉摄入量分别为109.8 g/d、92.5 g/d和55.6 g/d。猪肉摄入量占肉类摄入总量的73.9%,占畜肉摄入量的86.3%。与中国居民膳食指南(2016)推荐量比较,分别有49.9%和32.2%的成年人畜禽肉摄入量超过和低于推荐量。西部地区、城市、高收入及高教育水平人群肉类消费率、摄入量及超过推荐量的比例均较高(P<0.05)。结论 2015年中国15省(自治区、直辖市)18～59岁成人肉类摄入模式不甚合理,摄入过量的现象比较严重,猪肉摄入量所占比例较高。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Selenium levels in human blood and tissues in health and in disease.

The levels of selenium in human sera and pancreatic, hepatic and synovial tissues were measured. An attempt was made to correlate the selenium level with certain disease states. Selenium was determined by nerutron activation analysis, using the 17.4 second half-life isotope 77mSe with a sensitivity of 2ppb. Serum-bound selenium was determined in normal individuals and individuals with various malignancies, and medical and surgical disorders. Tissue selenium was assayed in diseased and normal pancreases, livers, and synovial membranes. A wide variation was observed both in the serum selenium content of patients with a malignancy and in postmoren pancreatic and synovial showing histopathological changes. Significantly lower selenium values were observed in sera from cancer patients than from normal individuals. Higher values were generally observed in patients with primary neoplasms of the reticuloendothelial system. Higher tissue concentrations were obtained in synovia from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in pancreatic tissues associated with histopathological changes.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries