拉萨藏族青少年指骨X线测量及其与身高的性别判别分析

目的:对藏族拉萨青少年指骨各指节长度及宽度进行X线测量,探讨其性别差异及其与性别判别的相关性,为法医及人类学提供判别率较高的性别判别式.方法:随机选择健康的藏族拉萨青少年1 680人(男840人,女840人),进行左手前后位X线拍片,同时测量身高,将所得数据用SPSS17.0软件进行统计学分析处理.结果:男性与女性各指骨长度均无差异,男、女指骨宽度性别差异均有统计学意义,唯环指近节宽和环指远节指骨宽在男女间差别无统计学意义.同时将指骨与性别的判别分析为第1组,指骨和身高与性别的判别分析为第2组,应用Fisher法逐步判别分析得出2组判别式分别为Y=2.603X1+1.733X8+9.987X22+1.057X23+0.742X10+1.896X11-107.480,Y=2.292X1+2.448x8+8.709X22-0.319X23+1.685X10+0.516X11-92.976; Y=1.160X8+8.713X22-4.611X23-0.847X10-0.981X11 +2.231h1 -178.514,Y=1.849X8 +7.488X22-5.820X23 +0.001X10-2.253X11 +2.148h2-159.747.第1组判别率分别为80.2％、86.1％,第2组判别率分别为81.5％、86.1％,如Y(女)＞Y(男)即判为女性,反之Y(男)＞Y(女)则判为男性.结论:以上判别式对法医学及人类学的性别鉴定简单实用,具有较高参考价值.     

掌骨的X线测量及其与身高的性别判别分析

目的：探讨掌骨的侧别与性别差异及性别判别方法，积累有关解剖学资料。方法：随机选择健康汉族大学生，进行双手后前位x线拍片，分别测量各掌骨长与中点宽，同时测量身高，将所得数据用SPSS软件进行统计学分析处理。结果：男性第2、4、5掌骨宽度以及女性第3、4、5掌骨宽度左右手侧差有显著性意义，男女性别差异亦有显著意义；同时应用Fisher法分析得出4个判别式，判别率分别为87．6％和89．8％。结论：所得性别判别式对法医学性别判别应用价值较大，为体质人类学和法医学提供了有关解剖学资料。     

示指基节指骨与身高的性别判别分析

为探索示指基节指骨与身高的性别差异,提供判别率较高且适用于国人的性别判别式,作者随机对健康大学生202人(男100,女102人)的双手进行后前位X线片拍摄,同时测量了身高.每手测量了示指基节指骨的长与中点宽,结果(mm)为:男性分别为41.29±0.15,9.67±0.06,女性为 38.76±0.16,8.24±0.04.身高男女分别为 1717.00±4.97和 1600.78±5.26,三项均具有非常显著的性别差异.按Fisher法求出三个判别式,其判别率均高达93%以上,对人类学及法医学鉴定性别具有重要的实用意义.     

股骨髁 X 线测量及性别判别分析

目的为积累资料和探讨国人股骨髁的性别差异，方法随机对 33～76 岁 194 例健康人(男 138，女 56)拍摄膝部正侧位 X 线片；在正位片上测量了上髁宽和内、外侧髁宽，在侧位片上测量了内、外侧髁长和高。用 SPSS 软件计算出 5 个指数和 7 个性别判别分析式。结果所测 7 项均具有非常显著的性别差异(t＝3．53～13．94，P＜0．01)，5 项指数除髁高指数外，均无显著性性别差异；7 个性别判别式的回代判别率在 75．45％～89．73％间。结论股骨髁的 X 线测量对性别判别具有一定的实用意义。     

哈萨克族成人掌骨的X线测量及其与身高的性别判别分析

目的 对新疆哈萨克族成人掌骨长度进行X线测量,探讨其性别差异及其有性别判别方法的相关性,为法医学及人类学提供判别率较高的性别判别式。方法 随机选择健康新疆哈萨克族成人200人（男100人,女100人）,进行双手后前位X线拍片,分别测量各掌骨长度,同时测量身高,将所得数据用SPSS15.0软件进行统计学分析处理。结果 男性第4掌骨长度以及女性第5掌骨长度左右手差别有显著性,男、女性第4、5掌骨长度左右手差别有显著性;同时应用Fisher法分析得出4个判别式,判别式分别为Y＝2.824r1＋2.563r4-0.654r5＋0.614l7-0.039l9＋2.452 l10-212.186,Y＝2.350r1＋2.377r4-0.995r5＋0.445l7＋0.046l9＋2.966 l10-191.622,Y＝0.393h1＋3.152r1＋0.435r5＋1.250 r10-463.734,Y＝0.362h1＋2.785r1＋0.028r5＋1.834 r10-404.748,判别率分别为89.67%、86.55%、90.00%和87.50%。结论 新疆哈萨克族男、女身高增长与掌骨增长密切相关。     

哈萨克族成人指骨长度的X线测量及其与身高的性别判别

目的 探讨新疆哈萨克族成人指骨长度与身高的依存关系。方法 随机选择健康哈萨克族成人200人（男100人,女100人）,进行双手后前位X线拍片,分别测量各节指骨长度和对应的身高。计算各节指骨长度的均值、标准差和标准误,并且从各节指骨长度推断身高的性别判别方程。结果 男性和女性各节指骨长度之间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。经相关分析建立了哈萨克族成人指骨长度推断身高的4个性别判别方程（Y₁＝0.780ZM₁＋3.146YM₂＋1.594YS₁＋0.618ZS₃＋0.045YX₁＋1.891ZX₁＋2.548ZX₃-135.324, Y₂＝0.3450ZM₁＋2.328YM₂＋1.814YS₁＋1.355ZS₃＋0.714YX₁＋1.461ZX₁＋1.580ZX₃-118.678, Y₃＝3.540SG＋0.859YM₂-1.882ZS₂＋0.640YZ₁-5.598YZ₂＋5.794ZZ₂＋0.807YZ₃＋0.695ZX₁-391.229, Y₄＝3.284SG＋0.313YM₂-1.595ZS₂＋1.113YZ₁-3.869YZ₂＋4.959ZZ₂＋5.244YZ₃＋0.353ZX₁-340.001）。 结论 所得性别判别式对法医学性别判别应用价值较大,为体质人类学和法医学提供了有关新疆哈萨克族人的解剖学资料。     

从中指骨长度推算身高的研究

<正> 利用残存的骨骼推算身高,是法医学、人类学及考古学的一项重要内容。作者用127副已知生前身高的骨骼的中指骨近、中节,测量第节长度,计算其与身高关系的回归方程八个,经作者检验,建议用下列六个推算身高((?)):Ⅰ.右中指骨近节长,(?)=89.32+89.32+1.59X。Ⅱ.左中指骨近节长,(?)=88.32+1.62X。Ⅲ.两侧中指骨近节     

根据拉萨藏族儿童青少年掌指骨参数进行性别判定

目的:通过各掌指骨的X线测量,建立性别判定方程.方法: 在知情同意原则下,随机抽取拉萨地区年龄7～20岁青年1360例(男674例,女686例),拍摄左手X线片,测量各指骨长和掌骨长、宽及其髓腔宽,然后用SPSS软件包进行统计学分析.结果: 根据掌指骨参数在方程中的贡献程度得出了不同年龄段的性别判定方程,在儿童青少年的生长发育时期根据掌指骨参数判别性别准确率变化规律性不明显,17岁以前在56.9%～82.9%之间.随着年龄的增长,性别判定的准确率逐渐提高,17岁以后性别判定的准确率在80%以上.结论: 结合掌指骨参数进行性别判定,在法医人类学实际应用中具有一定的参考价值.     

正常掌骨和近节指骨及其髓腔的X线测量及临床意义

目的 :为临床诊断、手外科的应用以及掌指关节假体的设计提供解剖学资料和参考依据。方法 :随机选择健康汉族大学生 186人 (男 90人 ,女 96人 ) ,进行双手后前位X线摄片 ,分别测量各掌骨、近节指骨的长度及髓腔长度、最窄处宽度及最窄处与相应掌骨或指骨轴长中点的距离 ,将所得数据应用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。结果 :第Ⅱ～Ⅴ掌骨髓腔最狭窄段在骨干中点近侧约 3mm～ 8mm处。掌骨髓腔长度大约为掌骨长的 3/5 ,近节指骨髓腔长度大约为近节指骨长的 4 /5。掌骨髓腔长与掌骨长比值性别间有显著性差异 ;近节指骨髓腔长与近节指骨长比值中 ,除拇指外性别间无显著性差异。结论 :本研究对手矫形外科选择最适合的掌指关节假体和选择骨折内固定物均有重要的参考价值     

猕猴掌骨和指骨长度性差

目的探讨在1个猕猴种群中用掌骨和指骨的长度鉴定性别。方法采用直接测量法对11例雄性和25例雌性猕猴的掌骨和指骨长度进行测量。数据处理分析采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件。结果手骨的性别正确判别率从近侧掌骨到远侧指骨逐渐增加。5根掌骨和5根远节指骨长度的性别判别率分别是88.9%和100.0%,第1根手骨(包括1节掌骨和2节指骨)和第5根手骨(包括1节掌骨和3节指骨)总长度的性别判别率分别是90.3%和100.0%。因子分析结果显示,19根手骨形态分组是以排(掌骨、近节指骨、中节指骨和远节指骨)为单位,而不是以列(5根指骨)为单位。结论猕猴掌骨和指骨长度变量可以有效地识别性别,对非人灵长类的生物系统演化关系有一定的理论意义和应用价值。     

成年猕猴盆骨的性别逐步判别分析

目的：探讨盆骨有关变量在性差判别中的作用。方法：对24例(♀15，♂9)成年太行山猕猴盆骨15项变量时行测量，进行单变量性别判别分析和多变量逐步判别分析。结果：有6项变量性别间差异显著。选择盆骨有关变量建立的性别判别函数式，正确判别率为87．5％～100．00％。结论：用猕猴盆骨变量时行性别判别具有较高的应用价值。     

Sex Determination According to the Lengths of Hand Bones in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)

Measurement of hand bone length has been used for sex determination in humans and nonhuman primates (McFadden and Bracht: Early Hum Dev 85 (2009) 117–124; El‐Morsi and Al‐Hawary: J Forensic Leg Med 20 (2013) 6–13). The aim of this study was to determine the sex of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on the basis of the lengths of corresponding rows of metacarpals and phalanges in a macaque population by means of developing discriminant functions. Measurements on direct dry bones only included lengths for 19 bones of the left hand in 39 macaques (consisting of 13 adult males and 26 adult females). The results revealed that the mean values of males were significantly greater than those of females for all of the metacarpals and phalanges. The results were obtained in 84.4% of accuracy from distal phalanges, 93.8% from middle phalanges, and 96.9% from both metacarpals and proximal phalanges, respectively. There was a remarkable difference in the magnitude of sex dimorphism in lengths of each section of the hand bones between the population of macaques and humans. This difference may be attributable to the interaction between genetic factors and various environmental factors. As sex differences of hand bones are population‐specific (Lazenby: Am J phys Anthropol 118 (2002) 378–384; Lu, Huo, Shi, Peng, Dang, Jiao, Zhu, Zhong, and Chen: Acta Aantomica Sinica 39 (2008) 267–271; Eshak, Ahmed, and Gawad: J Forensic Leg Med 18 (2011) 246–252), the discriminant equations for all of the metacarpals and phalanges are applicable to the population of Macaca mulatta from the Taihang Mountain. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1741–1746, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

SD大鼠下颌骨的性别判别分析

目的：研究SD大鼠下颌骨在性别之间的差异。方法：对37例(♀19,♂18)SD成年大鼠下颌骨的11项变量进行测量,数据用SPSS 11．0统计软件的进行判别分析。采用逐步判别法和全模型法,用下颌骨变量建立性别判别函数。通过回代和交互检验方法来确定判别函数的效果。结果：大鼠下颌骨3项变量在性别之间有明显统计学意义,4项变量有非常明显统计学意义。两种方法的性别判别函数的性别正确判别率大于80．0%。结论：大鼠下颌骨变量有明显的性别差异,用SD大鼠下颌骨变量进行性别鉴定有一定理论和应用价值。     

A quantitative study on the digital bones of cattle.

The bones of 64 digits from eight Holstein male cattle were studied quantitatively to determine whether any differences existed respective on the corresponding bones of the different digits. For this purpose, the greatest and abaxial greatest lengths, the smallest diaphysial breadths, the breadths of proximal and distal ends of the proximal and middle phalanges, the lengths of dorsal surfaces, the heights of extensor processes, the greatest diagonal lengths and the middle breadths of the soles from the distal phalanges were measured. Comparison showed that measurements between the right and left sides did not differ significantly. However, differences were found for almost all measurements between the forelimb and hindlimb. The proximal and middle phalanges were found to be shorter and broader in the forelimb and the broadness was more noticeable than the length. The distal phalanx of the medial forefoot had the greatest value in four measurements while the smallest values were found in the lateral hind foot. The results indicated that the morphometry of the digital bones could be important from both phylogenetic and clinical aspects.     

Metacarpophalangeal Joint Orientation in Anthropoid Manual Phalanges

The proximal articular surface angle of orientation (AO) of proximal phalanges of the hand and foot has been used to infer the locomotor profile of extinct Miocene catarrhines and early hominins. Previous work has found that joint orientation distinguishes quadrupedal from suspensory anthropoids. The purpose of this study is to expand on previous research by examining this feature within and across several primate clades, allowing us to investigate the potential influences of locomotion, substrate usage, hand posture, and phylogeny. We also report AO measurements in human proximal hand phalanges, allowing us to examine human skeletal variation within a wide comparative context. The angle of orientation was measured on manual proximal third phalanges of 21 extant anthropoid species using a Microscribe digitizer. Comparisons were made between locomotor groups within hominoids, platyrrhines, and cercopithecoids. Proximal phalanges of quadrupedal species were characterized by greater dorsal orientation than those of suspensory taxa in hominoids and atelids. In addition, arboreal quadrupeds had greater AO values than terrestrial quadrupeds within the Cercopithecoidea. However, within the terrestrial locomotor group, mean AO values did not differ between palmigrade and digitigrade taxa. Thus, while there appears to be a functional signal related to substrate usage, differences in use of hand postures when moving on the ground were not reflected in proximal joint orientation of the proximal phalanx. Finally, we measured relatively low AO values in human phalanges, which might be related to integration with serially homologous pedal phalanges that are under strong selective pressure related to bipedalism. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

下颌骨的测量、相关和性别判别

对成年男、女性下颌骨备100例测量了18项指标,进行逐步回归分析和二类判别分析建立了28个逐步回归方程及性别判别方程式。     

踝关节面的测量及其性别的判别分析

目的：为积累国人资料和探讨踝关节面的性别差异。方法：用电子数显游标卡尺对东北出土的９３副距骨（男５１,女４２）、７２副胫骨（男３６,女３６）和７６副排骨（男３６,女４０）的踝关节面进行了１４例径线的测量和用米格纸测量各关节面面积８项,用ＳＰＳＳ软件计算出构成踝关节各关节面的面积指数并进行了侧别、性别比较和多因素判别分析。结果：各测量项目均无侧别差异,但大多具有非常显著的性别差异;４个判别分析式的判