高频-常频叠加喷射通气在无痛纤维支气管镜检查治疗中的应用

目的对比研究叠加高频喷射通气(即高频‑常频叠加喷射通气)与高频喷射通气应用于无痛纤维支气管镜检查(fiberoptic bronchoscope,FOB)气道管理中的临床效果。方法择期行无痛FOB治疗的患者40例,按随机数字表法分为高频喷射通气组(H组)和高频‑常频叠加喷射通气组(S组),每组20例。患者麻醉诱导后置入喉罩,H组采用单纯高频喷射通气,S组采用高频‑常频叠加喷射通气。记录两组患者入室(T_(0)),高频‑常频叠加喷射通气或高频喷射通气15 min(T_(1))、30 min(T_(2)),恢复自主呼吸即刻(T_(3))时的心率、MAP、SpO_(2)、pH值、PaCO_(2)、PaO_(2)、血糖、皮质醇、C反应蛋白(C‑reactive protein,CRP)和IL‑6浓度;记录术中因P_(ET)CO_(2)>80 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)暂停手术操作的患者例数。结果两组患者均未见低氧血症发生。与T_(0)时比较:两组患者T_(2)、T_(3)时心率升高(P<0.05),T_(1)~T_(3)时SpO_(2)、PaO_(2)、IL‑6升高(P<0.05);H组T_(2)、T_(3)时MAP、血糖和皮质醇升高(P<0.05),T_(3)时CRP升高(P<0.05),T_(1)~T_(3)时pH值降低、PaCO_(2)升高;S组T_(3)时MAP、血糖和皮质醇升高(P<0.05),T_(2)时pH值降低(P<0.05)。与H组比较:S组T_(2)时心率和MAP降低(P<0.05),T_(1)~T_(3)时pH值升高、PaCO_(2)降低(P<0.05),T_(2)、T_(3)时血糖、皮质醇、IL‑6降低(P<0.05),T_(3)时CRP降低(P<0.05)。各指标其余时点间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。H组因术中P_(ET)CO_(2)>80 mmHg暂停操作的有3例,S组0例。结论在无痛FOB治疗气道管理中,高频‑常频叠加喷射通气效果优于单纯高频喷射通气。     

腹腔常频和高频喷射给氧对急性呼吸窘迫综合征家犬低血氧的改善效果

目的观察经腹腔常频喷射通气(CFJV)和高频喷射通气(HFJV)给氧对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)家犬低血氧的改善效果。方法 15只家犬常规麻醉后在温盐水肺灌洗诱发ARDS模型后,将实验动物随机均分为三组,分别为对照组(C组)、CFJV组和HFJV组,并进行各组相应处理。观察三组建模前(T0)、建模时(T1)、建模后15min(T2)、30min(T3)、60min(T4)、90min(T5)、120min(T6)时动、静脉血氧分压、电解质、HR、MAP的变化。结果与T0时比较,T1时三组PaO2、PvO2明显降低、PaCO2明显升高(P<0.05)。与C组比较,T2～T6时HFJV组、T2和T3时CFJV组PaO2明显升高(P<0.05);T2～T4时HFJV组PaCO2和T3～T6时HFJV组和CFJV组PvO2明显升高(P<0.05)。与CFJV组比较,T5、T6时HFJV组PaO2明显升高(P<0.05)。三组电解质、HR、MAP差异均无统计学意义。结论腹腔CFJV和HFJV给氧对急性肺损伤家犬低血氧均有显著改善效果。     

喉罩用于幼猪动物实验中气道管理的效果

目的 评价喉罩用于幼猪动物实验中气道管理的效果.方法 雄性幼猪72头,2～3月龄,体重22 ～ 32 kg,采用随机数字表法,将其分为2组(n=36):气管插管组(TI组)和喉罩组(LMA组).LMA组置入4#ProSeal喉罩,TI组插入7.0#气管导管.插管成功后,进行间歇正压通气,潮气量8 ～ 10 ml/kg,通气频率16次/min,吸呼比1.0∶1.5,吸入氧浓度50％,氧流量3L/min,维持PETCO2 35 ～ 45mm Hg.麻醉维持:静脉输注丙白酚15 mg·kg-1 ·h-1和瑞芬太尼40 μg·kg-1·h-1,间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg,通气时间1.5 h.记录插管时间和一次插管成功情况.分别于气管插管或喉罩置入前、气管插管和喉罩置入成功和拔除气管导管或喉罩后即刻记录SpO2,并于上述时点采集动脉血样,进行血气分析.记录咽喉损伤和胃胀气的发生情况.结果 与TI组比较,LMA组插管时间缩短,一次插管成功率、气管插管和喉罩置入成功时SpO2和PaO2升高,咽喉损伤发生率和PaCO2降低(P＜0.05),胃胀气发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).2组幼猪在机械通气期间,SpO2均＞95％,PaO2均＞ 150 mm Hg.结论 喉罩通气用于幼猪动物实验气道管理是便捷、有效和安全的方法.     

参附注射液对肺叶切除术患者单肺通气期间气道阻力和氧合功能的影响

目的 评价参附注射液对肺叶切除术患者单肺通气期间气道阻力和氧合功能的影响.方法 择期胸段硬膜外阻滞复合全麻下行肺叶切除术患者60例,性别不限,年龄50 ～ 80岁,体重指数20 ～ 29 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=30):生理盐水对照组(C组)和参附注射液组(S组).麻醉诱导前,S组静脉输注参附注射液4.5 ml·kg-1 ·h-1 20 min;C组静脉输注等容量生理盐水.分别于单肺通气前、单肺通气30、60min及术毕时记录气道峰压,并采集动脉血样,测定PaO2,计算氧合指数.结果 与C组比较,S组单肺通气30、60 min时气道峰压降低,氧合指数升高(P＜0.05).结论 参附注射液可降低肺叶切除术患者单肺通气期间气道阻力,提高氧合功能,提示其具有肺保护作用.     

高频喷射通气对胸交感神经离断术患者呼吸循环的影响

目的 研究高频喷射通气对胸交感神经离断术中的患者呼吸循环的影响.方法 30例拟行择期胸交感神经离断术患者随机均分为两组,Ⅰ组行高频喷射通气,Ⅱ组行单肺通气.观察手术开始后10、20、30 min时两组患者呼吸循环的变化.结果 两组患者手术开始后10、20、30 min时MAP、HR差异无统计学意义,SpO2、PaO2均在正常范围,Ⅱ组患者手术开始后20min时PaCO2显著高于手术开始后10、30 min时(P＜0.05),但在可允许范围内.结论 胸交感神经离断术中行高频喷射通气是安全有效的选择.     

喷射通气频率对硬质支气管镜检查患者通气效果的影响

目的 通过电阻抗断层扫描(EIT)观察喷射式呼吸机在不同喷射通气(JV)频率下对硬质支气管镜检查患者通气效果的影响。方法 选择择期行硬质支气管镜检查患者90例,男42例,女48例,年龄18～60岁,BMI 18.5～27.9 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为三组：低频通气组(J20组)采用20次/分的频率进行喷射通气;常频通气组(J60组)采用60次/分的频率进行喷射通气;高频通气组(J150组)采用150次/分的频率进行喷射通气,每组30例。记录麻醉诱导后通气5 min(T₁)、手术开始5 min(T₂)、手术结束(T₃)时喷射通气下的吸气峰压(PIP)、平均吸气压力(MIP)、氧合指数(PaO₂/FiO₂)、PaCO₂。并通过EIT记录T₁—T₃时肺不同区域(ROI₁、ROI₂、ROI₃、ROI     

不同通气模式对腹腔肿瘤根治术老年患者围术期炎性反应的影响

目的 评价不同通气模式对腹腔肿瘤根治术老年患者围术期炎性反应的影响.方法 择期拟行腹腔肿瘤根治术的患者60例,年龄65 ～ 80岁,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=20):低VT联合低PEEP通气组(A组)、高VT通气组(B组)和低VT联合高PEEP通气组(C组).静脉注射咪达唑仑、舒芬太尼、依托咪酯和罗库溴铵麻醉诱导,气管插管后行机械通气,A组VT为6 ml/kg,PEEP为5 cm H2O;B组VT为10 ml/kg,PEEP为0;C组VT为6 ml/kg,PEEP为8 cm H2O,维持PETCO2 35～ 45 mm Hg.静脉输注舒芬太尼、维库溴铵和依托咪酯维持麻醉.于麻醉诱导前(T0)、切皮后10 min(T1)、机械通气1 h(T2)、机械通气2 h(T3)和拔除气管导管后15 min(T4)时采集静脉血样,采用ELISA法测定血清IL-10、IL-8和TNF-α的浓度.术毕时采集动脉血样,进行动脉血气分析.术后1d记录肺部并发症的发生情况.结果 与A组比较,B组T4时血清IL-10浓度升高,T1、T2和T4时血清IL-8浓度升高,T1T4时血清TNF-α浓度升高,PaO2和PaO2/FiO2降低,A-aDO2升高,C组T2～T4时血清IL-10浓度升高,T4时血清IL-8和TNF-α的浓度升高,PaO2/FiO2降低(P＜0.05);与B组比较,C组T1 ～T3时血清TNF-α浓度升高(P＜0.05),血气分析指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后仅B组发生肺不张1例.结论 低VT联合低PEEP通气可改善腹腔肿瘤根治术老年患者的氧合,减轻全身炎性反应.     

洛沙坦对糖尿病小鼠机械通气相关肺损伤的影响

目的 评价洛沙坦对糖尿病小鼠机械通气相关肺损伤的影响.方法 SPF级雌性C57/BL6小鼠48只,10 ～ 12周龄,体重20 ～ 25 g,采用随机数字表法,将小鼠随机分为3组(n=16)∶对照组(C组)、糖尿病机械通气组(DM组)和洛沙坦组(L组).DM组和L组采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素150mg/kg的方法制备糖尿病模型.取糖尿病模型制备成功的小鼠进行机械通气4h,吸入氧浓度50％,通气频率70次/min,潮气量15 ml/kg,PEEP 2 cm H2O.L组于机械通气前30 min腹腔注射洛沙坦30mg/kg.机械通气4h时采集颈动脉血样,测定PaO2,随后处死,取肺组织,测定湿/干重比(W/D比)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性和肺微血管通透性;采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR法测定血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)受体AT1 mRNA的表达水平;ELISA法测定AngⅡ的含量;Western blot法测定细胞核内NF-κB p65的表达水平.结果 与C组比较,DM组和L组PaO2降低,肺组织W/D比、MPO活性、肺微血管通透性和AngⅡ含量升高,AT1 mRNA和NF-κB p65表达上调(P＜0.05);与DM组比较,L组PaO2升高,肺组织W/D比、MPO活性、肺微血管通透性和Ang Ⅱ含量降低,AT1 mRNA和NF-κB p65表达下调(P＜0.05).结论 洛沙坦通过抑制AT1受体和Ang Ⅱ水平,从而改善肺微血管通透性和抑制NF-κB活化,减轻糖尿病小鼠机械通气相关肺损伤.     

常频喷射通气在开胸手术的应用

近年来,高频喷射通气做为开胸手术通气方式的报道较多,但由于高频喷射通气对通气机性能要求较且管理不当可引起乏氧,CO_2蓄积,因而应有受限,我科从1983年起在120例开胸手术中应用常频喷射通气,取得了较为满意的临床效果。为进一步探讨其效应,选择32例侧卧位开胸手术病人,应用常频喷射通气进行临床观察。临床资料及观察方法将32例 ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级病例分成单侧肺喷射通气组及总气道喷射通气组(见表1)。单侧肺通气组均采用腔管一侧支气管插管,其中左侧12例,右侧8例,总气道通气组均为单腔管总气管插管。     

重症肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗术后高频振动与叩背排痰效果比较

目的探讨不同排痰方法对纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术后重症肺炎机械通气治疗患儿的应用效果。方法将PICU 80例重症肺炎机械通气患儿按收入时间分为观察组和对照组,对照组40例在纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术后行人工叩背排痰辅助清理呼吸道,观察组40例在纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术后应用高频振动排痰进行辅助清理呼吸道护理。结果两组首次排痰护理10min及吸痰后15min的生命体征比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);首次吸痰后15min血气分析检查氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、动脉血气血氧饱和度及干预后72h的护理效果显著优于对照组,机械通气时间显著短于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论机械通气重症肺炎患儿行纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术后应用高频振动排痰行辅助清理呼吸道的护理效果优于人工叩背,能够有效地改善患儿呼吸功能,提高护理效果,缩短机械通气时间。     

Phosphatidylcholine and peritoneal transport during peritoneal dialysis

Peritoneal effluent of patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) contains a surface-active material (SAM) made up of phospholipids and showing phosphatidylcholine on thin-layer chromatography. This substance drastically lowers surface tension, helps to repel water and has a lubricating effect. The presence of stratified phosphatidylcholine on the peritoneum might narrow the stagnant dialysate fluid layer and situations which can alter the quantity or composition of SAM may affect peritoneal transport and also, perhaps, the formation of adherences. This led us to verify, experimentally, the presence of phospholipids in basal conditions, after CAPD and during peritonitis and to check if addition of phosphatidylcholine to dialysis liquid is able to modify water transport in patients with low ultrafiltration and peritonitis. Phospholipids in the dialysis effluent of patients who have been on CAPD for a long time are lower than observed in the first days of peritoneal dialysis. A more drastic, significant decrease in phospholipids was observed in patients with low ultrafiltration and in patients with peritonitis. Mean ultrafiltration significantly increases in patients with low ultrafiltration and in those with peritonitis during dialysis exchanges containing phosphatidylcholine (50 mg/l) indicating that the latter is able to restore normal physiological conditions.     

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in paediatric peritoneal dialysis patients

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a serious complication of chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD). In contrast to the adult population, there are few studies regarding EPS in paediatric CPD patients, and the majority of reported patients are from Japan. The aim of the present report is to define the incidence of EPS in our paediatric CPD patients and to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics. A total of 104 paediatric patients were followed from November 1989 to November 2003 and two were diagnosed as EPS (1.9%). The dialysis periods of these patients were 45 and 53 months with 6 and 8 peritonitis episodes, respectively. Clinical signs of EPS developed 7 and 14 days after the removal of the dialysis catheter, and CPD was replaced by haemodialysis because of persistent peritonitis. One patient was well after surgical management but died 6 months later. The second patient who was treated with prednisolone remained well at 16 months. In conclusion, EPS is a rare but important complication of CPD. We recommend that all patients on CPD who develop ultrafiltration failure be evaluated radiologically for the occurrence of EPS. Management should be tailored to the individual patient.     

黄芪改善腹透患者腹腔巨噬细胞功能的临床研究

目的：研究黄芪对尿毒症患腹腔巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法：对43例尿毒症初始行腹膜透析的患在腹透液中不加（对照组）和加入黄芪注射液（用药组）治疗1周,用ELISA法检测观察前后腹腔巨噬细胞分泌TNF－a能力和吞噬功能的变化。结果：黄芪用药组腹腔巨噬细胞吞菌率、吞噬指数、杀菌率和巨噬细胞分泌TNF－a水平和对照组相比均明显上升（P＜0．01）,巨噬细胞分泌TNF－a水平与用药前自身对比也显提高（P＜0．05）。结论：腹透液中加入黄芪注射液可提高腹透患腹腔巨噬细胞功能。     

The short peritoneal equilibration test in pediatric peritoneal dialysis

The peritoneal equilibration test (PET) is the gold standard method for defining peritoneal membrane permeability and for prescribing peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy on an individual basis. However, it is laborious, consumes nursing time, and requires many hours to be performed. Therefore, several authors have attempted to validate a short PET protocol, with controversial results. To evaluate the concordance between the 2-h (short) and 4-h (classical) peritoneal equilibrium test, a prospective observational protocol was applied in three PD centers (Mexico, Chile, and Uruguay) between July 1, 2008 and July 31 2009. PET protocol: the night prior to the test, each patient received five exchanges, 1 h each, at the same glucose concentration as previously used. Afterwards, a 2.5% glucose dialysis solution was used for a dwell time of 4 h. Exchange fill volume was 1,100 ml/m² body surface area. The next morning, the 4-h dwell was drained, and Dianeal 2.5% was infused. Three dialysate samples at 0, 2, and 4 h were obtained. A single blood sample was obtained at 120 min. Creatinine D/P and glucose D/D₀ ratios were calculated at hours 0, 2, and 4. Patients were categorized as low, low average, high average, or high transporters according creat D/P and gluc D/D₀ results. Pearson and Kappa test were used for numerical and categorical correlations, respectively, and p?<?0.05 was considered significant. Eighty-seven PET studies were evaluated in 74 patients, 33 males, age 11.1?±?5.05 years old. A positive linear correlation of 92% between 2 and 4-h creat D/P and 80% between 2 and 4-h gluc D/D₀ (p?<?0.001) was founded. The Kappa test showed a significant concordance between creat D/P and gluc D/D₀ categories at 2 and 4 h (p?<?0.001). When analyzing cut-off-value categories, creat D/P was founded to be lower and gluc D/D₀ higher than other experiences. This multicentric prospective study strongly suggests that PET obtained at 2 h and 4 h, based on either creatinine or glucose transport, provides identical characterization of peritoneal membrane transport capacity in PD children.     

Long-term peritoneal dialysis and encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis in children

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is the most serious complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD), with a mortality rate that exceeds 30%. There have been many reports of the incidence of EPS being strongly correlated to the duration of PD. Patients on PD for longer than 5 years, and especially those receiving this treatment for more than 8 years, should undergo careful and repeated surveillance for risk factors associated with the development of EPS. The development of ultrafiltration failure, a high dialysate/plasma creatinine ratio, as determined by the peritoneal equilibration test, peritoneal calcification, a persistently elevated C-reactive protein level, and severe peritonitis in patients on PD for longer than 8 years are signals that should prompt the clinician to consider terminating PD as a possible means of preventing the development of EPS. The impact of the newer, biocompatible PD solutions on the incidence of EPS has not yet been determined.     

Adrenomedullin in peritoneal effluent expressed by peritoneal mesothelial cells

Background

Adrenomedullin (AM) possesses vasodilative and cell-protective properties. Glycine combines with the C-terminal of AM to form mature, physiologically active AM (mAM). AM is reportedly induced by high glucose condition in vascular endothelial or smooth muscle cells; however, little is known on how AM is activated by amidation. To investigate the behavior of AM in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), the concentrations of AM, mAM and CA125 were measured. The mAM to AM ratio (mAM/AM ratio) was also evaluated as a marker of amidation activity.

Methods

Twenty patients were recruited for this study. The effluent at the time of the peritoneal equilibration test was collected and AM, mAM and CA125 concentrations were measured. The expression of AM in peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) collected from effluent was also examined with an indirect immunofluorescent method.

Results

Mean values of AM and mAM in effluent were 18.1 ± 1.6 and 4.1 ± 0.3 fmol/mL, respectively. In plasma, they were 42.6 ± 3.3 and 5.6 ± 0.6 fmol/mL, respectively. AM concentrations in effluent did not correlate with plasma AM level but correlated well with the dialysate-to-plasma ratio of creatinine (D/P ratio of creatinine). Moreover, in 7 of 20 cases, concentrations of the mAM and mAM/AM ratio in effluent were higher than in plasma. In effluent, AM concentration but not the mAM/AM ratio correlated with CA125 concentration. Immunocytological study revealed diffuse, cytoplasmic expression of AM in PMCs which were collected from effluent during PD.

Conclusion

AM is expressed by PMCs and actively amidated in the abdominal cavity of patients undergoing PD.