高容量血液滤过对内毒素诱导急性肺损伤犬肺表面活性蛋白的影响

目的观察高容量血液滤过（HVHF）对内毒素诱导急性肺损伤（ALI）犬肺表面活性蛋白（SP）的影响。方法采用中心静脉注入脂多糖（LPS）制备犬ALI模型。随机将16条健康犬分为两组，模型组动物制模后采用单纯机械通气治疗；治疗组制模后采用机械通气＋HVHF治疗。监测两组动物基础值、成模时以及HVHF治疗1、2和4h的动脉血气及呼吸力学指标变化。采用蛋白质免疫印迹法（Western blot）测定肺组织匀浆内SP—B含量的变化。结果注入LPS后动物动脉血氧分压（PaO2）和氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）均下降（P均＜0．05），成模时PaO2／FiO2＜300mmHg（1mmHg：0．133kPa）；HVHF治疗后4hPaO2、Pa02／FiO2均明显高于模型组（P均＜0．01）。模型组动物治疗后吸气阻力（Raw）、气道峰压（PIP）均保持稳定，治疗4h时肺动态顺应性（Cdyn）、肺总顺应性（Ctot）均下降，呼吸功（WOBvent）上升（P均＜0．01）；HVHF治疗后各指标均保持稳定，治疗4h后Cdyn和Ctot均较模型组差异有显著性（P＜0．01和P＜0．05）。治疗组肺组织匀浆SP—B的含量明显高于模型组（P＜0．01）。结论HVHF能有效地提高ALI犬肺组织SP—B的含量，达到阻止ALI呼吸力学恶化、改善氧合的目的。     

二烯丙基三硫对急性肺损伤小鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α表达及核转录因子-κB活性的影响

目的探讨二烯丙基三硫(DATS)对脂多糖(LPS)致急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达及核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)活性的影响。方法复制LPS致ALI小鼠模型。实验动物按随机数字表法分为生理盐水对照组、ALI模型组、DATS预防组、DATS治疗组和DATS对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定各组血清和肺组织匀浆上清液中TNF-α浓度;用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测各组肺组织TNF-a mRNA表达;凝胶电泳迁移率改变分析(EMSA)检测肺组织NF-κB活性。结果ALI模型组2 h血清及肺组织TNF-α含量明显升高(P均＜0．01),6 h有所降低,但仍高于生理盐水和DATS对照组(P均＜0．01)DATS预防组2 h和6 h血清及肺组织TNF-α含量较ALI模型组均明显降低(P＜0．05或P＜0．01),但DATS治疗组无明显效果(P均＞0．05)。ALI模型组2 h肺组织TNF-αmRNA表达较生理盐水对照组和DATS对照组均明显升高(P均＜0．01),DATS预防组可明显抑制肺组织中TNF-αmRNA表达(P＜0．05),但DATS治疗组无明显效果。ALI模型组肺组织NF-κB活性较生理盐水对照组和DATS对照组均明显升高(P均＜0．05),DATS预防组可明显抑制肺组织NF-κB活性(P＜0．05),但DATS治疗组的抑制效果不明显。结论预先给予DATS可抑制LPS诱导的ALI小鼠肺组织NF-κB活性和TNF-αmRNA表达,减少血清及肺组织中TNF-α的生成,具有一定的抗ALI作用。     

乌司他丁对脓毒症大鼠肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨乌司他丁(UTI)对脓毒症性急性肺损伤(ALI)的保护作用。方法采用盲肠结扎穿孔(CLP)制作SD大鼠脓毒症ALI模型,随机分ALI组、糖皮质激素(GC)治疗(GC)和UTI治疗(UTI)组。成模后3 h、6 h、12 h开腹抽血行动脉血气分析,提取支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)检测总蛋白(TP)、总磷脂(TPL)、饱和磷脂酰胆碱(DSPC)含量,测定肺组织湿/干重(W/D)比值和肺组织匀浆中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,血浆中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)含量,观察与比较各组肺组织病理改变。结果UTI组PaCO_2、PaO_2、HCO_3~-、BE与GC组差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05),但高于ALI组(P＜0．05);两组W/D均明显低于ALI组(P＜0．01),BALF中TP显著低于ALI组(P＜0．01),TPL和DSPC/TPL高于ALI组(P＜0．05、P＜0．01),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05);两组肺组织匀浆中MPO、MDA含量均明显低于ALI组(P＜0．01),UTI组MPO含量还明显高于GC组(P＜0．05);两组血浆TNF-α、IL-6水平均低于ALI组(P＜0．01),UTI组IL-6高于GC组(P＜0．05);两组病理变化均较ALI组轻(P＜0．01)。结论UTI能改善缺氧、过度通气和酸中毒,减轻肺水肿和肺组织病理损伤,具有抗氧化和抑制炎性细胞因子释放作用,其抗炎作用与GC相似。     

阻断toll样受体对脂多糖致急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的：本文旨在探讨阻断toll样受体（TRL4）对脂多糖（LPS）致急性肺损伤（ALI）的保护作用。方法将60只健康雄性清洁级SD大鼠分为正常组、损伤组和阻断组,每组20只。损伤组大鼠采用尾静脉注射LPS（6mg/kg）复制ALI模型;阻断组同时注射TLR4抗体（10mg/mL）;正常组给予等容积生理盐水。3h后处死大鼠,采用凝胶滞留法检测核因子-κB（NF-κB）活性;Westernblot印记分析法检测抑制蛋白（IκB-α）水平;检测肺组织匀浆肿瘤坏死因子α细胞因子（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和白细胞介素-10（IL-10）水平。结果与正常组相比,损伤组和阻断组肺组织湿质量/干质量比值增高,NF-κB活性升高,IκB-α、TNF-α、IL-1β水平升高（P＜0．05）,而IL-10水平降低（P＜0．05）。而比较损伤组与阻断组发现,阻断组肺组织湿质量/干质量比值降低,NF-κB活性降低,IκB-α、TNF-α、IL-1β水平明显低于损伤组（P＜0．05）,IL-10水平高于损伤组（P＜0．05）。结论采用抗TLR4单克隆抗体阻断TLR4介导的信号传导可明显降低NF-κB活性和IκB-α、TNF-α、IL-1β水平,同时提高IL-10水平阻断TLR4,对LPS致ALI有一定的保护作用。     

降钙素基因相关肽对内毒素急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP),对内毒素急性肺损伤(ALI)的保护作用.方法:应用内毒素(LPS,6 mg/kg,iv)复制大鼠ALI模型.选用SD大鼠24只,随机分成盐水对照组(NS,n=8)、ALI模型组(LPS,n=8)、CGRP干预组(n=8).CGRP干预组按2μg/kg经腹腔注入CGRP,30 min后再经颈静脉注入LPS;LPS组以生理盐水代替CGRP;NS组中,CGRP和LPS均以等量生理盐水代替.各组大鼠均于注射LPS或生理盐水6 h后测定动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)及白介素-8(IL-8)含量,随后处死动物,观察肺病理改变,测定肺湿/干重比(W/D)及肺组织匀浆髓过氧化物酶(MPO)浓度.结果:注射LPS 6 h后,W/D、肺组织匀浆MPO、血清TNF-α、IL-8含量较对照组均有显著升高(P＜0.01),PaO2显著降低;而预先给予CGRP(2μg/kg)干预可显著缓解上述变化,PaO2改善,MPO含量较ALI模型组降低(P＜0.05),肺组织病理改变明显减轻.结论:小剂量CGRP能改善大鼠ALI时气体交换功能,抑制炎症介质的释放,对内毒素诱导的ALI有保护作用.     

小潮气量通气对肺损伤兔外周血中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、MMP-9表达的影响

目的小潮气量机械通气对内毒素性急性肺损伤(ALI)动物模型外周血中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、MMP-9表达的影响。方法健康新西兰白兔24只,平均体重(2.48±0.30)kg,随机分为3组:(1)急性肺损伤小潮气量机械通气组(ALI+LV组):通过气道内滴入脂多糖(LPS)(2.5 mg/kg)制作急性肺损伤动物模型,然后在小潮气量机械通气持续24 h(容量控制VT:6 ml/kg;f:40/min;Fi O2:0.6;I∶E 1∶1.5;PEEP 5 cm H2O)。(2)急性肺损伤组(LPS组):气道内滴入LPS。(3)正常对照组(C组):气道内注入与LPS相同剂量的生理盐水。实验期间于0 min,30 min,1 h,2 h,4 h,6 h,8 h,12 h,24 h各抽取动脉血1 ml,测动脉血氧分压(Pa O2),静脉血2 ml,用ELISA技术检测血浆TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、MMP-9表达情况。实验开始24 h后处死动物,取左肺测湿/干(W/D)重比。结果 (1)ALI组较对照组外周血中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、MMP-9表达明显升高,并且随时间延长逐渐增加。(2)LV+ALI组与ALI组比较,外周血中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、MMP-9在6 h之前差异无显著性,在6 h后显著减低,且随时间延长,降低的幅度越大,效果越明显。(3)气道滴入LPS后,ALI组较对照组Pa O2显著减低(P<0.05),低氧血症逐渐加重。经小潮气量通气后,LV+ALI组较ALI组6 h后低氧血症明显改善,W/D值明显下降(P<0.05)。结论小潮气量机械通气不能改善炎症性肺损伤早期外周血中炎症因子水平,但可以明显减低晚期炎症性肺损伤外周血中炎症因子,可能和小潮气量改善晚期肺泡通气有关。     

胰岛素对内毒素所致的急性肺损伤保护作用的研究

目的 观察胰岛素(Insulin)对脂多糖(LPS)引起的兔急性肺损伤(ALI)的预防与治疗作用,并初步探讨其作用机制.方法 将新西兰兔随机分为生理盐水(NS)对照组,LPS组,Insulin + LPS组及LPS + Insulin组,气管内滴注LPS建立兔急性肺损伤模型.采用微量注射泵经兔耳缘静脉注射液体,NS组和LPS组注射生理盐水,持续4 h;Insulin+LPS组注射胰岛素混合液,0.5 h后再于气管内滴注LPS、胰岛素混合液持续4 h;LPS+Insulin组先经气管内滴注LPS, 0.5 h后再注射胰岛素混合液,持续4 h.4.5 h后处死实验动物,取肺组织观察形态学改变、测定肺湿/干质量比值(W/D),肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中蛋白含量,肺组织匀浆中TNF-α、IL-6、LDH和MPO的含量.结果 形态学观察表明LPS组肺组织水肿,点、片状出血,大量炎性细胞浸润,肺泡间隔显著增厚,肺泡腔变窄,结构消失.Insulin+LPS组及LPS+Insulin组肺损伤明显减轻,肺组织结构均趋于正常;肺泡腔及支气管腔炎性细胞及渗出物明显减少.LPS组肺W/D与NS组相比明显增加(P＜0.05),BALF中蛋白含量显著增加(P＜0.05),肺组织匀浆中TNF-α、IL-6、LDH和MPO的含量显著增加(P＜0.05);而给予胰岛素预防及治疗后,肺W/D、BALF中蛋白含量、肺组织匀浆中TNF-α、IL-6、LDH和MPO的含量与LPS组相比均明显减少(P＜0.05).结论 Insulin能够防治LPS导致的兔急性肺损伤,这种保护作用可能与其抑制肺组织中炎症介质的作用有关.     

一氧化氮和白介素-10抑制核因子-κB活化的实验研究

目的探讨一氧化氮(NO)和白介素-10(IL-10)对内毒素(LPS)诱导的肺泡巨噬细胞核因子-κB(NF-κB)活化的调节,为临床运用提供理论依据.方法用支气管肺泡灌洗法收集肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)进行培养,分正常对照组、LPS组、NO+LPS组和IL-10+LPS组.用凝胶电泳迁移率改变分析(EMSA)法和ELISA法分别检测提取物中NF-κB活性和细胞培养上清中TNF-α含量.结果 LPS组NF-κB活性和TNF-α含量在刺激后0.5～4 h显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01);NO+LPS组和IL-10+LPS组的NF-κB活性和TNF-α含量与LPS组相比均明显下降,尤在刺激后1 h最显著(P＜0.01).结论 LPS诱导PAM的NF-κB活化,导致TNF-α基因表达增强;NO和IL-10可抑制NF-κB活化,减少TNF-α的释放,缓解LPS诱导的ALI.     

一氧化氮和白介素—10抑制核因子—kB活化的实验研究

目的探讨一氧化氮(NO)和白介素-10(IL-10)对内毒素(LPS)诱导的肺泡巨噬细胞核因子-κB(NF-κB)活化的调节,为临床运用提供理论依据.方法用支气管肺泡灌洗法收集肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)进行培养,分正常对照组、LPS组、NO+LPS组和IL-10+LPS组.用凝胶电泳迁移率改变分析(EMSA)法和ELISA法分别检测提取物中NF-κB活性和细胞培养上清中TNF-α含量.结果LPS组NF-κB活性和TNF-α含量在刺激后0.5～4h显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01);NO+LPS组和IL-10+LPS组的NF-κB活性和TNF-α含量与LPS组相比均明显下降,尤在刺激后1h最显著(P＜0.01).结论LPS诱导PAM的NF-κB活化,导致TNF-α基因表达增强;NO和IL-10可抑制NF-κB活化,减少TNF-α的释放,缓解LPS诱导的ALI.     

脂多糖诱导大鼠急性肺损伤时核因子-κB信号转导及盐酸氨溴索的作用

目的探讨脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤（acute lung injury，ALI）时核因子κB（NF-κB）的信号转导，以及盐酸氨溴索（AMB）对其的作用。方法雄性SD大鼠108只，实验分为两部分：第一部分选择其中90只，采用随机排列表法分为6组（n=15）：A组无菌生理盐水（NS）0．5ml腹腔注射1h后，再腹腔注射NS0．5ml；B组腹腔注射AMB10mg／kg 1h后腹腔注射NS0．5ml；C组腹腔注射NS0．5ml 1h后腹腔注射LPS5mg／kg；D、E、F组分别腹腔注射AMB5、10、20mg／kg后1h腹腔注射LPS5mg／kg。各组分别按1、2、4h再分为3个亚组，每组5只。采用酶联吸附免疫法（ELISA）测定肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2（MIP-2）水平，并测定BALF中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）与总蛋白量的变化。采用蛋白印迹法（Western blot）测定肺组织细胞胞核中NF-κBp65、胞浆中NF-κB抑制蛋白-α（IκBβ）及C—Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）的表达。第二部分选择18只大鼠按上述分组法随机分为6组（n=3），A、B、C、D、E、F组，给药方法同第一部分，腹腔注射NS（A组、B组）或腹腔注射LPS（C、D、E、F组）后4h观察大鼠肺组织病理形态学变化。结果第一部分：与A组比较，C、D、E、F组BALF中LDH、总蛋白量、总蛋白量、TNF-α、IL-1β和MIP-2均明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）：与C组比较，E、F组上述指标均降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。与A组比较，C、D、E、F组肺组织细胞中的NF-κB p65与JNK表达明显增多（P〈0．01），而IκBα的表达量减少（P〈0．01）；与C组比较，E、F组NF-κB p65与磷酸化JNK的表达减少（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），而IκBα的表达量增多（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。第二部分：A、B组肺组织形态学正常，C组呈明显的肺损伤病理形态学改变，D组肺损伤程度与C组相似，E、F组肺损伤程度较C组减轻。结论AMB可以减轻LPS诱导大鼠ALI．其机制可能与抑制肺组织细胞NF-κB065与JNK的活化，并促进IκBα的表达，以及下调TNF-α、IL-1β和MIP-2的表达有关，且呈剂量依赖性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。