肝外伤136例治疗体会

目的：总结肝外伤的治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析近16年来收治的136例肝外伤的治疗方法和治疗效果。结果：全组136例,治愈127例,非手术治疗组12例均治愈。手术治疗组115例（92．7％）治愈,死亡9例（7．3％）。结论：肝外伤患者I～II级者的以保守治疗为主,手术治疗以清创缝合修补及纱布填塞为主,必要时可行清创性肝切除。     

肝外伤96例临床分析

目的 探讨肝外伤早期诊断与治疗方法，方法 回顾性分析采用不同手段治疗各科肝外伤的临床资料，包括手术治疗89例，非手术治疗9例(其中中转于术2例)，结果 治愈91例，治愈率94．7％，死亡5例，死亡率5．3％，3例死于肝内血管损伤大出血，2例死于多器官功能衰竭。结论 对于Ⅰ级肝外伤，可采取非手术治疗，Ⅱ级血流动力学稳定呵行非手术治疗。Ⅲ～Ⅵ型肝外伤，一经诊断应立即手术。     

168例闭合性肝外伤的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨诊治闭合性肝外伤的有效方法。方法：回顾分析了1990－2000年收治的168例闭合性肝外伤的临床资料。结果：均行腹腔穿刺，阳性率为94．6％（159／168），B超检查92例，阳性率为95．7％（88／92），CT检查33例，阳性率为93．9％（31／33），术前确诊率为98．2％，168例中，行非手术治疗37例（22．0％），手术治疗131例（78．0％），治愈161例（95．8％），其中非手术治疗37例均痊愈，手术治疗131例中痊愈124例，死亡7例（4．2％），结论：外伤史，体征，腹腔穿刺，B超和CT检查是诊断肝外伤的重要依据，及时手术治疗是降低严重肝外伤病死率的关键。     

闭合性肝外伤的非手术治疗体会

目的 总结闭合性肝外伤的非手术治疗经验，方法 对1990年1月－1999年12月采用非手术治疗的36例闭合性肝外伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 36例均痊愈出院，其中非手术治疗成功33例（91．7％），住院时间为9－20d，平均13．8d，余3例因在非手术治疗期出现血液动力学不稳定或延迟性出血而中转手术治愈。结论 在严格掌握适应证和密切动态观察伤情变化的情况下，非手术治疗闭合性肝外伤是安全可行的，对非手术治疗期间血液动力学不稳定或发生延迟性出血者应及时手术。     

闭合性肝外伤的治疗分析：附109例报告

目的:探讨闭合性肝外伤非手术治疗的可行性及其适应证。方法:回顾性分析近5年余收治的109例闭合性肝外伤患者的临床资料及其治疗情况。结果:109例中35例采用非手术治疗，治愈33例（94.3 %），其中有3例（3/33,9.1 %）出现并发症;平均输血量、住院天数以及住院费用分别为（2.5±0.8）U,(13.2±1.3)d和(5 250±335)元。74例行手术治疗，治愈68例（91.2 %），在治愈的68例中，有14例（14/68,20.6%）出现并发症，平均输血量、住院天数以及住院费用分别为(8.4±1.10)U,(15.4±0.9)d和(13 550±805)元。非手术治疗组的平均输血量及住院费用均较手术组低（P＜0.05）。结论:通过早期诊断、加强血液动力学监测，严格掌握非手术治疗的适应证、密切观察伤情变化,非手术治疗血流动力学稳定的Ⅰ～Ⅲ级闭合性肝外伤是安全可行的。     

肝外伤135例诊治分析

目的：总结肝外伤诊治经验，提高治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析了自1980年以来，收治的135例肝外伤病例。对病因、伤情分级、合并伤、手术治疗及非手术治疗作了统计和分析。结果：135例肝外伤病例，治愈117例，死亡18例，总病死率13．3％（18／135）。结论：肝外伤及时选择正确的治疗方法，恰当处理合并伤，可降低死亡率，提高治愈率。     

肝外伤诊断和治疗的改进

为探讨钝性肝外伤时改进诊断和治疗对降低并发症和死亡率的影响，分析了１９５１～１９９６年间长海医院１８０例肝外伤的资料。全组有钝性伤１５２例和开放伤２８例。结果显示：腹腔穿刺诊断钝性肝外伤的阳性率为９２．９％（１０５／１１３），急症室超声检查的阳性率为９６．２％（２５／２６）。治疗方法包括３例非手术治疗和１７７例手术治疗。总并发症发生率、治愈率和总死亡率分别为３２．８％（５９／１８０），８５．６％（１５４／１８０）和１４．４％（２６／１８０）。比较前期（１９５１～１９８８年）与近期（１９８９～１９９６年）的资料，通过近年在诊断和治疗上的改进，并发症发生率有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），死亡率有非常显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。讨论了急症室超声检查对钝性肝外伤早期诊断的价值、非手术治疗的利弊、手术方式的选择和并发症的预防     

小儿肝外伤非手术治疗32例体会

目的　探讨小儿肝外伤的非手术治疗。方法　对 1990年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 12月收治的32例小儿肝外伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　本组 32例非手术治疗后 ,有 1例于外伤 14d后肝脏破裂 ,腹腔穿刺抽出不凝血液 ,出现休克而进行了手术治疗 ;1例于外伤后 5～ 6d行血肿清除引流术。其余 30例均治愈。无死亡病例。结论　只要严格掌握适应证 ,对小儿肝外伤行非手术治疗是安全的     

肝外伤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨降低肝外伤治疗的并发症和死亡率的有效途径。方法：对１９７９年１月￣１９９８年１２月２０年连接１４６例肝外伤的资料,分前、后１０年两期进行回顾性对比分析。结果 １４６例肝外伤１３０例（８９％）采用手术治疗,１６例（１１％）采用非手术治疗（ＮＯＭ）。住院天数前１０年是２２．３８天,近１０年２１．４天,Ｐ〈０．０５）。与肝外伤直接相关的并发症发生率为２０．５％（３０例）,共４４例次,其中前１０     

肝外伤106例治疗分析

目的 提高对不同类型肝外伤的诊断和治疗水平。方法 回顾性分析采用不同手段治疗的各种肝外伤,包括非手术治疗27例,手术治疗79例。结果 非手术治疗27例,治愈25例,死亡2例;手术治疗治愈73例,死亡6例。总治愈率92．5％（98／106）,病死率7．5％（8／106）,5例死于肝内血管损伤大出血,3例死于多器官功能衰竭。术后并发症:膈下感染3例,肝内脓肿10例,胸腔积液8例,切口感染7例,腹腔脓肿2例。结论 对I型肝外伤采取非手术治疗,Ⅱ-Ⅳ型肝钝性损伤,血液动力学稳定可行非手术治疗。非Ⅱ－Ⅵ型肝损伤一经诊断腹腔大出血或其他脏器损伤,应立即手术治疗。     

Pediatric blunt liver injury: establishment of criteria for appropriate management

There is no consensus regarding the most appropriate management of pediatric blunt liver injury. This study addresses this issue by reviewing our experience with blunt liver trauma in relationship to the grade of injury. Forty-one pediatric patients with blunt abdominal trauma and documented liver injury were managed from 1979 to 1989. Fifteen (37%) underwent celiotomy. Three children had extensive parenchymal injuries (grade IV or V) requiring resection and three others died intraoperatively, secondary to exsanguinating hemorrhage of associated injuries (grade V) to the hepatic veins and inferior vena cava. The need for celiotomy was obvious in these patients. In 9 of the 15 children who underwent exploration (60%), bleeding from the liver injury (grade II or III) had ceased by the time of celiotomy. These children did not appear to benefit from the operation. Twenty-six of the 41 patients (63%) were selected for nonoperative management because they were hemodynamically stable after initial resuscitation and did not show signs of associated intraabdominal injuries requiring surgical intervention. These children underwent evaluation by abdominal computed axial tomography scan (grade I, II, III, and IV injuries). Blood transfusions were given to keep the hematocrit above 30%. Seventeen of the 26 children managed nonoperatively (65%) did not require blood replacement. The mean (+/- SEM) transfusion volume for the remaining nine children was 14.8 +/- 2.5 mL/kg. Blunt liver injury represents a spectrum from a minimal parenchymal hematoma to massive liver disruption. We conclude that celiotomy is necessary for hepatic injury hemodynamically stable injured children with transfusion requirements less than 40 mL/kg can be managed nonoperatively in an appropriate setting.     

Nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma in adults

Although well accepted in pediatric patients, nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma in adults remains controversial. From January 1981 through May 1987, 66 adults were identified with blunt hepatic trauma that had been confirmed by abdominal exploration or abdominal computed tomography (CT): 46 underwent immediate operation, and 20 were initially managed nonoperatively. Patients were considered for nonoperative management only if they were hemodynamically stable and had no significant peritoneal irritation. CT criteria for nonoperative management included contained subcapsular or intrahepatic hematoma, unilobar fracture, absence of devitalized liver, minimal intraperitoneal blood, and absence of other significant intra-abdominal organ injuries. The predominant CT pattern in the 17 patients successfully managed nonoperatively included unilobar right-lobe fracture or intrahepatic hematoma. A small amount of blood in either gutter or in the pelvis did not portend failure of nonoperative management. No delayed complications were noted during an average follow-up of 27 months. Nonoperative management of blunt hepatic injury based on abdominal CT findings is a useful alternative in a select group of hemodynamically stable patients.     

闭合性脾破裂39例非手术治疗体会

目的　总结闭合性脾破裂的非手术治疗经验。方法　对 1990～ 2 0 0 0年 12月采用非手术治疗的 39例脾破裂的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　 39例均痊愈出院。其中非手术治疗成功33例 (84 .8% ) ,住院时间 8～ 2 2d ,平均 15d。余 6例因在非手术治疗期间出现血液动力学不稳或延迟性出血而中转手术治愈。结论　在严格掌握适应证和密切动态观察伤情变化的条件下 ,非手术治疗脾破裂是安全可行的 ,对非手术治疗期间血液动力学不稳定或发生延迟性出血者应及时手术     

Nonoperative management of pediatric blunt hepatic trauma

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of operative versus nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma in children including transfusion practices. We reviewed the experience at our American College of Surgeons-verified Level I trauma center with pediatric commitment over a 5-year period. Children < or = 16 years of age suffering blunt liver injury as documented on admission CT scan were included in the study. Liver injuries identified on CT scan were classified according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma's Organ Injury Scaling system. All data are presented as mean +/- standard error. One case of pediatric liver trauma not identified on CT was excluded (prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation). Twenty-seven patients were included [age 9.3 +/- 1.0 years (range 3-16)]. Mechanisms of injury included motor vehicle crash (14), pedestrian struck by motor vehicle (7), bicycle crash (4), fall from height (1), and pedestrian struck by falling object (1). Trauma Score was 11.5 +/- 0.3. Distribution of Liver Injury Grade was as follows: grade I, 13; grade II, 9; grade III, 3; grade IV, 2; and grade V, 0. All five patients who underwent operative management had multiple organ injuries; three had concomitant splenic injury requiring operative repair; the remaining two had small bowel injury requiring repair. Hepatorrhaphy did not correlate with severity of liver injury: grade I, n = 1; II, n = 2; III, n = 1; and IV, n = 1. Three operated patients received blood transfusions. Twenty-two patients were managed with nonoperative treatment, of these only one required blood transfusion. No patients in the study died, three were transferred to subacute rehabilitation, one was transferred to another hospital, and 23 were discharged home. Our findings indicate that a majority of children with blunt hepatic injury as documented on CT scan can be managed with nonoperative treatment, and few require blood transfusions. Patients with multiple organ injury including simultaneous splenic injury are likely ideally managed through operative exploration and repair, whereas those with isolated liver injuries can be successfully managed nonoperatively.     

Severe hepatic trauma：surgical strategies

Objective:To probe into effective surgical procedures and improve the outcome of treatment for patients with severe hepatic injury.Methods:A retrospective study involving 113 patients with severe hepatic trauma(AAST grade IV and V) during the past 12 years was carried out.Ninety-eight patients underwent surgical treatment.Surgical interventions including hepatectomy or direct control of bleeding vessels by finger fracture technique with Pringle maneuver, selective ligation of hepatic artery,retrohepatic caval repair with total hepatic vascular occlusion,and perihepatic packing were mainly used.Results:In the 98 patients treated operatively,the survival rate was 69.4%(68/98).Among 40 patients with juxtahepatic venous injury(JHVI),15 were cured with the maximum blood transfusion of 12 000 ml.Eight cases of Grade IV injury treated nonoperatively were cured.The percentage of failure of nonoperative management was 42.9%(6/14).The overall mortality rate was 32.7%(37/113),and 57% of the deaths were due to exsanguinations.Conclusions:Reasonable surgical procedures based on classification of hepatic injuries can increase the survival rate of severe liver trauma.Accurate perlihepatic packing is effective in dealing with JHVI.     

Contusions of the liver in adults. Initial non-operative management with computerized tomography follow-up is a reasonable therapeutic option. Report of 16 cases

Nonoperative management of blunt liver injury in adults still remains controversial. From February 1985 through September 1989, 27 patients were treated for blunt hepatic trauma: 11 required immediate operation and 16 (59%) were initially managed nonoperatively after evaluation of intraabdominal injury by computerized tomography. All of these 16 patients were hemodynamically stable and had no significant peritoneal signs. CT criteria for nonoperative management included subcapsular and intrahepatic hematoma, capsular tear or unilobar fracture, absence of large hemoperitoneum, absence of large devitalized liver and absence of other intraabdominal organ injuries. Clinical follow-up, repeated radiologic examinations and surgery confirmed the accuracy of CT. Only 2 patients required delayed operation (12.5%). Serial abdominal CT studies are an integral part of the conservative treatment of blunt hepatic injuries and showed complete resolution of hepatic injuries in the fourteen nonoperated patients in less than six months. No death and no delayed septic or biliary complications were noted. Mean hospital stay was seventeen days for all of the patients (multiple injuries or not) and only ten days for isolated blunt liver injury. These good results depend on identification of candidates for nonoperative management on strict clinical and CT criteria. Nonoperative management of adult blunt liver injury based on these findings is a useful alternative in a selected group of hemodynamically stable patients and decreases the rate of non-therapeutic coeliotomy.     

Operative intervention for pediatric liver injuries: avoiding delay in treatment.

To identify the physiological and anatomic factors that characterize the need for operative management of blunt pediatric liver injuries, the case records of 106 pediatric trauma victims with liver injuries over a 6-year period were reviewed. Sixty-nine patients were managed without operation (nonoperative) and 37 underwent operation, 7 with penetrating and 30 with blunt liver injuries. Of these 30 patients, 21 underwent laparotomy due to blunt liver injuries (operative); the remaining 9 patients required operation due to associated intraabdominal injuries. Nine (45%) of the 21 operative patients had major hepatic vein or retrohepatic vena caval injuries, 7 of whom died. Overall mortality was 9.4% (10/106). When nonoperative and operative groups were compared, those who underwent laparotomy due to blunt liver injuries: (1) had significantly lower Champion and Pediatric Trauma Scores due to multisystem injury; (2) had 25% or greater lobar disruption with pelvic blood collections on computed tomography scan; (3) underwent early transfusion within 2 hours of admission (18/21); and (4) were frequently found to have a major hepatic vein or retrohepatic vena caval injury at the time of operation. Only one patient successfully managed without operation received greater than 30 mL/kg of blood products within 24 hours of admission. As selective nonoperative management of pediatric liver injuries gains widespread acceptance, the identification of factors that predict the need for operative intervention will limit the potential risks of delay in treatment.     

闭合性肝损伤的治疗228例报道

目的总结闭合性肝损伤手术治疗的经验体会，进一步提高闭合性肝损伤的临床诊断和治疗抉择的水平。方法回顾性分析我院10年内228例闭合性肝损伤患者的诊治资料，调查分析了闭合性肝损伤的损伤程度和临床治疗方案抉择的关系。结果本组中97例患者经非手术治疗治愈，131例行手术治疗，非手术治愈率为100％。手术治疗131例中，死亡11例，手术治愈率91．6％（120／131），总治愈率95．2％（217／228）。结论准确进行伤情评估，早期诊断和合理的术式是闭合性肝损伤救治成功的关键。     

Severe blunt hepatic trauma in children.

BACKGROUND: Severe blunt hepatic injury in children is associated with a high mortality rate. Although nonoperative management has become the treatment of choice for mild to moderate liver trauma, there is no consensus as to the optimal treatment for the most severe hepatic injuries in children. METHODS: A statewide trauma registry was reviewed to identify children (age 18 years or less) treated for a severe blunt liver injury for the period 1993 to 1998. Only children with an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade V (AIS code 541828.5) liver injury were included. Database records were reviewed for demographic information, associated injuries, survival rate, length of stay (LOS), intensive care days (ICUD), and treatment rendered after resuscitation in the emergency department. RESULTS: Thirty children with a grade V liver injury were identified. The mean age was 11.2 years (range, 1 to 18), and the overall survival rate was 56%. Data for 5 patients were excluded (4 patients died in the emergency department, and 1 patient was transferred to another institution after arrival). Survivors had a trend toward a lower injury severity score (ISS) (36.1 v 44.6; P <.1) and a significantly higher Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 12.5 v 6.6; P <.007). Patients with a decreased GCS had a lower overall survival rate (GCS < 8, 30% v GCS > 8, 76%). In the subset of 14 patients taken directly to the operating room, there was no difference between survivors (n = 6, 43%) and nonsurvivors (n = 8, 57%) in ISS (43 v 43; P value, not significant) or GCS (8.6 v 8.0; P value, not significant). Of the 11 patients treated nonoperatively, 10 (91%) survived with an average ISS of 33 and GCS of 13.8. Nonsurvivors more often had identified associated injuries to other abdominal and retroperitoneal organs. CONCLUSIONS: Severe hepatic injury is associated with a very high overall mortality rate in children. A low GCS is associated with a significant decrease in survival rate and may be the most important factor in outcome. Patients taken directly to the operating room have a slightly greater injury severity and a decreased survival rate compared with those treated nonoperatively. Thresholds and indications for laparotomy in these patients are not clear, and the need for operative management should be guided by the child's physiologic response to resuscitation. For those patients whose physiologic response to resuscitation permitted nonoperative management, a good outcome was achieved.