大鼠侵袭性肺曲霉菌病模型的建立

目的 探讨正常SD大鼠侵袭性肺曲霉菌病（IPA）模型的建立方法。方法 选择9只正常SD大鼠随机分为3组,A、B组经气管内滴注不同量曲霉菌孢子悬液,C组滴注生理盐水。结果 A组接种后体重较接种前显著下降（P＜0.05）,B组接种后体重呈下降趋势但无差异显著性（P＞0.05）,C组接种后体重较接种前显著增加（P＜0.05）。A组接种后第5、8天外周血白细胞数较接种前显著升高（P＜0.05）,B组白细胞数呈升高趋势但差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,C组白细胞数变化无显著性（P＞0.05）。A、B组肺组织培养烟曲霉阳性且病理学表现为强烈的急性炎症反应,C组肺组织培养阴性且病理无急性炎症反应和曲霉菌丝及孢子。结论 单次气道内滴注烟曲霉分生孢子悬液（浓度1×109 cfu/mL,孢子量2×108/个）的方式可在正常免疫大鼠中稳定建立IPA模型     

Recurrent pulmonary aspergillosis and mycobacterial infection in an unsplenectomized patient with type 1 Gaucher disease

Background. The clinical presentation of Gaucher disease (GD), an inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, is highly variable, and three clinical types are distinguished based upon the presence of neurologic symptoms. Thrombocytopenia, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and bone manifestations are the most typical signs of GD type 1 (GD1).

Case presentation. We present the case of an unsplenectomized man suffering from heterozygous GD1 with mutations of c.1226A>G (N370S) and RecNci I (L444P, A456P, and V460V) in the GBA1 gene, who developed recurrent pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and a mycobacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium avium. Despite long-lasting therapy of both aspergillosis (including antifungal drugs and surgery), and the mycobacterial infection (triple therapy with rifampicin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin), recurrent positivity for M. avium and A. fumigatus was detected.

Conclusions. Symptomatic lung involvement and an increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections are uncommon in GD and, if present, are often associated with more severe disease manifestations. To our knowledge, this is the first published report on the association of GD and pulmonary aspergillosis and mycobacterial infection. It illustrates the increased susceptibility of untreated GD patients to opportunistic pulmonary infections and ineffective eradication of these infections despite adequate therapy.     

有创机械通气发生早发性呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床分析

目的 探讨有创机械通气出现早发性呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的临床特点。方法 监测和分析98例非肺部感染性疾病行气管插管或气管切开术进行机械通气的患者发生早发性VAP的相关因素、呼吸道感染菌群的特点及其耐药特性。结果 98例患者中，有31例在术后4d内发生VAP(VAP组)，占31．6％，其气道分泌物培养获得致病菌42株，均为多重耐药菌。VAP组患者的年龄、有慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)史者、术前抗生素的使用率均高于无VAP组。结论 早发性VAP的出现与患者的年龄、COPD史有一定关系，术前抗生素的使用可能与致病菌的高度耐药有关。     

有创机械通气辅助治疗重症急性左心衰竭15例

目的: 总结有创机械通气抢救急性左心衰竭的临床经验。方法: 回顾性分析15例入住ICU的急性左心衰竭患者应用有创机械通气的治疗情况。结果: 15例均及时得以纠正,均顺利撤离呼吸机,无缺氧和机械通气的相关并发症发生,抢救成功率和生存率均为100%。结论: 对于严重的急性左心衰竭患者,在常规治疗同时及时行有创机械通气,并正确选用呼吸机模式和参数是抢救得以成功的关键。     

侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的影像对比研究

目的：评价MRI和CT对侵袭性肺曲霉菌病诊断的准确性。方法：对38例在普通胸片上表现结节样浸润及临床拟诊侵袭性肺曲霉菌病患的MRI、CT表现进行对比研究。结果：早期病变（临床症状和体征小于10天）CT所见“日晕征”有较高的敏感性（16／22）和特异性（8／8）;而MRI也显示很高的敏感性（22／22）,但特异性很差（0／8）。尽管使用GD－DT－PA增强亦不能提高其特异性。病变后期（临床症状和体征大于10天）,MRI增强扫描T1WI显示边缘强化的靶样小结节的典型表现。结论：在侵袭性肺曲霉菌病早期阶段,MRI表现不如CT的“日晕征”具有特征性。但在病变后期,MRI增强后T1WI边缘明显强化及在T2WI上的“反向日晕征”是诊断侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的有力证据。     

Invasive aspergillosis in a "healthy" patient

A case of invasive aspergillosis complicated by the formation of an aspergilloma is described. The patient, a 48-year-old man, was apparently healthy except for mild alcoholic steatosis of the liver. A review of the literature revealed that 5 of the 14 previously reported cases of invasive aspergillosis in seemingly immunocompetent hosts were associated with liver disease. Immunologic investigation in this case revealed transient cutaneous anergy during the acute illness and normal lymphocyte function. Assessment of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function, however, showed abnormalities of phagocytosis as well as impairment of intracellular bactericidal activity. These abnormalities may have contributed to a relative immunodeficiency. Impairment of immune function may play a role in the pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis in some apparently healthy patients.     

Primary cutaneous aspergillosis due to Aspergillus flavus: a case report

Infections caused by opportunistic organisms which have been known as etiologic agents of disease become more and more frequent. Aspergillus spp. is one of the agents.Fungi of aspergillus genus are widely distributed in nature, particularly in the soil and in the decomposed vegetation. They are frequent opportunist pathogens in immunocompromised patients.     

有创与无创序贯性机械通气联合治疗连枷胸合并肺挫伤

目的：探讨有创与无创序贯性机械通气治疗连枷胸合并肺挫伤的效果。方法：24例连枷胸合并严重肺挫伤的患者,随机分为序贯组和对照组：当压力支持通气（PSV）水平降至10cmH2O、呼气末正压（PEEP）降至2cmH2O时,序贯组拔除气管插管,行无创通气治疗;对照纽仍然使用气管插管机械通气,逐渐降低通气频率至5次／min,后减低PSV至7cmH2O、PEEP降至0cmH22O,再脱机拔管。记录序贯组和对照组机械通气前、序贯组拔管前0．5h与无创通气2h后的呼吸频率（Rr）、心率（HR）、动脉血pH值（pHa）、收缩压（SBP）、氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）等指标。记录两组资料接受机械通气总时间及发生呼吸机相关性肺炎（ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP）的例数。结果：序贯组与对照纽比较,vAP的发生例数差异有显著性（5vs11,Y〈0．05）,总机械通气时间差异有显著性[（15±3）dvs（18±2）d,P〈0．05],入住ICU时间差异有显著性[（17±3）dvs（20±2）d,P〈0．05]。结论：有创与无创序贯性机械通气可用于;台疗连枷胸合并肺挫伤,与传统的治疗方法相比可显著减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生,并减少患者总机械通气时间及入住ICU时间。     

重症肺部感染后继发曲霉菌感染的临床研究

目的研究重症肺部感染后患曲霉菌感染的危险因素、临床特征、影像学特点,以做到早期诊断和治疗。方法回顾分析2005年1月—2011年12月在呼吸重症监护室（RICU）的重症肺部感染继发曲霉菌感染患者,随机抽取同一时期未并发真菌感染的重症肺炎为对照组。记录患者临床资料,包括一般资料、基础疾病、治疗相关因素进行统计分析,以及血液指标、细菌培养结果和影像学资料。结果监护病房住院天数、广谱抗生素、糖皮质激素、机械通气（MV）、感染性休克、肝功能不全、糖尿病、免疫性疾病以及慢性呼吸道疾病（CRD）在2组比较中差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;而年龄、留置静脉导管、肠外营养以及实体肿瘤之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。临床以发热、呼吸困难及肺部哮鸣音为主;外周血白细胞升高、CRP、IGE升高占较大比例;同时影像学具有不典型性,以肺纹理增重、片状渗出和实变等非特异性表现。抢救成功8例中7例为伏立康唑治疗。结论重症肺部感染后存在上述相关危险因素时需注意易患曲霉菌感染可能;由于其临床表现及影像学具有不典型性,因此临床医师应认识其好发因素、观察临床病情的变化、多次查痰培养,同时气管镜检查观察黏膜、PBS及活检获得病理不失为一个比较安全的方法,抢先治疗成为降低病死率的关键。     

Significance of Aspergillus spp. isolation from lower respiratory tract samples for the diagnosis and prognosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background  Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is an emerging population at risk for invasive infection of Aspergillus. Isolation of Aspergillus from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples is important for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of Aspergillus isolation from LRT samples for the diagnosis and prognosis of IPA in COPD population.

Methods  Clinical record with Aspergillus spp. isolation in COPD and immunocompromised patients was reviewed in a retrospective study. Patients were categorized and compared according to their severity of illness (admitted to general ward or ICU) and immunological function (COPD or immunocompromised).

Results  Multivariate statistical analysis showed that, combined with Aspergillus spp. isolation, APACHE II scores >18, high cumulative doses of corticosteroids (>350 mg prednisone or equivalent dose) and more than four kinds of broad-spectrum antibiotics received in hospital may be predictors of IPA in COPD (OR=9.076, P=0.001; OR=4.073, P=0.026; OR=4.448, P=0.021, respectively). The incidence of IPA, overall mortality, mortality of patients with IPA and mortality of patients with Aspergillus spp. colonization were higher in COPD patients in ICU than in general ward, but were similar between COPD and immunocompromised patients.

Conclusions  Aspergillus spp. isolation from LRT in COPD may be of similar importance as in immunocompromised patients, and may indicate an increased diagnosis possibility of IPA and worse prognosis when these patients received corticosteroids, antibiotics, and need to admit to ICU. Aspergillus spp. isolation from LRT samples combined with certain risk factors may be useful in differentiating colonization from IPA and evaluating the prognosis of IPA in COPD patients.

     

Significance of Aspergillus spp. isolation from lower respiratory tract samples for the diagnosis and prognosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background  Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is an emerging population at risk for invasive infection of Aspergillus. Isolation of Aspergillus from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples is important for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of Aspergillus isolation from LRT samples for the diagnosis and prognosis of IPA in COPD population.

Methods  Clinical record with Aspergillus spp. isolation in COPD and immunocompromised patients was reviewed in a retrospective study. Patients were categorized and compared according to their severity of illness (admitted to general ward or ICU) and immunological function (COPD or immunocompromised).

Results  Multivariate statistical analysis showed that, combined with Aspergillus spp. isolation, APACHE II scores >18, high cumulative doses of corticosteroids (>350 mg prednisone or equivalent dose) and more than four kinds of broad-spectrum antibiotics received in hospital may be predictors of IPA in COPD (OR=9.076, P=0.001; OR=4.073, P=0.026; OR=4.448, P=0.021, respectively). The incidence of IPA, overall mortality, mortality of patients with IPA and mortality of patients with Aspergillus spp. colonization were higher in COPD patients in ICU than in general ward, but were similar between COPD and immunocompromised patients.

Conclusions  Aspergillus spp. isolation from LRT in COPD may be of similar importance as in immunocompromised patients, and may indicate an increased diagnosis possibility of IPA and worse prognosis when these patients received corticosteroids, antibiotics, and need to admit to ICU. Aspergillus spp. isolation from LRT samples combined with certain risk factors may be useful in differentiating colonization from IPA and evaluating the prognosis of IPA in COPD patients.

     

无创呼吸机在治疗急慢性呼吸衰竭中的运用

目的:探讨无创呼吸机在治疗呼吸衰竭中的运用。方法:将68例急、慢性呼吸衰竭患者随机分为对照组和治疗组。对照组用常规药物治疗,给予抗感染、祛痰、平喘、鼻导管吸氧等治疗;治疗组除上述治疗外加用无创呼吸机辅助呼吸治疗。结果:2组患者治疗前的基础情况和动脉血气分析指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后与对照组相比,治疗组PaO2明显升高,PaCO2明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:无创呼吸机辅助呼吸可明显升高PaO2、降低PaCO2,对治疗急、慢性呼吸衰竭患者疗效肯定,值得临床推广运用。     

呼吸机相关性肺部真菌感染的危险因素及预后分析

目的 回顾性研究机械通气患者并发肺部真菌感染的危险因素以及对其预后的影响.方法 选取2004年1月1日至2006年12月31日中山大学附属第一医院及黄埔院区和附属第三医院出院诊断呼吸机相关肺炎患者.根据通过人工气道吸取肺部分泌物作培养的结果,将患者分为真菌感染组与非真菌感染组,对比分析其相关的危险因素和对机械通气患者结局的影响,并进行统计学分析.结果 127例患者入选,其中合并肺部真菌感染81例,占63.78%,不合并肺部真菌感染者46例,占36.22%.肺部真菌感染组死亡率为82.72%,无肺部真菌感染组为67.39%;两组死亡率比较,差异有显著性(x2=3.910,P<0.05),单因素分析和Logistic多因素回归分析显示高龄、机械通气天数、气管插管/切开7 d、糖尿病、血糖≥6.1 mmol/L、两种或以上器官功能障碍、联合使用抗生素,抗生素更换次数≥3次、应用糖皮质激素≥7 d、免疫抑制剂是呼吸机相关肺部真菌感染的独立危险因素.另外,高龄、糖皮质激素使用≥7d、两个或以上器官功能不全、麻醉镇静药使用≥3 d、血糖6.1 mmoI/L、高APACHE Ⅲ评分是呼吸机相关肺部真菌感染死亡的危险因素.结论 呼吸机相关肺部真菌感染常常是同时存在多种危险因素共同作用的结果,尽早发现其危险因素,及时进行抗真菌治疗,有助于改善患者的预后,降低死亡率.     

幼儿室间隔缺损术后两种机械通气撤机方法的效果比较

目的比较幼儿室间隔缺损修补术后同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)模式撤机法与直接撤机法的效果。方法将50例室间隔缺损修补术后行机械通气的患儿随机分为两组,观察组30例,予SIMV模式过渡撤机,对照组20例,采用直接撤机法。比较两种撤机方法的效果。结果两组撤机时间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),观察组所需的时间更短,并且呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生率更低(P<0.05);两组再置管率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);撤机前后的心率、呼吸及血压的变化值比较均有统计学意义(P<0.01),观察组变化幅度较小;两组撤机前后的PaO2、PaCO2及pH值的比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论在幼儿室间隔缺损修补术后,应用SIMV法撤机能够缩短呼吸机辅助的时间和降低VAP的发生率,所以效果优于直接撤机法。     

碳源氮源对杂色云芝产漆酶的影响

目的：研究碳源氮源对杂色云芝合成漆酶的影响。方法以本实验室保藏的高漆酶合成菌株杂色云芝为研究对象,首先比较不同培养方式对该菌株漆酶合成的影响,然后通过单因素实验和响应面分析实验研究了碳源和氮源对漆酶合成的影响。结果摇床振荡培养产酶效果优于静止培养,在不同的碳源与氮源中,蔗糖为该菌株产漆酶的合适碳源,合适的氮源是酵母粉,培养基中碳氮源的最佳含量为：蔗糖10．2g/L ,酵母粉7．2g/L。结论碳源和氮源对杂色云芝发酵生产漆酶有很大的影响,响应面法对杂色云芝产液态发酵产漆酶条件的优化是可行的。     

早期气管切开保护性机械通气在严重烧伤患者救治中的应用

目的总结早期气管切开保护性机械通气在严重烧伤患者救治中的临床应用效果。方法对32例严重烧伤患者早期行气管切开,采用小潮气量,低呼吸末正压,低吸气压力,适当延长吸气时间,必要时加反比通气以及＂允许性高碳酸血症＂的保护性通气模式,强化气道管理。分别在机械通气前和通气后2h、1、3、5d行动脉血气分析,并测定心率、中心静脉压变化,以及胸部X线检查。结果本组行机械通气后,其氧合指征血氧饱和度和动脉血氧分压明显改善,在＂允许性高碳酸血症＂状态下,患者心率、中心静脉压变化不明显。治疗期间未发生气胸、纵膈气肿等呼吸机相关性肺损伤和呼吸机相关性肺炎。结论严重烧伤患者采用早期气管切开保护性机械通气治疗效果理想,并可有效预防呼吸机相关性肺损伤和呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

纤维支气管镜在呼吸衰竭患者机械通气治疗中应用价值探讨

目的探讨纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）在呼吸衰竭患者有创机械通气治疗中的应用价值.方法回顾性分析189例行机械通气治疗的呼吸衰竭患者病历资料,包括气管插管,机械通气过程中纤支镜检查、取痰培养、吸痰、支气管冲洗、支气管肺泡灌洗、止血治疗、气管插管深度调整等.结果 189例行纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管,成功率100%;215例次经纤支镜吸痰、支气管冲洗或支气管肺泡灌洗;209例次纤支镜取痰细菌和真菌培养,阳性率为81.3%;6例经纤支镜止血治疗出血停止,有效率100%;24例经纤支镜直视下调整气管插管深度;6例检出支气管肿物.结论纤维支气管镜在呼吸衰竭患者机械通气治疗中具有很大的应用价值,值得推广.     

机械通气下心源性肺水肿26例分析

目的分析机械通气下肺水肿发生的特点,探讨早期诊断机械通气下肺水肿的方法。方法对26例在机械通气时发生肺水肿的病例进行分析,记录临床表现,呼吸机参数的变化及胸片的改变。结果26例患者发生肺水肿时均有呼吸窘迫等临床表现,呼吸频率增加,血氧饱和度下降,吸气峰压（PAP）和平台压（Pplat）均增加,静态顺应性（Cst）下降,胸片显示特征性改变。结论及时观察患者的临床表现,呼吸机参数及胸片的变化,对早期诊断机械通气下的肺水肿有重要意义。     

无创呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭疗效观察

目的:探讨无创呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭的临床疗效。方法:将96例急性发作的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)呼吸衰竭患者作为研究对象,分为对照组与观察组,对照组患者进行常规治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上进行无创通气治疗,比较两组患者的呼吸、心率、血气变化及不良反应、插管情况。结果:观察组患者的呼吸、心率、血气变化及插管均显著优于对照组,观察组患者的不良反应情况均经对症治疗后获得缓解。结论:无创呼吸机可有效治疗慢性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭。