冠心病合并糖尿病患者金属裸支架置入术后再狭窄的临床和造影预测因素

目的探讨冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄发生的危险因素,建立冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄发生概率的预测模型,为中国冠心病合并糖尿病患者药物洗脱支架的合理使用提供循证医学证据。方法分析我院2002-2004年1126例冠状动脉内非药物洗脱支架置入术患者（2376处病变）,使用多元逻辑回归分析比较术后出现再狭窄组和无再狭窄组冠心病合并糖尿病患者临床数据和造影资料,并使用上述数据库建立支架术后再狭窄发生概率预测表。结果在889例（78．9％）有6个月随访冠状动脉造影资料的患者中,151例（17％）有糖尿病。再狭窄定义为支架内及前后5mm范围内狭窄≥50％参考管腔直径。在非糖尿病组（738例）,再狭窄的发生率为21．2％,糖尿病组（151例）再狭窄的发生率为35．9％（P〈0．001）。多元逻辑分析结果显示参考血管直径（≤3．0mm）,病变长度（〉15mm）和胰岛素治疗是冠心病合并糖尿病患者术后再狭窄的可预见危险因素（P〈0．05）。支架术后再狭窄发生概率的预测表结果显示冠心病合并糖尿病患者再狭窄发生概率首要依赖于参考血管直径。结论冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄发生概率显著增加。参考血管直径、病变长度和需要胰岛素治疗是冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄的可预见危险因素。非糖尿病患者合并短病变（〈15mm）而无论参考血管直径,糖尿病患者合并冠状动脉大直径血管（〉3．0mm）合并短病变（〈15mm）预期再狭窄发生率〈15％,可以考虑使用金属裸支架。除此之外,建议使用药物洗脱支架。     

Intravascular ultrasound predictors of angiographic restenosis after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation.

AIMS: In many countries, drug-eluting stent implantation is the dominant interventional strategy. We evaluated the clinical, angiographic, procedural, and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) predictors of angiographic restenosis after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS: SES implantation was successfully performed in 550 patients with 670 native coronary lesions. Six-month follow-up angiography was performed in 449 patients (81.6%) with 543 lesions (81.1%). Clinical, angiographic, procedural, and IVUS predictors of restenosis were determined. Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, the only independent predictors of angiographic restenosis were post-procedural final minimum stent area by IVUS [odds ratio (OR)=0.586, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.387-0.888, P=0.012] and IVUS-measured stent length (OR=1.029, 95% CI 1.002-1.056, P=0.035). Final minimum stent area by IVUS and IVUS-measured stent length that best separated restenosis from non-restenosis were 5.5 mm2 and 40 mm, respectively. Lesions with final minimum stent area<5.5 mm2 and stent length>40 mm had the highest rate of angiographic restenosis [17.7% (11/62)], P<0.001 compared with other groups. CONCLUSION: Independent predictors of angiographic restenosis after SES implantation were post-procedural final minimum stent area by IVUS and IVUS-measured stent length. The angiographic restenosis rate was highest in lesions with stent area<5.5 mm2 and stent length>40 mm.     

Usefulness of predictors of angiographic restenosis to predict clinical restenosis after coronary stent placement

INTRODUCTION: After coronary stenting, several predictors of angiographic in-stent restenosis have been identified in different studies, however, little is known about predictors of clinical restenosis, a more functional aspect of coronary restenosis. AIM: To assess whether risk factors for angiographic restenosis previously described, are able to predict clinical restenosis and at what rate in current practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 216 consecutive patients (271 stents in 256 lesions) with procedural success were followed-up for 17.6 +/-10 months during periodic visits. Clinical restenosis was defined as the presence of symptoms or signs of myocardial ischemia, associated with >= 50% diameter stenosis on the angiogram. RESULTS: Clinical restenosis occurred in 33 lesions (13%), which were revascularized with 34 stents associated with unstable angina in 29, acute myocardial infarction in three and death in one case. Multivariate analysis identified as independent predictors of clinical restenosis, a vessel diameter less than 3 mm (p < 0.001, OR 4.5), a restenotic lesion (p = 0.01, OR 2.9) and the presence of residual stenosis by visual estimate (> 0%) after implantation (p = 0. 02, OR 2.5). These three risk factors explained most clinical restenosis (73%), with rates of 22% when at least one was present and 4% in absence of all these. The presence of diabetes mellitus, the location in the anterior descending coronary artery or at coronary ostium, and the number or total length of stents per lesion did not achieve an independent, significant association as predictors of clinical restenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Most clinical restenosis after coronary stenting can be predicted by the restenotic character of the revascularized lesion, the diameter of the vessel being less than 3 mm and the presence of residual stenosis by visual estimate at the end of procedure.     

Clinical and angiographic outcomes of diabetic patients after coronary stenting: a comparison of native vessel stent restenosis rates in different diabetic subgroups

The main objectives of this study were to analyze the relationship between stent restenosis and microalbuminuria, which may express not only the glomerular vessels damage but also widespread microvascular dysfunction including coronary arterial disease, and to determine the angiographic and clinical outcomes of different diabetic subgroups after coronary stenting. Identification of the factors that may predict the outcome after coronary stent placement in diabetic patients could assist in deciding different stenting strategies in different diabetic subgroups. Control coronary angiographies were performed in 136 diabetic patients 6 months after coronary stent implantation. Patients were divided into 3 subgroups according to their microalbuminuria status. Clinical and angiographic outcomes and distribution of various risk factors were determined for these subgroups. Blood pressure and serum cholesterol concentrations were higher in the overt diabetic nephropathy group. The mean diseased vessel segment rate was lower in patients without microalbuminuria. Although the mean stent length and size were similar, patients without microalbuminuria had lower restenosis rates (23.9% vs 53.2% [microalbuminuria] and 46.2% [overt diabetic nephropathy] p<0.01). Insulin therapy or gender caused no difference in restenosis rate. Although stent lengths and diameters were not different, patients with microalbuminuria had higher restenosis rates. The authors suggest that microalbuminuria may be an independent risk factor for restenosis in patients with diabetes.     

Preventable effects of bare-metal stent on restenosis after everolimus-eluting stent deployment

This case report describes a patient who underwent implantation of a bare-metal stent (BMS) for the treatment of everolimus-eluting stent (EES) restenosis caused by chronic stent recoil, and the BMS successfully escaped from duplicate restenosis and target lesion revascularization (TLR).     

Clinical and angiographic determinants of adverse cardiac events in patients with stent restenosis.

Patients with angiographically proven stent restenoses do not necessarily develop adverse cardiac events. Which clinical, procedural, or angiographic parameters relate to the development of adverse cardiac events among these patients has not been determined. This study included 155 patients (167 stented lesions) with angiographically proven restenosis (> or = 50% diameter stenosis) within the stent or at its margins in routine follow-up angiograms that was obtained at 6.5 +/- 3.6 months after successful stenting. Thirty-six patients (22%) had adverse cardiac events (including unstable angina necessitating target lesion revascularization, acute myocardial infarction, or cardiac death) during follow-up and 119 patients (78%) were event-free. These two groups of patients were compared to determine the parameters related to adverse cardiac events. Univariate determinants of adverse events included hypertension (P = 0.023), unstable angina at initial presentation (P = 0.002), target lesion in proximal left anterior descending artery (P = 0.041), TIMI grade 0-2 flow in follow-up angiograms (p < 0.001), impaired left ventricular function at follow-up (P = 0.002), follow-up minimal lumen diameter < or = 0.6 mm (P = 0.003), follow-up diameter stenosis > 75% (P = 0.005), late loss > 2 mm (P = 0.01), and loss index > 1.127 (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated hypertension (odds ratio, OR, = 3.6; P = 0.019), unstable angina at initial presentation (OR = 2.6; P = 0.007), TIMI grade 0-2 flow at follow-up (OR = 2.8; P = 0.05), impaired LV function at follow-up (OR = 4.2; P = 0.004), and loss index > 1.127 (OR = 3.6; P = 0.017) as independent risk factors for adverse cardiac events. Classification and regression tree analysis identified loss index > 1.127 and impaired LV function as the two strongest determinant of adverse cardiac event. Therefore, hypertensive patients whose initial clinical presentation were unstable angina should be managed carefully to optimize the angiographic results and, most importantly, followed up more closely for development of impaired LV function after coronary stenting in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse cardiac event at follow-up.     

Clinical and angiographic predictors of restenosis following renal artery stenting

Percutaneous stenting has become the procedure of choice for treatment of obstructive atherosclerotic renal artery (RA) disease. Restenosis, however, continues to be in the range of 15-25% of treated vessels. In this study, clinical and angiographic predictors of restenosis were assessed. Of 132 vessels included, fifty-eight were followed for restenosis using duplex Doppler (n=15), conventional angiogram (n=33) or multislice computed tomography (CT) angiogram (n=10). Fifteen vessels (26%) met the criteria for restenosis (lesion > or =50% by conventional or CT angiography or >60% by Doppler) at a follow-up range of 2-20 months (5% <2 months; 68% 3-12 months; 27% 13-20 months). Cox Regression analyses were performed for selected variables. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. History of smoking [odds ratio (OR), 6.6:1; p=0.005] and time to evaluate for restenosis were independent predictors of the occurrence of restenosis. Also, a high restenosis rate (40%) was seen in vessels < or =4 mm in diameter (n=20) in contrast to larger vessels (n=38) >4 mm (18.4%). Although statistical significance was not reached (possibly because of the small sample size), clinically this is a significant finding. A significant drop in systolic (-15.6 mmHg) and diastolic (-6.2 mmHg) blood pressures was seen following RA stenting with no significant change in the total number of antihypertensives used (2.4 versus 2.5 for pre- and post-renal stenting, respectively). CONCLUSION: Restenosis occurred in 26% of successfully stented RAs. History of smoking, time to evaluate for restenosis and small vessels (< or =4 mm) were predictors of its occurrence. Clinically, a significant drop in blood pressure was seen with RA stenting without a change in the total number of antihypertensives on follow-up.     

Clinical and angiographic predictors of recurrent restenosis after percutaneous transluminal rotational atherectomy for treatment of diffuse in-stent restenosis

Due to the widespread use of stents in complex coronary lesions, stent restenosis represents an increasing problem, for which optimal treatment is under debate. "Debulking" of in-stent neointimal tissue using percutaneous transluminal rotational atherectomy (PTRA) offers an alternative approach to tissue compression and extrusion achieved by balloon angioplasty. One hundred patients (70 men, aged 58 +/- 11 years) with a first in-stent restenosis underwent PTRA using an incremental burr size approach followed by adjunctive angioplasty. The average lesion length by quantitative angiography was 21 +/- 8 mm (range 5 to 68) including 22 patients with a length > or = 40 mm. Twenty-nine patients had complete stent occlusions with a lesion length of 44 +/- 23 mm. Baseline diameter stenosis measured 78 +/- 17%, was reduced to 32 +/- 9% after PTRA, and further reduced to 21 +/- 10% after adjunctive angioplasty. Primary PTRA was successful in 97 of 100 patients. Clinical success was 97%, whereas 2 patients developed non-Q-wave infarctions without clinical sequelae. Clinical follow-up was available for all patients at 5 +/- 4 months without any cardiac event. Angiography in 72 patients revealed restenosis in 49%, with necessary target lesion reintervention in 35%. The incidence of rerestenosis correlated with the length of the primarily stented segment and the length of a first in-stent restenosis. Thus, PTRA offers an alternative approach to treat diffuse in-stent restenosis. Neointimal debulking of stenosed stents can be achieved effectively and safely. PTRA resulted in an acceptable recurrent restenosis rate in short and modestly diffuse lesion, whereas the restenosis rate in very long lesions remains high despite debulking.     

Long-term angiographic outcomes of post-Sirolimus-eluting stent restenosis in Japanese patients

Though restenosis after drug-eluting stent implantation is still observed, the factors affecting post-Sirolimus-eluting stent restenosis (re-restenosis) have not been fully determined. We evaluated the long-term angiographic outcomes and examined background factors affecting re-restenosis. We enrolled 51 patients with 68 Sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) restenosis lesions who underwent target lesion revascularization (TLR) and angiographic follow-up studies. Re-restenosis was observed in 29 of 68 restenosis lesions, and the rate was 42.6%. Study subjects were divided into two groups: a re-restenosis (Re-R) group (20 patients) with 29 lesions and a restenosis (R) group (31 patients) with 39 lesions with no re-restenosis. There were no differences in age, sex, coronary risk factors, past history, or medications between the two groups. Re-restenosis was observed more frequently in the right coronary artery (Re-R group vs. R group; 65.5 vs. 33.3%, P = 0.009). The incidence of stent fracture was higher in the Re-R group (Re-R group vs. R group; 48.3 vs. 12.8%, P = 0.003). QCA results showed that the initial lesion length at the time of first coronary intervention was significantly longer in the Re-R group (Re-R group vs. R group; 21.6 ± 3.37 vs. 12.6 ± 4.98 mm, P = 0.049). The rate of re-restenosis was 47.1% when treated with POBA alone, while it was 36.7% with SES treatment. In multivariate analysis, the initial lesion length at the time of first coronary intervention (odds ratio = 1.64, 95% CI 1.29–2.06, P < 0.001) and stent fracture (odds ratio = 12.42, 95% CI 1.89–81.4, P = 0.009) were independent predictors of re-restenosis. This study demonstrates that recurrent restenosis with SES treatment is associated with lesion length and stent fracture, a finding that is beneficial in the management of restenosis after SES implantation.     

Effects of cilostazol on angiographic restenosis after coronary stent placement

This study evaluates the impact of cilostazol on post-stenting restenosis. Cilostazol is a potent antiplatelet agent with antiproliferative properties. Few data are available about the effect of cilostazol on poststenting restenosis. Four hundred nine patients (494 lesions) who were scheduled for elective stenting were randomized to receive aspirin plus ticlopidine (group I, n = 201, 240 lesions) or aspirin plus cilostazol (group II, n = 208, 254 lesions), starting 2 days before stenting. Ticlopidine was given for 1 month and cilostazol for 6 months. Follow-up angiography was performed at 6 months, and clinical evaluation at regular intervals. Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. The procedural success rate was 99.6% in group I and 100% in group II. There were no cases of stent thrombosis after stenting. Angiographic follow-up was performed in 380 of the 494 eligible lesions and the angiographic restenosis rate was 27% in group I and 22.9% in group II (p = NS). However, diffuse type in-stent restenosis was more common in group I than in group II (54.2% vs 26.8%, respectively, p <0.05). In diabetic patients, the angiographic restenosis rate was 50% in group I and 21.7% in group II (p <0.05). Clinical events during follow-up did not differ between the 2 groups. In conclusion, aspirin plus cilostazol seems to be an effective antithrombotic regimen with comparable results to aspirin plus ticlopidine, but it does not reduce the overall angiographic restenosis rate after elective coronary stenting.     

Intravascular ultrasonic predictors of angiographic restenosis after long coronary stenting

The intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) criteria for stent optimization have not been determined in stenting long lesions. We evaluated the predictors of angiographic restenosis and compared it with stent lumen cross-sectional area (CSA) and stent length between short (stent length <20 mm) and long (> or =20 mm) coronary stenting. IVUS-guided coronary stenting was successfully performed in 285 consecutive patients with 304 native coronary lesions. Six-month follow-up angiogram was performed in 236 patients (82.8%) with 246 lesions (80.9%). Results were evaluated using conventional (clinical, angiographic, and IVUS) methods. The overall angiographic restenosis rate was 22.8% (56 of 246 lesions) (short stent 17.6% vs. long stent 32.2%, p = 0.009). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, the independent predictors of angiographic restenosis were the IVUS stent lumen CSA (odds ratio 1.51, 95% confidence intervals 1.18 to 1.92, p = 0.001) and stent length (odds ratio 0.95, 95% confidence intervals 0.91 to 1.00, p = 0.039). The angiographic restenosis rate was 54.8% for stent lumen CSA of <5.0 mm2 (short stent 37.5% vs. long stent 73.3%, p = 0.049), 27.4% for CSA between 5.0 and 7.0 mm2 (short stent 24.1% vs. long stent 31.7%, p = 0.409), 10.5% for CSA between 7.0 and 9.0 mm2 (short stent 10.0% vs. long stent 12.5%, p = 0.772), and 11.4% for stent lumen CSA of > or =9.0 mm2 (short stent 10.4% vs. long stent 13.3%, p = 0.767) (p = 0.001). Compared with short coronary stenting, long coronary stenting is effective treatment modality to cover long lesions with comparable long-term clinical outcomes in cases of stent lumen CSA of > or =7.0 mm2. Regardless of the stent length, the most important factor determining angiographic restenosis was the IVUS stent lumen CSA in relatively large coronary artery lesions.     

冠状动脉支架再狭窄预测因素的探讨

目的　为探讨冠状动脉支架再狭窄的预测因素。方法　收集我院行冠状动脉支架术并随访冠脉造影的病例 6 2例 ,按冠脉造影结果分为支架再狭窄组 33例 ,无再狭窄组 2 9例 ,并分别比较两组病人的临床特点、血管病变特征及术后即刻血管并发症。结果　再狭窄组病人合并有糖尿病史比例较无狭窄组明显增多 (30 3%∶6 9% ,P <0 0 5 ) ;再狭窄组前降支及开口病变比例均明显高于无狭窄组 (81 8%∶5 9 4% ,P <0 0 5 ;2 1 7%∶6 3% ,P <0 0 5 )。再狭窄组的长支架 (≥ 30mm)、单支血管多支架及小支架比例均明显高于无再狭窄组 (2 2 7%∶5 0 % ,P <0 0 1;40 5 %∶15 6 % ,P <0 0 5 ;2 7 2 %∶2 5 % ,P <0 0 5 ) ;再狭窄组病人的支架边端残余狭窄≥ 2 0 %的比例明显高于无再狭窄组(2 4 3%∶3 1% ,P <0 0 5 )。结论　冠状动脉支架术病人合并糖尿病史、前降支、开口病变、长支架、单支血管多支架、小支架及术后即刻支架残余狭窄可能是术后再狭窄的预测因素     

Enhanced extracellular matrix accumulation in restenosis of coronary arteries after stent deployment

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to evaluate the cellular and extracellular composition of human coronary arterial in-stent restenosis after various periods of time following stent deployment. BACKGROUND: Neointimal in-growth rather than stent recoil is thought to be important for coronary arterial in-stent restenosis. There is only limited data on the cellular and extracellular composition changes with time after stent deployment. METHODS: We analyzed 29 coronary arterial in-stent restenotic tissue samples (14 left anterior descending coronary artery, 10 right coronary artery, and 5 left circumflex artery) retrieved by using directional coronary atherectomy from 25 patients at 0.5 to 23 (mean, 5.7) months after deployment of Palmaz-Schatz stents employing histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. RESULTS: Cell proliferation was low (0% to 4%). Myxoid tissue containing extracellular matrix (ECM) enriched with proteoglycans was found in 69% of cases and decreased over time after stenting. Cell-depleted areas were found in 57% of cases and increased with time after stenting. Versican, biglycan, perlecan, and hyaluronan were present with varying individual distributions in all samples. Positive transforming growth factor-beta1 staining was found in 80% of cases. Immunostaining with alpha-smooth muscle actin identified the majority of cells as smooth muscle cells with occasional macrophages present (< or =12 cells per section). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that enhanced ECM accumulation rather than cell proliferation contribute to later stages of in-stent restenosis. Balloon angioplasty of in-stent restenosis may, therefore, fail due to ECM changes during: 1) additional stent expansion, 2) tissue extrusion out of the stent, or 3) tissue compression.     

Results and predictors of angiographic restenosis and long-term adverse cardiac events after drug-eluting stent implantation for aorto-ostial coronary artery disease

The correlates of angiographic and clinical outcomes after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation for aorto-ostial lesions remain unknown. This study evaluated long-term results of DES implantation for aorto-ostial lesions and determined risk factors for restenosis and adverse cardiac events. In total, 184 consecutive patients who underwent DES implantation for aorto-ostial lesions were investigated (DES group) compared with 172 consecutive patients treated with bare metal stents before the introduction of DESs (pre-DES group). Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were defined as death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and need for target lesion revascularization. The DES group had significantly higher risk clinical and procedural profiles than the pre-DES group. Procedural success rates were 99.5% in the DES group and 100% in the pre-DES group (p = 1.0). The DES group had a significantly lower incidence of in-segment restenosis (10.5% vs 26.0%, p = 0.001) and target lesion revascularization (4.3% vs 11.6%, p = 0.011). Cumulative MACE rates at 1 year were 6.5% in the DES group and 13.4% in the pre-DES group (p = 0.03). By multivariate analysis, treatment of bypass graft, treatment of in-stent restenosis, and reference vessel diameter were predictors of restenosis, and only reference vessel diameter (hazard ratio 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.75, p = 0.017) inversely correlated with 1-year MACEs after DES implantation. In conclusion, DES implantation for aorto-ostial lesions is associated with a significant decrease in restenosis and MACEs compared with the pre-DES phase. Treatment of bypass graft and in-stent restenosis and reference vessel size were identified as predictors of restenosis and/or long-term MACEs after DES implantation.     

雷帕霉素洗脱支架治疗支架内再狭窄的临床及冠状动脉造影随访观察

目的评价雷帕霉素洗脱支架(商品名Cypher支架,强生公司产品)治疗支架内再狭窄的疗效及安全性。方法27例支架内再狭窄且有临床缺血症状的患者接受了Cypher支架治疗,其中23例患者的支架内再狭窄为弥漫、复杂病变,有5例同时置入了2个Cypher支架。术后对所有患者进行临床随访及冠状动脉造影复查。结果所有支架均成功置入,无残余狭窄或残余狭窄<10%,未见任何并发症。平均随访时间8.9±2.1(5～14)年,临床随访率96.3%,造影随访率92.6%。随访期间,无一例患者死亡。有1例支架近端边缘节段血管发生了再狭窄导致临床心绞痛复发,2例支架近端边缘节段有轻微的新生内膜增殖,但狭窄程度<25%,其余24例均无明显的晚期管腔丢失。本组支架内平均晚期管腔丢失(0.09±0.02)mm、支架远端边缘节段(0.10±0.03)mm、支架近端边缘节段(0.20±0.06)mm。靶血管血运重建率3.8%。结论Cypher支架治疗支架内再狭窄安全、可行,它能有效防止这类病变的新生内膜增殖和再次再狭窄。