001 调节性T细胞与免疫耐受

近年来关于调节性T细胞在移植模型中介导免疫耐受的作用有相当大的进展.免疫调节的机制特别在感染性耐受途径中是通过调节性T细胞,包括Th2细胞因子(IL,-4、IL-10和TGF-β)均起着直接或间接的促进作用.胸腺是促进调节性T细胞产生的微环境.自身免疫性疾病模型中,调节性细胞有不同的胸腺来源的T细胞亚群.CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞都可调节免疫反应,诱导移植免疫耐受.     

001 LIGHT：一个新的TNF超家族成员

肿瘤坏死因子超家族成员可诱导多种生物学效应，包括细胞的生长、分化以及死亡。其家族成员在炎症反应的调节、对感染的免疫反应以及组织的自稳态中都起到了重要的作用。近年来发现了不少新的TNF超家族成员，LIGHT是其中具有特殊作用的成员之一，它在诱导一些肿瘤细胞凋亡的同时，对T细胞的活化也具有特殊的作用，可通过树突状细胞(DC)而诱导抗原特异性的CTL反应，有望用于肿瘤临床的免疫治疗。本文对LIGHT基因的研究进展进行了综述。     

The role of Casoni’s skin test and indirect haemagglutination test in the diagnosis of hydatid disease

Casonis skin test and indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) are still used in Turkey. The preoperative IHA test or Casonis skin test results of 120 patients with surgically confirmed hydatidosis were retrospectively studied during 1997–2004. At the same period, 306 patients with non-hydatid disease had serologic results for echinococcosis. The sensitivity of immediate intradermal reaction, delayed intradermal reaction, and IHA were 70, 62, and 56%, respectively. Casonis skin test components had higher sensitivity than IHA (P<0.01). The specificity of immediate intradermal reaction, delayed intradermal reaction, and IHA were 87, 85, and 84%, respectively. Cystic lesions in non-hydatid patients were localised commonly in the lungs. The occurrence of hydatid disease for pulmonary, hepatic, and renal cysts was 19, 54, and 5%, respectively. An immediate skin reaction to crude hydatid antigens is more useful than IHA.     

The 6-min walk test in heart failure: is it a max or sub-maximum exercise test?

The aim of the study is to compare the cardiorespiratory response during the 6-min walk test (6MWT) with a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in patients with varying degrees of heart failure. Thirty-seven patients with heart failure (New York Heart Association I–III) were asked to complete a 6MWT and a CPET on a cycle ergometer. Respiratory gases were measured during both the tests and patients were grouped into tertiles according to their VO_2peak reached during the CPET prior to performing statistical analysis of all other respiratory parameters. Patients were grouped into the following tertiles: Group 1 (VO_2peak >25.2 ml/kg per min, N = 13), Group 2 (VO_2peak >17.5–25.2 ml/kg per min), and Group 3 (VO_2peak ≤17.5 ml/kg per min). Despite the good overall correlation between 6MWT VO₂ and CPET VO_2peak (r = 0.72, P < 0.001), significant differences were seen within Groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.05). In Group 1, 6MWT VO₂ was significantly lower compared with CPET VO_2peak, whereas Group 3 showed significantly higher 6MWT VO₂ compared with CPET VO_2peak. In conclusion, the use of the 6MWT to evaluate exercise capacity in patients with heart failure is highly dependent on the degree of functional impairment. In patients with advanced heart failure, the 6MWT elicits a maximum exercise response, whereas it only constitutes a sub-maximal exercise test in patients with mild heart failure and no functional limitations. This must be taken into consideration when using the 6MWT in large epidemiological studies to evaluate therapy outcome and clinical prognosis in patients with varying degrees of clinical disabilities.     

Can prevention trials test theories of etiology?

This paper addresses the issue of whether prevention research methods, particularly those involving randomized prevention trials, can be used to test theories concerning the etiology of psychopathology. Based on recent empirical and theoretical work in developmental psychopathology, three aspects of etiologic theory are discussed: risk and protective mechanisms, the integration of environmental and genetic factors, and patterns of developmental progression in psychopathology across the life span. It is suggested that integration of prevention trial methods with methods from passive correlational designs, behavioral genetics, and longitudinal studies allows for unique opportunities to test hypotheses about etiology. Empirical literature on the development and prevention of internalizing disorders, particularly depression, is presented to support this argument. Limitations of prevention trials for testing theory are also reviewed.     

Women and HIV: when to test?

The devastating effects of HIV infection in women can be altered dramatically with new therapies. Certain clinical syndromes, including oral thrush, diffuse lymphadenopathy, wasting, unexplained fevers, or oral hairy leukoplakia, clearly indicate a need for HIV testing. This article reviews other clinical syndromes, both gender-specific and non-gender-specific, that may prompt the practitioner to consider HIV testing.     

The halstead‐reitan neuropsychological test battery for older children: The effects of age versus clinical status on test performance

A meta‐analysis of reference group data for the Halstead‐Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery for Older Children (HRB‐OC), 9 to 14 years of age, is presented, using the effect size statistic described by Glass (1978). The distance from a pooled normal mean is calculated for published reference data from two groups of normal 9‐year‐old children and six groups of children with compromised neuropsychological status. Results indicate that using age‐referenced normative data may significantly enhance interpretive accuracy with the HRB‐OC, especially for children at the ends of the HRB‐OC age spectrum. The ability of the HRB‐OC tests to separate children by age and by clinical status varies across tests and across samples.     

001 SOCS:细胞因子信号传导的负反馈抑制因子

细胞因子是一类调节机体免疫和神经内分泌功能的生物活性物质,JAK/STAT通路的激活是细胞因子发挥其生物效应最普遍且最重要的细胞内信号传导通路.细胞因子作用的显著特点是其作用的时间性及空间性均受到严格的调控,至少有3种蛋白质家族参与了其信号传导的负调节,其中以SOCS的研究最深入.本文就SOCS的发现、结构、功能及作用机制做一简要的综述.     

Why is it crucial to test anti-lice repellents?

It is difficult to stop lice propagation just by treating infested heads, since reinfections are possible just a few hours after a successful elimination of all lice from a child’s head by application of an active anti-louse product. Therefore, several products have been developed that claim to have a louse repellent activity; however, definite proofs are scarce. The present study involving two louse repellents (Linicin® Preventive Spray, Picksan® NoLice) and three substances (at 10% dilution) known for their general repellency activity shows that there are much more difficulties to repel lice when compared to other insects or even ticks. Thus, it must be feared that several repellents on the market might have used a problematical test system and thus might not be as effective as they claim.     

t检验的应用

t检验是比较两组均数差别的最常用的方法,通常情况下可以简单的分为三类：1配对样本均数比较的t检验1.1所谓＂配对＂是指两样本中的个体两两相对应,不可以独立颠倒顺序,否则会改变问题的性质。目的是推断两个未知总体均数是否有差别。     

t检验的应用

t检验是比较两组均数差别的最常用的方法，通常情况下可以简单的分为三类： 1配对样本均数比较的t检验 1．1所谓“配对”是指两样本中的个体两两相对应，不可以独立颠倒顺序，否则会改变问题的性质。目的是推断两个未知总体均数是否有差别。     

Gerinnungsaktivität und Toxicität bei Heparinen und Heparinoiden

Zusammenfassung 1. Die Toxicität beim Hund und die Gerinnungswirkung in vivo und in vitro beim Menschen von Liquemin (-Heparin), Elheparin und Thrombocid wurden miteinander verglichen.2. Nach Elheparin und Thrombocid starben alle Hunde bei täglichen Dosen, die etwa den klinischen Maximaldosen entsprechen, nach durchschnittlich 6 bis 7 Tagen an noch nicht eindeutig geklärten Stoffwechselstörungen. Bei gleichartiger Liqueminbehandlung starb ein Hund nach 18 Tagen, weitere 5 Tiere überlebten eine 8wöchige Behandlung ohne sichtbare Schädigung.3. Histopathologisch fanden sich bei den mit Elheparin und Thrombocid behandelten Tieren Zeichen einer Capillarschädigung besonders am Darm, in der Leber und in den Nieren. Die Stärke der Veränderungen reicht aber nicht aus, den Tod der Tiere zu erklären. Bei den mit Liquemin behandelten Tieren wurden gleichartige, aber im Ausmaß wesentlich geringere Veränderungen festgestellt.4. Bei in vivo-Versuchen bei 2 Patienten traten nach kleinen Dosen von Elheparin (15000 IE intravenös) stärkere subjektive und objektive Erscheinungen auf (Angstgefühl, starke Unruhe, Pulsbeschleunigung, Ödeme). Liquemin in gleicher bis 5fach höherer Dosis wurde reaktionslos vertragen.5. Bei den in vitro-Versuchen wie auch bei den in vivo-Versuchen ergab sich thrombelastographisch eine 3–10fach geringere Gerinnungshemmung durch Elheparin als durch Liquemin. Bei Thrombocid war das Verhältnis noch ungünstiger. Elheparin zeigte qualitativ gleichartige Wirkungen wie Liquemin hinsichtlich der Hemmung der Fibrinbildung und der Thrombocytenwirkung. Bei Thrombocid fand sich im wesentlichen eine reine Verzögerung der Gerinnung ohne stärkere Beeinträchtigung der Thrombocytenfunktion und des Gerinnselaufbaus.6. Auf Grund der Befunde und bei der bekannten Forderung nach genügend wirksamen, gleichzeitig aber wenig toxischen Antikoagulatien erscheint eine allgemeine klinische Anwendung der untersuchten Heparinoide gegenüber den Nativ-Heparinen nur mit Nachteilen verbunden zu sein.