Relationship between plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and left atrial and left ventricular involvement in essential hypertension

In order to investigate the role of cardiac hypertrophy in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion in patients with essential hypertension, plasma levels of ANP were measured after overnight rest in 36 patients with untreated hypertension and in 31 normotensive controls. In the hypertensive subjects, plasma levels were correlated with left ventricular (LV) and left atrial abnormalities detected by chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG) and M-mode echocardiography. Plasma ANP levels in patients with hypertension averaged 146 +/- 27 pg/ml compared to 46 +/- 7 pg/ml in the normotensive subjects (P less than 0.001). In patients with hypertension a significant correlation was found between ANP and supine systolic blood pressure (r = 0.54, P less than 0.001) and between ANP and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.38, P less than 0.05). Furthermore, plasma ANP levels were correlated with total heart volume (r = 0.68, P less than 0.01), LV mass (r = 0.525, P less than 0.001), LV posterior wall thickness (r = 0.39, P less than 0.05), Sokolow-Lyon index (r = 0.721, P less than 0.001) and end-diastolic diameter of the left atrium (r = 0.334, P less than 0.05). The results suggest a contribution of LV and left atrial abnormalities to ANP secretion in essential hypertension.     

Relation between P-wave dispersion and left ventricular geometric patterns in newly diagnosed essential hypertension

Aim

P-wave durations and P-wave dispersion (PD) are considered to reflect the heterogeneous conduction in atria. The aim of this study was to investigate PD and P-wave duration in different left ventricle geometric patterns of hypertensive patients.

Methods

One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients with newly diagnosed essential hypertension and 29 healthy control groups were included in the study. The maximum and minimum P-wave duration (P_max and P_min, respectively) and PD were measured from the 12-lead surface electrocardiogram. Echocardiographic examination was also performed in all subjects. Four different geometric patterns were identified in hypertensive patients according to left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness.

Results

P-wave dispersion was longer in concentric remodeling (CR), concentric hypertrophy (CH), and eccentric hypertrophy (EH) groups when compared with the control group (P = .009, P < .001, P < .001, respectively). P-wave dispersion of normal left ventricle (NLV) geometric pattern was not different from that of the control group. Patients with NLV geometric pattern had shorter PD than patients who had CH and EH (NLV vs CH, P < .001; NLV vs EH, P = .025). P-wave dispersion of the NLV group was not different from that of the CR group. Patients with CR had also shorter PD than patients who had CH (P = .002). In bivariate analysis, there was a significant correlation between PD with left ventricle geometry, body surface area, LVMI, and relative wall thickness. In multiple linear regression analysis, PD was independently correlated only with LVMI (β = .425, P < .001).

Conclusions

P-wave dispersion is independently associated with LVMI rather than left ventricle geometry and relative wall thickness in hypertensive patients. Thus, it is increased particularly in patients with CH and EH.     

Endogenous ouabain and hemodynamic and left ventricular geometric patterns in essential hypertension

We sought to evaluate the relationships among circulating levels of an endogenous ouabain-like factor (EO) and systemic hemodynamics and left ventricular (LV) geometry in patients with recently diagnosed essential hypertension. We selected 92 never-treated patients with essential hypertension. Blood samples were drawn for estimation of plasma EO (radioimmunoassay) and subjects underwent echocardiographic examination to evaluate LV end-systolic and end-diastolic wall thickness and internal dimensions. LV volumes, stroke volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, LV mass, and relative wall thickness were calculated, and all except the last parameter were indexed by body surface area. LV mass also was indexed by height. On the basis of the values of LV mass index (body surface area or height) and relative wall thickness, subjects were divided into groups with either normal geometry, concentric remodeling, concentric hypertrophy, or eccentric nondilated hypertrophy. In the study population as a whole, circulating EO levels were significantly and directly correlated with mean blood pressure (r = 0.21, P = .048), relative wall thickness (r = 0.34, P = .001), and total peripheral resistance index (r = 0.37, P = .0003). Plasma EO also was significantly and inversely correlated with LV end-diastolic volume index (r = -0.32, P = .002), stroke index (r = -0.34, P = .0009), and cardiac index (r = -0.35, P = .0007). In multiple regression analysis, plasma EO was an independent correlate of total peripheral resistance index, cardiac index, and relative wall thickness. Regardless of the indexation method used for LV mass, plasma EO was higher in patients with concentric remodeling than in those with either normal geometry or concentric hypertrophy. Plasma EO tended to be higher (indexation by body surface area) or was significantly higher (indexation by height) in subjects with concentric remodeling than in those with eccentric nondilated hypertrophy. Patients with concentric remodeling showed the highest total peripheral resistance index and the lowest cardiac index. Our data suggest that EO plays a role in regulating systemic hemodynamics and LV geometry in patients with essential hypertension.     

Relation of atrial natriuretic peptides to left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in heart failure

BACKGROUND: Plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptides are correlated with atrial pressures, as are left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular filling abnormalities. AIMS: This study investigated the relation of atrial natriuretic peptides to both left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in heart failure. METHODS: Plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide were measured in 63 patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. According to Doppler transmitral flow measurements, 19 patients had a restrictive and 44 patients had a non-restrictive left ventricular filling pattern. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide were higher in patients with a restrictive filling pattern than in patients with a non-restrictive filling pattern (197 vs. 75 pmol/l, P<0.0001 and 1.14 vs. 0.45 nmol/l, P<0.0001). In univariate analysis, atrial natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide correlated with deceleration time, E/A ratio and left ventricular ejection fraction. In multivariate analysis, both peptides appeared independently related to left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular filling pattern. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic heart failure, atrial natriuretic peptides provide information on left ventricular systolic as well as diastolic function.     

原发性高血压左心室不同构型心律失常的比较

目的研究原发性高血压患者左心室重构不同构型间心律失常的差异.方法179例原发性高血压患者均进行了24 h动态心电图、动态血压监测、超声心动图等检查,根据检查结果划分左心室构型、判定心律失常,比较左心室重构组与正常构型组心律失常的发生率;通过多元逐步回归分析,甄选出对心律失常有独立影响的因素,并在校正这些影响因素后,比较左心室不同构型间心律失常严重程度的差异.结果左心室重构组的房性心律失常、室性心律失常、复杂室性心律失常的发生率均显著高于正常构型组.而影响原发性高血压心律失常的相对独立因素很多,其中部分左心室解剖结构指标、高血压分级、左心房内径、E/A值、夜间舒张压负荷值以及日平均心率等占重要地位;校正上述影响因素后,不同构型两两比较时,部分构型之间心律失常分级级别仍存在差异,且差异为构型本身差异所致.结论原发性高血压心律失常的影响因素很多(例如高血压分级、左心室重量指数、左心房内径、左心室后壁厚度等),不同构型间心律失常的严重程度存在差异.     

原发性高血压左心室不同构型民律失常的比较

目的 研究原发性高血压患者左心室重构不同构型间心律失常的差异。方法 179例原发性高血压患者均进行了24h动态心电图，动态血压监测，超声心动图等检查，根据检查结果划分左心室构型，判定心律失常，比较左心室重构组与正常构型组心律失常的发生率；通过多元逐步回归分析，甄选出对心律失常有独立影响的因素。并在校正这些影响因素后，比较左心室不同构型间心律失常严重程度的差异。结果 左心室重构组的房性心律失常，室性心律失常，复杂室性心律失常的发生率均显著高于正常构型组，而影响原发性高血压心律失常的相对独立因素很多，其中部分左心室解剖结构指标，高血压分级，左心房内径，E/A值，夜间舒张压负荷值以及日平均心率等占重要地位；校正上述影响因素后，不同构型两两比较时，部分构型之间心律失常分级级别仍存在差异，且差异为构型本知差异所致。结论 原发性高血压心律失常的影响因素很多（例如高血压分级、左心室重量指数，左心房内径，左心室后壁厚度等），不同构型间心律失常的严重程度存在差异。     

Physiological significance of atrial natriuretic peptides in essential hypertension

To investigate the significance of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) in essential hypertension, plasma ANP concentrations in 43 essential hypertensives, 16 borderline hypertensives and 17 normotensive controls were measured. Furthermore, effects of high-sodium and low-sodium intakes on plasma ANP concentration were examined in "salt-sensitive" [SS] and "nonsalt-sensitive" [NSS] patients with essential hypertension. Plasma ANP concentration was significantly higher in hypertensives than in borderline hypertensives and in normotensive controls. No significant difference in plasma ANP concentration was observed between borderline hypertensives and normotensive controls. Plasma ANP concentration increased with the high-sodium diet in both the SS and NSS patients, but the mean increment was significantly greater in the SS than the NSS patients. Urinary excretion of sodium was lower in the SS patients taking the high-sodium diet than the corresponding value in the NSS patients. These findings suggest that an increased level of circulating ANP in hypertensive patients represents a compensatory mechanism to offset further elevation of blood pressure and sodium retention.     

脑钠肽与高血压左室重塑、左室功能的关系

目的:探讨原发性高血压(EH)患者脑钠肽(BNP)水平与左室几何构型、左室功能的关系。方法:应用荧光免疫法快速测定EH组(106例)和对照组(46例)的血浆BNP浓度,根据心脏彩色超声检测结果,依照左室重量指数(LVMI)、相对室壁厚度(RWT)将106例EH患者分为:正常构型亚组(12例)、向心性重构亚组(9例)、离心性肥厚亚组(64例)、向心性肥厚亚组(21例)。应用相关性分析了解EH组LVMI、RWT、年龄、血压、体质指数(BMI)、左室射血分数(LVEF)等因素与BNP关系。结果:在EH各构型亚组中LVMI以离心性肥厚亚组最高,向心性肥厚亚组、离心性肥厚亚组BNP水平较对照组升高明显。EH组LVMI与BNP具有明显的正相关性(r=0.605,P<0.01),RWT与BNP具有明显的负相关(r=-0.266,P<0.01),LVEF与BNP呈负相关(r=-0.552,P<0.01),LVMI、RWT与血压、BMI之间无明显相关性。结论:EH组中不同的左室几何构型对BNP水平产生不同影响,具有更高的LVMI值和更低的LVEF、RWT值患者,BNP水平更高,而年龄、血压、BMI与BNP、LVMI、RWT无明显相关性。     

应用多普勒组织成像技术评价原发性高血压左室舒张功能及其相关因素

目的:应用多普勒组织成像技术(DTI)探讨原发性高血压(EH)左室舒张功能的特点,同时检测血中心钠素(ANP)、脑钠素(BNP)的变化,分析两者与左室舒张功能的关系。方法:对照组20例,EH患者(EH组)61例,均行常规超声及DTI检查,EH患者根据左室质量指数(LVMI)分为左室心肌肥厚(LVH)亚组和无 LVH(NLVH )亚组。DTI测量二尖瓣侧环心肌舒张早期峰值运动速度(e)、晚期峰值运动速度(a)及其比值(e/a),测量二尖瓣瓣尖水平舒张早期的最大流速(E0)、舒张晚期的最大流速(A)及 E0 与A流速的比值E0/A。入选病例均测定血浆ANP、BNP浓度。结果:与对照组相比,EH患者E0/A、e/a减小,LVH亚组减小更明显;与对照组相比,EH血浆 ANP、BNP浓度升高, LVH升高更明显; E0/A、e/a比值与 ANP 呈负相关( r = - 0.56和 r = -0.60, 均P<0.01),与BNP呈负相关( r=-0.62和 r=-0.65,均 P<0.01)。结论:血浆 ANP、BNP与应用DTI技术评价的EH左室舒张功能均有较好相关性。     

细胞因子与高血压病患者左室构型的相关性研究

目的观察高血压病患者细胞因子的变化及与左室构型改变的相关性。方法采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测60例高血压病患者(高血压组)和20例正常对照组血清炎性细胞因子浓度,并应用彩色多普勒超声心动图测定其左心室重量指数(LVMI)、相对室壁厚度(RWT)分析左室构型改变与细胞因子相关性。结果与正常对照组比较,高血压组左室不同构型组的血清细胞因子含量明显升高,高血压组中正常构型组与其他构型组的血清细胞因子含量比较也有明显差异,高血压组LVMI与肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、白细胞介素6呈正相关,RWT与TNFα呈正相关。结论细胞因子的过度激活与高血压病患者左室构型改变密切相关,在心肌重构发生发展中起着重要的作用。     

Left ventricular geometric patterns and QT dispersion in untreated essential hypertension

The spectrum of left ventricular adaptation to hypertension, different types of hypertrophy patterns, and QT dispersion in different types of hypertrophy was investigated in 107 patients with untreated essential hypertension and 30 age- and gender-matched normal adults studied by 12-derivation electrocardiogram (ECG), two-dimensional, and M-mode echocardiography.Left ventricular mass (LVM), body mass index, total peripheral resistance (TPR), relative wall thickness (RWT), and QT dispersion were found to be statistically significantly higher in the hypertension group (P < .001 for all). Among hypertensive patients, 41.1% had both normal LVM and RWT, here called normal left ventricle in hypertension; 10.3% had concentric hypertrophy with increased LVM and RWT; 14.95% had eccentric hypertrophy with increased LVM and normal RWT; and 32.7% had concentric remodeling with normal LVM and increased RWT.Echocardiographically derived cardiac index was higher in the concentric hypertrophy and eccentric hypertrophy patterns (P = .002 and P < .0001, respectively), whereas TPR was higher in the concentric hypertrophy and concentric remodeling patterns (P = .017 and .02, respectively).QT dispersion values were found to be increased in the hypertensive group (P = .001), whereas similar values were calculated for different types of hypertrophy patterns.We conclude that the more common types of ventricular adaptation to essential hypertension are eccentric hypertrophy and concentric remodeling. Concentric hypertrophy is found to be associated with both volume and pressure overload, whereas eccentric hypertrophy is associated with volume overload only and concentric remodeling is associated with pressure overload. But different left ventricular geometric patterns seem to have similar effects on QT dispersion.     

Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension.

The spectrum of left ventricular geometric adaptation to hypertension was investigated in 165 patients with untreated essential hypertension and 125 age- and gender-matched normal adults studied by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. Among hypertensive patients, left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness were normal in 52%, whereas 13% had increased relative wall thickness with normal ventricular mass ("concentric remodeling"), 27% had increased mass with normal relative wall thickness (eccentric hypertrophy) and only 8% had "typical" hypertensive concentric hypertrophy (increase in both variables). Systemic hemodynamics paralleled ventricular geometry, with the highest peripheral resistance in the groups with concentric remodeling and hypertrophy, whereas cardiac index was super-normal in those with eccentric hypertrophy and low normal in patients with concentric remodeling. The left ventricular short-axis/long-axis ratio was positively related to stroke volume (r = 0.45, p less than 0.001), with cavity shape most elliptic in patients with concentric remodeling and most spheric in those with eccentric hypertrophy. Normality of left ventricular mass in concentric remodeling appeared to reflect offsetting by volume "underload" of the effects of pressure overload, whereas eccentric hypertrophy was associated with concomitant pressure and volume overload. Thus, arterial hypertension is associated with a spectrum of cardiac geometric adaptation matched to systemic hemodynamics and ventricular load. Concentric left ventricular remodeling and eccentric hypertrophy are more common than the typical pattern of concentric hypertrophy in untreated hypertensive patients.     

定量组织速度成像技术评估高血压患者左室构型与功能关系的研究

目的应用QTVI超声心动技术评价高血压患者左室构型与功能的关系。方法120名原发性高血压患者按Ganau分类法分为4型,正常对照组32名,均行常规超声心动图及QTVI检查。比较分析QTVI所测左室壁二尖瓣环六个位点(侧壁和后间隔、前壁和下壁、前间隔和后壁)处的运动速度指标Sm、Em、Am及Em/Am的变化特点,且与常规超声心动功能指标FS、LVEF、E/A进行比较。结果①高血压各组患者左室壁二尖瓣环六个位点处的平均Sm、Em较正常对照组均显著减低(P<0.05或P<0.01);②Sm在高血压各组中数值呈递减变化,离心性肥厚组Sm最低;③在高血压各组中,向心性肥厚组Em数值最小,其次为离心性肥厚组,向心性重构组和正常构型组。结论①QTVI技术比常规超声心动图能更早、更敏感地发现高血压所致的左心室收缩、舒张功能障碍。②随着高血压时左室由正常构型向离心性肥厚的发展,QTVI能准确评估左心室收缩和舒张功能变化特点。     

Cardiomyocyte functions couple with left ventricular geometric patterns in hypertension.

Previous studies have suggested the prognostic significance of left ventricular (LV) geometric patterns in essential hypertension. However, the relation between cardiomyocyte functional changes and LV geometric patterns has not been clarified. This study was designed to assess the morphological and functional changes in isolated myocytes derived from different LV geometric patterns in hypertension. After 2-3 weeks of a high-salt (8%) diet from the age of 6 weeks, 20 Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats were classified into the following three groups on the basis of an echocardiographically determined LV mass index and the relative wall thickness: concentric hypertrophy (11), eccentric hypertrophy (4), and concentric remodeling (5). Ten Dahl salt-resistant (DR) rats served as controls. In vivo LV functions were assessed based on echocardiographic measurements. We examined ventricular myocytes isolated from all groups. To evaluate the force-frequency relation, cardiomyocytes isolated from all groups were paced at stimulation rates of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Hz. Concentric hypertrophy and eccentric hypertrophy groups exhibited an increase in myocyte width but no changes in the length. Concentric hypertrophy and concentric remodeling groups demonstrated in vivo LV dysfunction. In addition, DS rats, especially these with concentric hypertrophy, demonstrated impaired frequency responses in terms of both myocyte contraction and relaxation compared with DR rats. This impaired force-frequency relationship was especially remarkable at high frequencies. These findings suggest that the structural and functional changes in cardiomyocytes are closely related to the LV geometric pattern and may contribute to a different prognosis according to different geometric patterns.     

Association of atrial natriuretic peptide and type a natriuretic peptide receptor gene polymorphisms with left ventricular mass in human essential hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of our study was to investigate the relationships between atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and type A natriuretic peptide receptor (NPRA) gene polymorphisms and left ventricular structure in human essential hypertension. BACKGROUND: Experimental evidence supports a key role for natriuretic peptides in the modulation of cardiac mass. This relationship has not yet been described in human disease. METHODS: A total of 203 hypertensive patients were studied by mono-bidimensional echocardiography. Three markers of the ANP gene (-C664G, G1837A, and T2238C polymorphisms) and a microsatellite marker of both NPRA and BNP genes were characterized. RESULTS: Patients carrying the ANP gene promoter allelic variant had increased left ventricular mass index (117.4 +/- 1.7 g vs. 95.7 +/- 1.7 g, p = 0.005), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (1.14 +/- 0.07 cm vs. 0.96 +/- 0.01 cm, p < 0.0001), left ventricular septal thickness (1.12 +/- 0.10 cm vs. 1.04 +/- 0.01 cm, p = 0.01), and relative wall thickening (47.5 +/- 4.1% vs. 39.4 +/- 5.3%, p = 0.001) as compared with the wild-type genotype. These associations were independent from anthropometric factors and major clinical features and were confirmed in a large subgroup of never-treated hypertensive patients (n = 148). Carrier status of the ANP gene promoter allelic variant was associated with significantly lower plasma proANP levels: 1,395 +/- 104 fmol/ml versus 3,110 +/- 141 fmol/ml in hypertensive patients carrying the wild-type genotype (p < 0.05). A significant association for NPRA gene variants with left ventricular mass index and left ventricular septal thickness was found. The analysis of BNP did not reveal any effect on cardiac phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that the ANP/NPRA system significantly contributes to ventricular remodeling in human essential hypertension.     

Relation of hemodynamic reaction during stress to left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension

To elucidate the impact of increased afterload during physical and mental stress on myocardial hypertrophy, a homogeneous population of 73 patients with untreated mild-to-moderate essential hypertension were enrolled in the current study. Left ventricular mass and cross-sectional area, both determined by 2-D guided M-mode echocardiography, were related to blood pressure measured at rest as well as during various stress situations. Left ventricular mass and cross-sectional area correlated with systolic pressure at work site (r = 0.28 and r = 0.23 respectively, P less than .05) and systolic pressure at complete rest (r = 0.35 and r = 0.33, P less than .01). Neither the response in blood pressure to mental arithmetic or a bicycle exercise test performed in the laboratory, nor blood pressure during both stress tests were significantly related to the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy. In addition, patients with a hyperreactive response to mental arithmetic or to the physical stress test did not disclose a greater left ventricular mass than normoreactors. Examining the hemodynamic response pattern during mental arithmetic, we found that patients with vasoconstriction during mental stress had a greater left ventricular mass than individuals with vasodilation during mental stress (244 +/- 73 v 204 +/- 53 g, P less than .05), but this was due to the impact of obesity on left ventricular mass (analysis of covariance: F = 2.1, P = NS). Thus, blood pressure at work site and at rest, but not blood pressure during mental or physical stress, nor the response of blood pressure to both stress tests, was linked to the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)