Ascending colonic variceal bleeding: utility of phase-contrast MR portography in diagnosis and follow-up after treatment with TIPS and variceal embolization

The authors describe the discovery of ascending colonic variceal veins via celiomesenteric diagnostic angiography following a bout of melena in a 44-year-old woman. Magnetic resonance imaging, including phase-contrast MR venography, allowed visualization of the portal and systemic veins immediately after the initial angiograms. The hemorrhagic episode did not resolve until after transjugular intrahepatic shunt insertion and selective variceal embolization through the shunt. At 1 week-, 3 months-, and 6 months post treatment, follow-up MR venography no longer revealed the presence of colonic varices. Colonoscopy at 6 months was normal and the patient did not have any further episodes of bleeding until a liver transplantation was performed after 9 months. Received: 3 August 1999; Revised: 7 December 1999; Accepted: 10 December 1999     

Percutaneous transhepatic obliteration for life-threatening bleeding after endoscopic variceal ligation in a patient with severe esophagogastric varices

We report a case of life-threatening bleeding after endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) in a patient with severe esophagogastric varices that was treated by percutaneous transhepatic obliteration (PTO). 3D-CT reconstruction image demonstrated giant esophagogastric varices and gastrorenal shunt. The spleen volume was 813 mL, and the liver volume was 716 mL; giving a spleen/liver volume ratio of 1.1. A strategy of stepwise partial splenic artery embolization (PSE) was employed to control portal venous pressure based on the concept of splanchnic caput Medusae. The S/L ratio improved to 0.3 by stepwise PSE. Subsequently, EVL was performed for esophageal varices, but bleeding occurred afterward, and hemostasis using a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube was attempted. Subsequently, PTO was performed the following day for embolization of the left gastric vein. Gastric varices and gastrorenal shunt were intentionally reserved to avoid portal venous pressure increase. After the procedure, his condition improved. We conclude, in patients with severe esophagogastric varices, prudent management of the splenomegaly and the collateral tracts is necessary.     

Traesjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in portai vein thrombosis: Role of the right gastric vein with anomalous insertion

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was performed in two patients with portal vein thrombosis. In both patients, hepatopetal flow had been maintained by an anomalous insertion of the right gastric vein (RGV) into the portal vein bifurcation and into the left portal branch respectively. In one patient, the main portal trunk could not be recanalized and the RGV was used as an accessory portal vein to place one stent for TIPS. In the other case, access through the partial portal-vein occlusion was gained and three stents were placed from the hepatic vein to the main portal vein distal to the thrombus. In portal vein thrombosis, the aberrant insertion of the RGV into the left or right portal branches may maintain patency of the intrahepatic portal system and, in case of unsuccessful recanalization of the porta, may represent the sole pathway for placing a TIPS     

胃冠状静脉栓塞联合部分脾栓塞治疗食管静脉曲张出血和脾功能亢进症：与外科手术比较

目的评价经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞(PEGV)联合部分脾栓塞(PSE)双介入治疗中、晚期肝硬化食管静脉曲张及门脉高压的效果。方法50例肝硬化患者,随机分为双介入组和外科手术组,分别行PEGV联合PSE治疗和断流术。随访24个月,行胃镜、腹部超声、肝功能和凝血系列检查,并统计分析结果。结果入组50例患者均顺利进行相应治疗。在双介入组,术前白细胞、血小板计数分别是(2.33±0.65)×109/L和(3.63±1.05)×109/L,术后24个月分别是(7.98±3.0)×109/L和(163±91)×109/L(P<0.05);术前门静脉直径(1.47±0.25)cm,术后24个月为(1.31±0.23)cm(P<0.05);术后24个月11例患者食管静脉曲张程度自Ⅲ级降至Ⅱ级,6例患者自Ⅱ级降至Ⅰ级。1例患者出现门脉血栓。术后24个月再出血率为16%(4/25),3例患者因再出血死亡,1例患者死于肝功能衰竭。在外科治疗组,术前白细胞和血小板计数分别是(2.2±0.60)×109/L和(41.0±12.5)×109/L,术后24个月分别为(9.3±2.56)×109/L和(321±12.5)×109/L(P<0.0...     

早期经颈静脉肝内门体分流术治疗肝硬化急性静脉曲张破裂出血患者的meta分析

【摘要】 目的 meta分析比较早期经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）和内镜治疗（ET）对肝硬化急性静脉曲张破裂出血（AVB）患者的治疗价值。方法 检索中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、万方数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library数据库,纳入建库至2020年2月1日有关早期TIPS和ET治疗肝硬化AVB对照试验研究,采用Stata 16.0软件进行统计学处理。结果 共检索相关文献893篇,最终纳入6项研究,涉及1 806例患者,其中TIPS组424例,ET组1 382例。TIPS组控制肝硬化AVB患者5 d内出血显著低于ET组（Log OR=－2.00,95%CI=－2.89～－1.12,P＜0.05;I2=0%,P=0.75）,早期（5 d至6周）再出血显著低于ET组（Log OR=－1.47,95%CI=－1.99～－0.94,P＜0.05;I2=0%,P=0.59）,1年病死率显著低于ET组（Log OR=－0.69,95%CI=－1.32～－0.07,P=0.03;I2=52.79%,P=0.08）,非严重并发症发生率较ET组低（Log OR=－0.89,95%CI=－1.62～－0.17,P=0.02;I2=0%,P=0.40）。结论 早期TIPS治疗肝硬化AVB患者的有效性和安全性均优于ET,可推荐用于治疗大部分肝硬化AVB患者。     

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation for the Prevention of Gastric Variceal Rebleeding in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

PurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation for the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Materials and MethodsThis multicenter retrospective study included 126 cirrhotic patients (mean age, 54.1 ± 10.2 years; 110 men) with HCC who underwent TIPS creation for the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding. Of these, 110 (87.3%) patients had gastroesophageal varices and 16 (12.7%) patients had isolated gastric varices. Thirty-five (27.8%) patients had portal vein tumor thrombus.ResultsTIPS creation was technically successful in 124 (98.4%) patients. Rebleeding occurred in 26 (20.6%) patients during the follow-up period. The 6-week and 1-year actuarial probabilities of patients remaining free of rebleeding were 98.3% ± 1.2% and 81.2% ± 3.9%, respectively. Forty-nine (38.8%) patients died during the follow-up period. The 6-week and 1-year actuarial probabilities of survival were 98.4 ± 1.1% and 65.6 ± 4.4%, respectively. Two (1.6%) patients had major procedure-related complications, including acute liver failure (n = 1) and intra-abdominal bleeding (n = 1). Thirty-three (26.2%) patients had at least 1 episode of overt hepatic encephalopathy during the follow-up period. Shunt dysfunction occurred in 15 (11.9%) patients after a median follow-up time of 11.4 months (range, 1.4–41.3 months). Lung metastasis occurred in 3 (2.4%) patients, 3.9–32.9 months after TIPS creation.ConclusionsTIPS creation may be effective and safe for the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding in patients with HCC.     

Emergent Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation for Acute Gastric Variceal Bleeding in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A total of 42 cirrhotic patients (mean age, 51.7 years ± 10.8; 38 men) with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent emergent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation for controlling acute gastric variceal bleeding (GVB) were included in this multicenter retrospective study. Of these, 37 (88.1%) patients underwent emergent TIPS creation as the first-line treatment to control acute GVB. Five (11.9%) patients underwent emergent TIPS creation as a rescue/salvage treatment to control acute GVB after emergent endoscopic therapy and pharmacotherapy. Emergent TIPS creation was technically successful in 40 (95.2%) patients. Two (4.8%) patients had severe and moderate procedural adverse events. The median follow-up duration was 16.9 months (range, 0.1–100.8 months). Failure to control acute bleeding and failure to prevent rebleeding occurred in 8 (19.0%) patients during follow-up. Eighteen (42.9%) patients died during follow-up. Three (7.1%) patients had shunt dysfunction during follow-up. Overt hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 6 (14.3%) patients during follow-up.     

Endovascular Assessment of Liver Hemodynamics in Patients with Cirrhosis Complicated by Portal Hypertension

The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is currently considered the gold standard to assess portal hypertension (PH) in patients with cirrhosis. A meticulous technique is important to achieve accurate and reproducible results, and values obtained during measurement are applied in risk stratification of patients with PH, allocating treatment options, monitoring follow-up, and deciding management options in surgical patients. The use of portosystemic pressure gradients in patients undergoing placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts has been studied extensively and has great influence on decisions on shunt diameter. The purpose of this study was to describe the recommended technique to measure HVPG and portosystemic pressure gradient and to review the existing literature describing the importance of these hemodynamic measurements in clinical practice.