五城市大学生吸烟状况调查与分析

为了解目前我国大学生吸烟状况，并为控制吸烟立法提供科学依据，我们对五城市3340名大学生吸烟状况以及大学生对吸烟行为的认识和态度进行了调查．结果表明；男生吸烟率为29.4％，偶尔吸烟率45．0％，女生吸烟率为1.8％，偶尔吸烟率9．9％．近90％大学生不同程度地了解吸烟的危害；大学男生吸烟者与不吸烟者对控制吸烟措施的反映基本一致．     

诸城市中学生吸烟情况调查

为了解我市中学生吸烟情况，我们于1991年11月对我市城乡4所中学1366人（男855人，女511人）进行了吸烟情况调查，为保证资料的可靠性，采取不记名填表法，调查共设计14个项目，每一项目设计若干选择答案，学生独立填写，当场交卷，调查结果如下：1吸烟率我市中学生吸烟率为23．41％；其中城区男生31．20％，女生1.78％，乡村男生37.37％，女生5.38％；城区男生与乡村男生吸烟率经统计学检验差异无显著性（P＞0．05）．2开始吸烟年龄有53.25％的中学生15～17岁开始吸烟，其中69．39％城区男生开始吸烟年龄为16～18岁，72．18％乡村男生开始…     

干预前后中,小学生吸烟行为的变化

本文对沈阳市５７１５名中小学生进行了吸烟率，吸烟知识行为干预措施效果研究。结果表明：干预前吸烟率为６．７％。男生为１２．４％，女生为０．７％；吸烟动机中好奇心为首位占３３．８％；家长、教师吸烟对学生有不良影响。施加干预措施后，城市吸烟率下降２．４％，农村吸烟率下降１．０％；而对照组城市吸烟率上升３．２％，农村吸烟率上升２．２％，干预组学生对吸烟危害认识提高，行为向健康化发展。     

三万名大、中学生吸烟状况的调查研究

１９８９～１９９０年作者对福州、厦门、沈阳、成都四城市的１６所中学和７所大学３万名学生中的吸烟状况进行调查的结果表明：男生吸烟率初中为４．１７％、高中为１２．６５％、大学为３０．４８％；女生吸烟率初中为０．１８％、高中为０．２１％、大学为２．１９％。吸烟率随年龄和学龄的增长而上升，男生吸烟率远比女生高。开始吸烟年龄，初中男生主要为１２～１４岁、高中男生为１４～１６岁、大学为１７～２０岁。开始吸烟的主要原因是伙伴劝吸、生活无聊和消除紧张，家人吸烟对学生也有很大影响。调查结果与１９８４年全国吸烟调查结果相比，５年间男生吸烟率初中上升１．７个百分点、高中上升９．６个百分点、大学上升９．１个百分点，呈上升趋势。     

北京市中小学生吸烟状况抽样调查

采用问卷方法对北京市城乡３万余名中小学生进行了吸烟状况的抽样调查。结果表明，小学生吸烟率为３．９３％（男生５．４７％，女性０．８７％），中学生吸烟率为８．９３％（男生１７．８％，女生０．８２％）。吸烟烟程短、程度轻、吸烟量少是本次调查学生吸烟的特点。学生吸烟与情绪、心理、父母的化、习惯、职业等诸多因素有关。提示我们教育学生不吸烟，培育健康行为，应针对学生的心理发育特点，从小学一年开始。     

1103名高中学生吸烟行为及心理调查分析

为了有的放矢的对学生进行吸烟行为及心理矫正，本文采用问卷方法对赣榆县中学１１０３名高中学生进行了调查。结果表明：高中学生吸烟率为７．１６％，男生吸烟率为９．４０％，女性吸烟率为１．８４％。吸烟始动原因是多方面的，有社会的、家庭的、学校的及心理因素。     

理工科大学毕业生吸烟及其影响因素

目的了解大学毕业生就业前吸烟的社会心理因素，为学校开展控烟健康教育工作提供依据。方法采用个别访谈和随机抽样的方法。抽取兰州理工大学毕业生365名进行问卷调查。结果尝试吸烟率男生为87．94％，女生为79．52％；现吸烟率男女生分别为65．60％和22．89％；每天吸烟2—10支的男生占62．41％，女生每天吸烟少于2支的占65．06％。结论大学毕业生离校前尝试吸烟和吸烟率很高，好奇、人际交往、同学和朋友是吸烟的主要社会心理影响因素。大学校园开设戒烟干预任重道远。     

大中学生吸烟行为干预对策研究

在３万名大、中学生吸烟状况调查的基础上进行吸烟行为综合干预对策研究。干预实验是针对大、中学生的年龄、文化水平、学习环境、心理状态和吸烟特点，从普及卫生知识、加强行政干预和争取社会支持三方面同时并进。方法上着重知识性、趣味性和社会性。经过两个阶段的干预，大学男生吸烟率由３０．４８％下降至２５．１６％；高中男生由１２．６５％下降至９．２８％；初中男生则由４．１９％下降至３．５５％，而女生吸烟率却呈上升趋势。从实验结果来看，加强卫生宣传教育和行政管理对青年学生是能起到降低吸烟率的作用，但必须持之以恒，方能达到所期望的干预效果。     

河南省中学生吸烟状况调查及其干预对策

调查中学生吸烟倾向和吸烟行为的影响因素，制定有关教育策略及其干预措施。方法：采用随机整群抽样法，对河南省新乡市在校学生进行问卷调查。结果：中学生总吸烟率为８．４％，其中男生为１５．１％，女生为１．３％；初吸烟年龄平均为１１岁；初中生和高中生均随年级升高而吸烟率有明显上升；影响中学生吸烟的主要因素为掌握捐烟有害健康的知识，同伴压力及学生经济状况。结论：在进行控为活动的同时，应采取针对中小学生理、心理     

武汉市中专男生抽烟现况调查与干预对策

本文报道武汉市中专男生652名抽烟现况．年龄14～21岁．吸烟率68．4％。吸烟动机分析：40．1％为社交需要，29．8％为愉快感和休息，22％为缓解紧张，显示潇洒和气派的占15．5％；有73．8％受同学相互吸烟影响，16．6％受老师影响．仅4．9％受父母影响。调查显示吸烟及不吸烟同学对抽烟危害健康的了解程度无显著性差异。笔者认为通过健康教育，理想人生观教育来合理诱导学生的禁烟，变强制行为为自觉行为。     

Psychological constructs to predicting smoking behavior among Korean secondary school students

BACKGROUND: Current research on cigarette smoking has largely been focused on identifying the relationship between psychological attributes and the onset or initiation of smoking behavior. Few data are available on the psychological predictors of smoking behavior among Korean adolescents. This study examined the prevalence of smoking behavior among Korean adolescents, revealed factors affecting their smoking behavior, and identified the relationship between smoking behavior and psychological variables. METHODS: Four Korean-version questionnaires were used to assess adolescents' smoking behavior and their psychological attributes: Smoking Habit Scale, Multidimensional Health Locus of Scale, Self-efficacy Scale, and Self-esteem Scale. Frequency, Chi-square, ANOVA, correlation, and regression analyses were performed to analyze the data obtained in the study. RESULTS: The results indicate that smoking problem in the Korean adolescents is a crucial factor that might adversely affect their overall health. Forty-three percent of adolescents responded that they had smoked a cigarette in their lifetime and 26% are current smokers. Male adolescents were more likely to smoke in their lifetime and have currently smoked a cigarette than females. The adolescents aged 17-18 years had smoked more cigarette than those in other age groups. Among the five psychological variables, IHLC and self-efficacy significantly differentiated adolescents at different smoking status. Furthermore, IHLC, self-esteem, and self-efficacy were significantly correlated with smoking behavior and those psychological constructs had a significant linear relation to account for smoking behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological variables have a meaningful influence on smoking behavior of adolescents.     

武汉市私立学校中学生吸烟状况的初步分析

目的　了解私立学校中学生的吸烟状况 ,为加强青少年吸烟行为的干预措施提供依据。方法　以美国南加州大学提供的“青少年控烟项目调查问卷”为基础 ,对武汉市 8所私立学校 1 30 7名中学生进行问卷调查。以尝试吸烟率、吸过一整支烟的吸烟率、过去 30d吸烟率、吸过 1 0 0支烟吸烟率描述学生的吸烟行为。结果　中学生的初始吸烟年龄平均为 1 1 .2岁 ;尝试吸烟率为 54 .0 % ,吸过 1整支烟的比例为 2 2 .0 % ,过去 30d内吸烟率为 1 9.4 % ,吸烟 >1 0 0支的学生占 4 .4 % ;吸烟情况分析中 ,54 .1 %的学生是在好奇的情况下抽烟 ;吸烟来源中 ,46 .0 %的学生报告香烟是从朋友或同学那里得到的。结论　私立学校中学生的吸烟状况严重 ,加强对吸烟行为的早期预防教育和干预控制刻不容缓     

Standardization of definitions concerning smoking behavior among Japanese adolescents--results from the Japan Adolescent Smoking Survey (JASS)]

The aim of the Japan Adolescent Smoking Survey (JASS) is to standardize the definitions of smoking behavior among Japanese adolescents together with measurement methods and questionnaires concerned. A study of 9921 school children aged 9 to 18 years in 17 elementary schools, 16 junior high schools and 18 senior high schools in 9 prefectures, was conducted between June and July of 1989, to determine the relationship between actual smoking behavior during the past month or year and the "self-referent label" concerning their smoking status. The main results were as follows: 1) The percentage of those who smoked at least one cigarette during the past month showed a high degree of similarity to the percentage of those who referred to themselves as "regular smokers" or "occasional smokers". 2) Less than 10% of students who identified themselves as "never smokers" or "ex-smokers" smoked at least one cigarette during the past month, while more than 80% of students who referred to themselves as "regular smokers" or "occasional smokers" smoked during the past month. 3) On the whole, those who smoked 20 or more cigarettes during the past month referred to themselves as "regular smokers"; those who smoked between 2 and 19 cigarettes as "occasional smokers"; those who smoked 1 cigarette as "ex-smokers"; those who did not smoke during the past month as "never smokers". 4) The definition where students who smoked one cigarette during the past month are classified as a category of smoker, displayed a high level of sensitivity and specificity for all school-level groups and for both sexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Analysis of influential factors associated with the smoking behavior of aboriginal schoolchildren in remote Taiwanese mountainous areas

BACKGROUND: A disparity in smoking behavior exists between the general and minority populations residing in Taiwan's mountainous areas. This study analyzed individual and environmental factors associated with children's smoking behavior in these areas of Taiwan. METHODS: In this school‐based study, data on smoking behavior and related factors for mountain‐dwelling students were obtained from the 2008 and 2009 Control of School‐aged Children Smoking Study surveys. A representative sample (N = 1239) from 26 primary schools was included. The association among 3 groups (never‐, former‐, and current‐smokers) and the potential variables were simultaneously examined using unordered polytomous logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Between 13% and 34% of ever‐smokers reported that their first smoking experience was in third grade. More than 70% were found to have bought cigarettes and 87% reported that the tobacco retailers had sold them cigarettes. The significant factors for current‐smokers were predisposing factors, ie, attitude toward smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.21); reinforcing factors, ie, family smoked in front of me (AOR = 2.44), friends smoked in front of me (AOR = 16.24), and school staff smoked in front of me (AOR = 2.98); and enabling factors, ie, cigarette availability and accessibility (AOR = 2.16 and 2.42, respectively). A student's perceived punishment for smoking at school had a positive significant effect on the risk of being former‐smokers (AOR = 1.57). CONCLUSION: The findings provide a basis for school and community to design and implement effective anti‐smoking programs for remote mountain‐based students to further reduce youth smoking.     

Smoking and alcohol drinking behavior among Japanese adolescents--results from "Japan Know Your Body Study"]

The "Japan Know Your Body Study" (JKYB) is an example of collaborative activities of technology transfer carried out in Japan in several phases. The first phase is a needs assessment and data collection survey and it was administered during 1989. A survey was conducted throughout 9 prefectures in Japan with participation by 49 schools. Subjects were students in elementary, junior and senior high schools who ranged in age from 6 to 18 years. Participants, 12,892 in total, completed a survey on knowledge, attitude and behavior regarding cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, diet, exercise and so on. The main results concerning cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking behavior were as follows: 1) The percentage of monthly male smokers rose remarkably from 8% in the third grade of junior high school to 37% in the third grade of senior high school, while that of female smokers showed a slow rise from 3% to 15%. The sex difference for smoking behavior was clear among senior high school students. 2) Smoking rates increased in proportion to the numbers of parents, siblings and friends who smoked. Above all, smoking behavior of friends was strongly related. Among senior high school students, for example, 50% of males and 46% of females who had two or more smoking friends were smokers, as compared to 5% of males and 2% of females with no smoking friends. 3) The percentage of monthly drinkers rose at a steady pace from 13% of males and 7% of females in the fifth grade of elementary schools to 59% of males and 50% of females in the third grade of senior high schools. The sex difference for alcohol drinking behavior among senior high school students, while statistically significant, was not as pronounced as that for smoking behavior. These results suggest that tobacco- and alcohol-use prevention programs should be introduced in elementary schools and those programs should include components relating to the social influences of parents, siblings and friends.     

Factors Contributing to Regular Smoking in Adolescents in Turkey

PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to determine the levels of lifetime cigarette use, daily use, and current use among young people (aged 15-19 years) and to examine the risk factors contributing to regular smoking. METHODS: The number of students was determined proportionately to the numbers of students in all the high schools in the province of Trabzon in Turkey. The data were gathered using the questionnaire method. A total of 4666 students participated in the study. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used in data analysis. RESULTS: Of the 4666 students who took part in the study, the level of lifetime cigarette use was 38.2% (n = 1796), that of lifetime daily cigarette use was 10.5% (n = 491), and that of current cigarette use was 9.5% (n = 447). Male students (P < .0005), those whose mothers were smokers (P < .0005), those whose fathers smoked (P = .005), those whose siblings smoked (P<.0005), those whose friends smoked (P < .0005), those whose teachers smoked (P = .001), and low achievers in school (P < .0005) stated that they significantly smoked on a more regular basis. According to the results of the logistic regression analysis, the following risk factors were statistically significant: male students smoked 3.02 times (95% CI 2.20-4.16) more than females, those whose mothers were smokers smoked 1.57 times (95% CI 1.09-2.28) more than those whose mothers were not, those whose friends were smokers smoked 2.42 times (95% CI 1.73-3.39) more than those whose friends were non-smokers, poor achievers in school smoked 2.62 times (95% CI 1.97-3.49) more than high achievers, and those without poor grades smoked 1.75 times more (95% CI 1.23-2.40), the risk rising 1.06 times (95% CI 1.01-1.11) with earlier age at first experimentation. The risk of daily cigarette use was observed to decline by 0.91 times (95% CI 0.84-0.98) with increasing numbers of siblings. CONCLUSION: Effective smoking prevention programs should take into account the dominant influence of peer groups in the onset and continuation of smoking.     

某医科大学学生吸烟现状及其影响因素

目的了解医学院在校大学生的吸烟现状及其影响因素,为制定有效的控烟措施提供依据。方法采取分层随机抽样方法,对中国医科大学500名在校大学生进行问卷调查。收回有效问卷496份,有效率99.2%。结果被调查的496名医学生的现在吸烟率为6.5%。男生的现在吸烟率明显高于女生(χ2=30.799,P=0.000)。低年级与高年级本科生的现在吸烟率无明显差异,且均明显低于研究生(χ2=7.738,P=0.021)。被调查的32名现在吸烟者平均每日吸烟量为(6.31±2.45)支,平均起始吸烟年龄为(18.01±3.15)岁。好友吸烟人群的现在吸烟率明显高于好友不吸烟人群(χ2=198.948,P=0.000)。父母吸烟人群的现在吸烟率明显高于父母不吸烟人群(χ2=89.271,P=0.000)。医学生对吸烟与疾病关系的认知率较高,医学生吸烟的主要原因是心理压力。结论医学生的吸烟现状不容乐观,应积极采取有效措施控制医学生的吸烟行为。     

Prediction of smoking behavior in Japanese young adults

Eighty-eight second grade students of a senior high school in Saitama prefecture in Japan participated in a prospective study to predict cigarette smoking behavior 3.5 years later. Predictor variables include sex, knowledge, beliefs and attitudes toward smoking, previous smoking behavior, and smoking behavior of their families. Stepwise discriminant analyses revealed that 90% of the smokers and 65% of the non-smokers were correctly classified. In this model, previous smoking behavior proved to be the best predictor. Attitude toward adult male's smoking, sex and smoking behavior of subjects' families were also related. These four variables explained 35% of the variance in smoking behavior. As for stepwise discriminant analyses among those who had not smoked at baseline, 78% of the smokers and 76% of the non-smokers were correctly classified. Attitude toward adult male's smoking, sex, knowledge about long-term effects of cigarette smoking and smoking behavior of their families entered the model in this order. These four variables explained 37% of the variance. Implications of this study for smoking prevention programs in Japan are discussed.     

广州市城乡结合部初中生吸烟行为特点的调查

目的:了解城乡结合部青少年吸烟行为的特点。方法:用自填式调查表对6所中学3 956名初中生进行流行病学调查。结果:初中生的尝试吸烟率为20.4%(男30.4%,女8.9%),不规律吸烟率14.7%(男21%,女7.7%),规律吸烟率5.7%(男9.4%,女1.2%)。吸烟率在不同性别和年级间存在差异,不同生源地的初中生吸烟率也有所区别。大部分尝试吸烟行为发生于10~14岁,初吸烟年龄中位数为12岁。吸第一支烟最主要的原因是“好奇尝试(70.3%),最主要的影响人是同伴(46.3%)。73%的规律吸烟者在过去1个月吸过烟,27%的只吸了1~5天。现在吸烟者的日均吸烟量平均值为5.12支,中位数为3支。46.6%的吸烟者只将烟雾吸入口腔。获得香烟的主要方式是别人给的,吸烟主要发生于伙伴聚会时。59%的规律吸烟者曾经戒过烟,主要是由于健康的缘故,戒烟成功率为28.8%。48.9%的现在吸烟者表明目前有戒烟的打算。结论:城乡结合部已成为烟草流行的重灾区,此趋势在青少年已有所表现。青少年控烟工作要联合政府、社会、家庭和学校等方多力量,结合其心理特征开展诸如同伴教育、提供戒烟辅助等有效措施。     

Smoking among the staff of a medical school

A postal questionnaire sent to the staff of Manchester Medical School ( n =483, response 86%) examined their smoking behaviour and views about smoking in relation to their students, thus completing the picture provided by earlier studies of smoking among the students. Twelve per cent of the staff were regular cigarette smokers and 32% smokers of all forms of tobacco, age being the characteristic with most influence on smoking rates. Long-term health risks and expense were the main reasons for trying to give up cigarettes, whereas the need to set an example, in particular to students, was not stressed. A minority smoked when teaching, but fewer smoked when with students than with their colleagues, A quarter allowed students to smoke during teaching sessions; more than half thought students should be offered no persuasion about smoking; and four out of ten considered that staff smoking does not deter students from giving up. Degree of contact with students and qualifications had some influence on these views, but age was more important. Smokers were no more likely to permit smoking during teaching but were less likely to value persuasion or to think staff smoking deters students from giving up. The ambivalent picture of staff behaviour and views as seen by the students in the earlier studies, was confirmed by this examination of the staff themselves, whose importance as role models was highlighted in the discussion.