脑卒中患者言语功能障碍的发生及影响因素

目的：研究脑卒中患者言语障碍的发病情况和有关因素。方法：对连续住院的100名脑卒中患者，进行失语症的筛查和有关功能评定。结果：脑卒中后言语障碍发生率达43％，多发生在左侧半球的皮层或皮下区域。结论：言语障碍与患者性别、年龄、文化程度、病程、病变性质、病变部位、有无伴发病及日常生活活动无关，与意识、认知功能、病变所在侧别、颜面失用、言语失用、吞咽功能和上下肢运动功能有关。     

急性脑卒中患者吞咽障碍的早期功能训练

目的：探讨脑卒中吞咽障碍患者的早期功能训练。方法：对105例脑卒中吞咽障碍患者随机分为实验组53例和对照组52例，用洼田氏饮水实验法为观察标准。结果：实验组吸入性肺炎发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．01），吞咽功能康复程度明显优于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：对脑卒中吞咽障碍患者进行早期功能训练，使患者恢复了经口进食，减少了并发症，提高了患者的生活质量。     

脑卒中患者吞咽障碍的康复

脑卒中患者中有 71%的患者存在吞咽障碍。因此 ,对脑卒中患者除了积极开展言语治疗和肢体的运动等康复措施外 ,还应及早认识、及时进行吞咽功能障碍的康复治疗 ,以利于患者的全面康复。1吞咽障碍的类型和特点吞咽障碍包括吞咽前口腔准备时期 (口腔相 )的障碍和食物从口腔送入胃过程 (咽相 )中的障碍。根据病变部位 ,吞咽障碍主要有 3种类型 :①伴假性球麻痹引起的吞咽障碍 ;②伴球麻痹引起的吞咽障碍 ;③一侧大脑半球病变引起的吞咽障碍1.1假性球麻痹吞咽障碍的特点　与吞咽有关肌肉功能低下 ,协调性差 ;用口唇进食差 ,食物易从口唇掉落 ;咀…     

脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者发生相关性肺炎的危险因素分析

目的：探讨康复期的老年缺血性脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者发生脑卒中相关性肺炎（SAP）的危险因素.方法：脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者148例,回顾性分析患者年龄、性别、糖尿病和房颤病史、鼻胃管进食、构音障碍、肺炎、改良Barthel指数、脑卒中分类、外周血淋巴细胞计数,用多因素Logistic回归探讨发生SAP的相关影响因素.结果：148例中发生SAP感染56例（37.8％）,未发生SAP感染92例;通过多因素Logistic 回归调整年龄和性别等因素后发现,误吸、年龄≥75岁、男性、糖尿病、房颤是康复期老年脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者SAP的独立危险因素（P＜0.01,0.05）,外周血淋巴细胞计数高是其保护因素（P＜0.05）.此外鼻胃管进食、构音障碍也是该类患者SAP发生的影响因素（P＜0.01,0.05）.结论;老年脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者发生SAP的风险值得关注,通过对这一系列危险因素的筛查和监控,可提高医院和家庭对康复期老年脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者的重视程度,改善其预后.     

老年人急性脑卒后吞咽障碍的康复护理

目的观察老年脑卒中患者吞咽障碍的康复训练效果。方法对55例急性脑卒后吞咽障碍患者进行康复训练，比较康复训练前后吞咽障碍好转程度；结果康复训练总有效率为83．6％，康复训练前后吞咽功能优良率比较P〈0．05，对脑卒中后患者进行早期康复训练效果显著。吞咽障碍是脑卒中的常见并发症，在老年患者中尤为常见，由于吞咽障碍进食困难，不仅影响了营养的摄入，而且易造成误吸，诱发吸入性肺炎，严重者可因窒息而危及生命。本文总结了我科于2004年12月-2007年5月55例脑卒中合并进食、吞咽障碍的患者进行康复训练，现将护理体会报告如下：     

进食训练对改善脑卒中患者吞咽障碍的效果观察

吞咽障碍是脑卒中患者常见的并发症。由于患者在脑卒中早期存在不同程度的吞咽障碍，进食困难。因此，在脑卒中早期有计划地根据病情对意识清楚的吞咽障碍患者进行进食训练指导，对疾病的康复有着重要的意义。本院自１９９７～１９９９年对收治的５２例脑卒中吞咽障碍患者进行早期进食训练指导，收到良好效果。１对象与方法１．１对象本组５２例患者中，男３４例，女１８例；年龄３５～８０岁，平均５８岁；其中脑出血１５例，脑血栓形成１３例，脑梗死２４例。按吞咽障碍评估分级１，本组病例吞咽障碍程度：０级完全不能吞咽无；Ⅰ级吞咽功…     

脑电仿生电刺激仪治疗联合吞咽功能及进食训练用于脑卒中后重度吞咽障碍患者的效果观察

目的 观察应用脑电仿生电刺激仪治疗联合吞咽功能及进食训练对脑卒中后重度吞咽障碍患者的效果.方法 120例脑卒中后重度吞咽障碍患者经常规治疗病情平稳后,给予吞咽功能训练及进食训练,同时应用脑电仿生电刺激仪治疗,用饮水试验评价吞咽障碍恢复程度.结果 治疗后患者饮水试验评分降低,吞咽功能有改善.结论脑电仿生电刺激仪治疗联合吞咽功能及进食训练能促进脑卒中后重度吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能的恢复.     

脑卒中后拒食的相关因素与护理对策

对62例脑中卒患者拒食的相关因素进行分析，拒食的主要原因是精神因素、并发假性球麻痹、脑部病变、植物神经功能紊乱。护理对策是做好心理护理、吞咽障碍的进食训练，维持患者白天的觉醒，加强精神障碍的护理、生活护理和康复护理。通过治疗护理，57例能自主进食，5例由于吞咽障碍采用鼻饲。     

2例神脑卒中后环咽肌失弛缓吞咽障碍患者的治疗总结

目的：探讨导脑卒中后环咽肌失弛缓症的必要性及治疗方法。客观评价其治疗效果。选择脑干梗死伴咽期吞咽障碍患者2例,经吞咽X线荧光透视检查检查。拟诊环咽肌失弛缓症。病例1单纯采用神经肌肉电刺激治疗，而病例2在神经肌肉电刺激的基础上加用球囊扩张术。结果：经治疗后，2例患者均可独立自主进食糊状食物，无呛咳。吞咽造影复查显示在食团通过时，环咽肌正常开放。结论：球囊扩张术对于脑卒中引起的环咽肌失弛缓症并非必要。可通过咽喉肌肉神经运动功能，促进环咽肌的开放。     

脑卒中吞咽障碍患者家庭延伸康复护理效果的影响因素分析

目的探讨脑卒中吞咽障碍患者家庭延伸康复护理效果的影响因素。方法以多阶段分层整群抽样的方式,抽取2018年6月至2019年6月在我院治疗的100例脑卒中吞咽障碍患者为研究对象,我院自制一般情况问卷调查表对患者进行问卷调查,分析其影响因素。结果多元线性回归分析显示,年龄、家庭月收入、家人是否支持、住所周边有无康复站、对康复训练的认知程度、是否经过吞咽治疗、进食方式及吞咽障碍程度是脑卒中吞咽障碍患者家庭延伸康复护理效果的独立危险因素(P 0.05)。结论脑卒中吞咽障碍患者家庭延伸康复护理效果受多种因素影响,应定期组织脑卒中吞咽障碍患者进行康复治疗讲座,改善疾病预后效果。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.