腰椎间盘组织中磷脂酶A2活性水平与神经根性疼痛的关系

作者既往临床研究的结果表明，腰椎间盘突出症病人的神经根受压程度与临床症状和腰腿疼痛的程度并无直接关系。手术中病理观察发现，神经根有炎症表现者，在临床上表现出剧烈的根性疼痛，这似乎提示神经根性疼痛与局部的炎症有密切关系。磷脂酶（ＰＬ）Ａ２是人体内重要的炎症介质和致痛物质，也是组织炎症的标志物。作者采用生化方法测定了２０例腰椎间盘突出症病人手术中获取的髓核组织中的ＰＬＡ２活性水平，并将其结果与病人的神经根性疼痛程度和术中病理所见进行对照研究。研究结果表明：（１）腰椎间盘突出症病人椎间盘髓核中ＰＬＡ２活性显著高于自身血液中和健康人椎间盘髓核中ＰＬＡ２活性水平；（２）腰椎间盘突出症病人的腰腿痛程度与其髓核中ＰＬＡ２活性明显相关；（３）直腿抬高试验强阳性者的髓核中ＰＬＡ２活性水平显著增高；（４）腰椎间盘突出的类型与其髓核中ＰＬＡ２活性无显著关系。作者还就ＰＬＡ２在腰椎间盘突出症所引起的放射性疼痛中的作用进行了讨论。     

手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症机理新进展

腰椎间盘突出症是临床常见的脊柱病 ,髓核突出不但引起椎管内强烈的化学反应 ,同时对神经根产生物理挤压 ,出现腰腿痛症状。手法是临床治疗本病的一种主要方法 ,能有效地缓解疼痛 ,目前对手法治疗本病的机理在生物力学、血流变、血生化、影像学等方面的研究取得了较大的进展 ,概括如下 :1　促进炎症介质和炎症细胞的吸收椎间盘髓核的突出程度并不一定与临床症状呈正比 ,神经根在有炎性改变时才对机械性刺激敏感 ,说明炎性反应是导致神经根性疼痛的主要原因之一。突出髓核可引起神经根及其周围组织的细胞因子、生化介质、炎性物质、免疫反应…     

腰椎间盘突出症髓核组织磷脂酶A2表达的临床研究

目的探讨磷脂酶A2在腰椎间盘突出症诱发腰腿痛中的可能作用。方法①术前1d收集腰椎间盘突出症患者的一般临床资料,包括病程、年龄、性别等,并进行患者的腰腿痛评定;②采集术中标本进行冰冻切片,应用SP法行免疫组织化学检测sPLA2及cPLA2在髓核组织中的表达;③应用SPSS11.5统计软件进行分析。结果①实验组髓核中的sPLA2及cPLA2表达率明显高于对照组,且与患者的疼痛程度密切相关;②髓核中sPLA2及cPLA2的表达位置主要为多核大细胞。结论磷脂酶A2在腰椎间盘突出症诱发腰腿痛中发挥着重要的病理作用,且其表达与退变髓核可能存在一定关系。     

腰椎间盘突出症保守治疗

腰椎间盘突出症是骨科的常见病和多发病,是腰腿痛最常见的病因。本文就目前应用保守治疗腰椎间盘突出症的机制作一探讨。1 腰间盘突出症的病因 一般认为腰椎间盘突出症是在椎间盘退变的基础上发生的,外伤为其发病的原因。20岁以后,椎间盘即开始退变,髓核含水量逐渐减少,椎间盘的弹性和抗负荷能力也随之减退。在外力作用下,已变性的髓核组织由纤维环薄弱处或破裂处突出。纤维环损伤本身可引起腰痛,而突出物压迫神经根或马尾神经,引起放射痛,故有腰痛、放射性下肢痛以及神经功能损害的症状和体征。2 腰椎间盘突出症的疼痛机制 有关疼痛的机制,众说纷坛,目前主要的理论有:①机械压迫学说;②化学性神经根炎学说:髓核的蛋白多糖和β-蛋白对神经根有强烈的化学刺激性;③椎间盘自身免疫学说:椎间盘髓核组织是体内最大的、无血管的、封闭的结构组织,髓核突出,髓核中的多糖蛋白和β-蛋白成为抗原,产生免疫反应。在Satoh等的临床对照实验中发现,在突出间盘组织中通     

腰椎间盘突出症根性症状多变性研究

腰椎间盘突出症是指椎间盘的纤维环破裂、髓核突出,压迫和刺激神经根所致的一系列症状体征,即根性症状,其中以L4.5椎间盘(D4)及L5S1椎间盘(D5)居多,临床工作中经常发现根性症状与被压迫神经根应出现症状的不一致现象,但这种不一致现象,即根性症状多变性(Variance of radiculopa-thy),随着近年来微创技术的广泛采用[1],要求对这一现象进一步明确,以指导临床手术.     

腰椎间盘突出患者症状体征与CT影像学表现的相关性研究

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出CT影像学表现与患者临床症状体征的相关性。方法选择96例在我院诊断为腰椎间盘突出症的患者。临床症状包括疼痛以及神经根症状。CT评估包括椎间盘突出类型、椎间孔累及程度、神经根压迫程度以及其他相关表现等。探讨CT影像学表现与临床症状,突出水平节段以及神经症状体征的相关性。CT影像学由我院两位资深影像学专家进行判读,采用Kappa分析对CT判读结果进行一致性评价;腰椎间盘突出患者症状体征与CT影像学表现的相关性采用相对危险度(Odd's Ratio)和Logistic回归分析。结果中央型膨出或突出压迫硬膜囊通常无明显症状,而旁中央型椎间盘突出或脱出累及椎间孔则与皮节区域分布疼痛具有明显相关性。CT显示神经根受压时并非所有对应的患者均有神经功能障碍;但神经功能障碍表现明显时,则与影像学神经根受压密切相关。结论旁中央型巨大椎间盘突出或脱出并累及椎间孔与临床症状体征密切相关。椎间盘膨出压迫硬膜囊,中央型突出或脱出未累及椎间孔通常无显著临床意义。CT椎间孔受累表现相对于椎间盘突出的类型(膨出,突出,脱出)更能与临床症状体征相吻合。当出现多节段椎间盘受损并伴有椎间孔受累时,患者更有可能出现神经功能障碍。     

腰椎间盘突出症根性征的影像学表现分析

目的:探讨使用MRM诊断腰椎间盘突出症神经根性受压症状体征的价值及技术方法.方法:选择根性征阳性及阴性共2组腰椎间盘突出症患者,进行常规CT或MRI及MRM扫描,资料进行分析.结果:神经根受压症状体征对MRM图像上神经根鞘袖内脑脊液截断征象有显著影响(P<0.01),对硬膜囊有无压迹无显著影响(P>0.05),对神经根鞘袖走行正常与改变无显著影响(P>0.05),MRM图像上神经根鞘袖受压、不受压患者MRI显示椎间盘突出大小无显著差异(P>0.05).结论:MRM较MRI或CT能更真实的反映腰椎间盘突出症患者神经根受压状态,与临床症状体征较一致,是CT或MRI的重要补充.     

腰椎间盘病变致下腰痛的MRI诊断

目的探讨MRI在腰椎间盘病变致下腰痛诊断中的应用价值。方法从腰椎间盘MRI检查体检人群中,挑选出无临床症状者40例,有临床症状者66例,并对每位MRI影像资料进行分析,记录腰椎间盘的表现,包括:椎间盘退变、膨出、脱出、突出游离及椎间盘与神经根的关系、T2WI上纤维环高信号区(high-intensity zone,HIZ)。结果 66例有下腰痛症状者中椎间盘膨出14例(21.2%),椎间盘突出12例(18.2%),椎间盘纤维环出现HIZ15例(22.7%),椎间盘髓核脱出24例(36.3%),有椎间盘髓核游离及神经根受压者见1例(1.5%)。40例无症状者中腰椎间盘退变30例(75%),椎间盘膨出18例(45%),椎间盘突出9例(22.5%),椎间盘纤维环出现HIZ5例(12.5%),椎间盘髓核脱出1例(2.5%),没有发现椎间盘髓核游离及神经根受压者。结论有下腰痛症状者中椎间盘膨出、突出、椎间盘纤维环出现HIZ、椎间盘髓核脱出游离及神经根受压较常见。无症状人群中MRI发现椎间盘退变、膨出、突出及纤维环撕裂较常见,而椎间盘脱出、游离及神经根受压较少见。     

椎间孔与椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症

作者经治椎间孔与椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症１０例，其中突出于椎间孔者７例，突出于椎间孔外者３例，占同期２４３例腰椎间盘突出症手术症例的４．１％。与典型的腰椎间盘突出症不同，它多累及同节段腰神经根。下肢疼痛剧烈而腰痛轻微，大腿前主与小腿前内侧疼痛和麻木，股神经牵拉试验阳性，膝腱反射减弱或消失，股四头肌肌力减退为突出的症状和体征。椎间盘髓核游离或脱出为最常见病理类型。ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ可清楚地显示位于椎间孔或孔     

电针、推拿结合牵引治疗盘源性下腰痛疗效观察

椎间盘源性下腰痛是指椎间盘内各种病变,如椎间盘退变、终板损伤刺激椎间盘内痛觉感受器所引起的下腰部疼痛,不伴有典型的神经根性症状和体征,无神经根受压或脊髓运动节段过度活动的放射学证据[1],临床上有别于腰椎间盘突出症、椎管狭窄症等其它原因引起的腰痛,     

磷脂酶A_2活性异常升高可能是腰椎间盘突出症疼痛重要病因

目的 :探讨腰椎间盘突出症疼痛的可能病因。方法 :用微量酸滴定法测定椎间盘、黄韧带和硬膜外脂肪中 PL A2 活性。结果 :腰椎间盘突出症患者椎间盘、黄韧带和硬膜外脂肪中 PL A2 活性升高均有显著性意义 (三者 P均 <0 .0 0 1)且三者间均有相关性 (r椎 ,黄 =0 .6 86 3,P=0 .0 0 1;r=椎 ,硬 =0 .7388,P<0 .0 0 1;r黄 ,硬 =0 .6 113,P<0 .0 0 5 )。结论 :椎间盘退变的病理变化不仅发生在椎间盘本身 ,还涉及到同一节段的黄韧带和硬膜外脂肪 ,可能是它们中活性异常升高的 PL A2 共同作用神经根而致痛的。     

腰椎间盘突出症非对称性下肢放射痛的原因及治疗

目的：探讨腰椎间盘突出症导致非对称性下肢放射痛的原因及治疗。方法：回顾性分析了手术治疗的53例病人。其中全椎板切除39例，扩大半椎板切除14例。结果：对侧侧隐窝狭窄23例，游离髓核组织压迫对侧神经根24例，脊髓丘脑侧束内存在不交叉纤维6例。结论：对侧侧隐窝狭窄和游离髓核组织压迫对侧神经根是导致非对称性下肢放射痛的主要原因，手术日寸要注意对对侧侧隐窝减压，除游离的髓核组织。只有确定无导致对侧下肢放射痛的原因后。才能确定为脊髓丘脑侧束内存在不交叉纤维。     

Role of leukocytes in radicular pain secondary to herniated nucleus pulposus

Some studies have assessed inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in herniated lumbar disc tissues using histologic analysis. However, there is no consensus regarding the relationships between clinical symptoms, including radicular pain and the presence of inflammatory cells. It has been shown that autologous nucleus pulposus relocated on the lumbar nerve root in rats produces time dependent and reversible mechanical hyperalgesia, which is thought to be a pain related behavior in peripheral neuropathic pain models. The purpose of this study was to determine whether leukocytes play a role in the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by the nucleus pulposus and to characterize the role of leukocytes in radicular pain attributable to lumbar disc herniation. Nitrogen mustard was used to induce and evaluate leukocytopenia in rats. Sensitivity to mechanical noxious stimuli was measured quantitatively, and inflammatory cells in granulation tissue around the nerve root were examined histologically. The nucleus pulposus produced neither mechanical hyperalgesia nor abundant inflammatory cells in rats with nitrogen mustard induced leukocytopenia. Neuropathic pain produced by the nucleus pulposus, when placed on the nerve root, may be related to inflammatory cell infiltration induced by relocation of the nucleus pulposus, rather than the nucleus pulposus itself.     

Effect of nucleus pulposus on the neural activity of dorsal root ganglion

STUDY DESIGN: This study was designed to investigate, using neurophysiologic techniques in an in vivo rat model, the effect of application of nucleus pulposus to the nerve root on the neural activity of the dorsal root ganglion and the corresponding receptive fields. OBJECTIVES: To assess a further role of the dorsal root ganglion in mechanisms of radicular pain in lumbar disc herniation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: It has been suggested that the epidural application of autologous nucleus pulposus without mechanical compression causes nerve root inflammation and related radicular pain in lumbar disc herniation. Concerning the dorsal root ganglion, its mechanical hypersensitivity and potential for generating ectopic discharges have been reported. However, the effect of autologous nucleus pulposus on the dorsal root ganglion is uncertain. METHODS: In adult Sprague-Dawley rats spontaneous neural activity was recorded from the surgically exposed L5 dorsal root using electrophysiologic techniques, and the mechanosensitivity of L5 dorsal root ganglia and corresponding receptive fields on the hind paw were measured using calibrated nylon filaments. Autologous nucleus pulposus from the tail or fat was implanted at the L5 nerve root. Neural activity was monitored for 6 hours. RESULTS: Spontaneous neural activity in the nucleus pulposus group gradually increased and showed significant differences compared with the fat group from 2.5 to 6 hours after exposure. The mechanosensitivity of the dorsal root ganglia showed significant increases compared with the fat group. CONCLUSIONS: After application of nucleus pulposus to the nerve root, the dorsal root ganglion demonstrated increased excitability and mechanical hypersensitivity. These results suggest that nucleus pulposus causes excitatory changes in the dorsal root ganglion.     

磷脂酶A2硬膜外腔注射对大鼠腰髓及背根节中CGRP含量的影响

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出症相关腰腿痛发病的可能机制.方法在大鼠的硬膜外腔注射磷脂酶A2,免疫组化的方法测定大鼠背根节和脊髓后角中CGRP的变化.结果硬膜外腔注射磷脂酶A2后,L4-6背根节中CGRP阳性神经元的数目和面积明显增加,脊髓背角浅层中CGRP阳性神经纤维终末的面积也明显增加.证实与对照组相比较有显著性差别(P＜0.05).结论磷脂酶A2是一种疼痛伤害性刺激,它可能在腰椎间盘突出相关腰腿痛的发病中起到重要的作用.     

Clinical features of extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation based on the radiographic location of the dorsal root ganglion

STUDY DESIGN: The relations between the location of the dorsal root ganglion and pre- and postoperative symptoms were reviewed retrospectively in 27 patients who underwent radiculography and posterior discectomy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical features and surgical outcome of extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation based on the location of dorsal root ganglion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The location of dorsal root ganglia has been reported to be correlated with a variety of radicular symptoms. Extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation has several specific clinical features, one of which is severe radicular pain. However, there is no report in the literature on the association between the location of the dorsal root ganglia and the severity of the symptoms of extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation. METHODS: The radiographic location of the dorsal root ganglion of each compressed nerve root was determined by preoperative direct radiculograms. All patients were classified into the following three groups according to the location of dorsal root ganglion: intraspinal, intraforaminal, and extraforaminal. The incidences of these locations were 5 of 27 (18.5%), 15 of 27 (55.5%), and 7 of 27 (25.9%), respectively. The relation between the location of the dorsal root ganglion and clinical parameters such as the level of the compressed nerve root, the degree of limitation on straight leg raising test, the severity of the pre- and postoperative subjective symptoms (leg pain, low back pain, and walking capacity), clinical signs (sensory and motor disturbance), and the recovery rate were investigated. RESULTS: The degree of limitation on the straight leg raising test in the extraforaminal group tended to be low, compared with that in the intraspinal and intraforaminal groups. Low back pain in the extraforaminal group was more severe than that in the intraspinal and intraforaminal groups. Preoperative leg pain in the extraforaminal group was significantly more severe that that in the intraspinal group, and the walking capacity in the extraforaminal group tended to be lower than that in the intraspinal and intraforaminal groups. No significant differences were found between the location of dorsal root ganglion and the preoperative sensory or motor disturbance and surgical outcomes. CONCLUSION: The location of the dorsal root ganglion might influence the severity of radicular symptoms (pain and walking distance tolerance) in patients with extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation.     

Roles of thromboxane A2 and leukotriene B4 in radicular pain induced by herniated nucleus pulposus.

Biologically active substances, such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, which are metabolites involved in the arachidonic acid cascade, are detected in herniated disc samples obtained from patients with lumbar disc herniation. However, little is known concerning the relationships between these substances and clinical symptoms such as radicular pain. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) induces not only potent platelet aggregation, but also blood vessel contraction. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent chemotactic agent, plays a role in inflammatory reactions by recruiting neutrophils and lymphocytes. The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of TXA2 and LTB4 in the hyperalgesia induced by application of nucleus pulposus to the lumbar nerve root in the rat. TXA2 synthetase inhibitor and LTB4 receptor antagonist, which were injected into the epidural space, decreased mechanical hyperalgesia at both three and seven days after epidural injection. There were no significant differences in sensitivity to noxious thermal stimuli following application of the nucleus pulposus or an epidural injection. Epidural injection of LTB4 receptor antagonist and/or TXA2 synthetase inhibitor may attenuate the painful radiculopathy due to lumbar disc herniation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TXA2 and LTB4 may play significant roles in mechanical hyperalgesia induced by autologous nucleus pulposus.     

Herniated lumbar disc material as a source of free glutamate available to affect pain signals through the dorsal root ganglion

STUDY DESIGN: Combined prospective human cohort and prospective controlled animal model. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether free glutamate is available in herniated disc material in concentrations sufficient to diffuse to glutamate receptors and affect the activity of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion that may transmit pain information. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The severity of lumbar radicular pain cannot be fully explained by physical pressure on nerve roots or ganglions. In experimental models, inflammatory processes are relatively modest under conditions of disc herniation. The hypothesis for the current study was that the proteoglycan link and core proteins, which contain high fractions of acidic amino acids, may be a source of glutamate when enzymatically degraded in an environment without glutamate reuptake systems. Glutamate would be free to diffuse to the dorsal root ganglion to affect glutamate receptors. METHODS: Disc material was harvested during surgery from herniated and nonherniated portions in patients undergoing elective lumbar disc surgery and subjected to immunohistochemistry and high-performance liquid chromatography for assessment of the presence of extracellular disc matrix glutamate. Miniosmotic pumps with differing concentrations of radiolabeled glutamate based on human data were implanted in the rat epidural space for 72 hours and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in the region were harvested. RESULTS: Densitometry of disc matrix demonstrated immunohistochemical evidence for significant extracellular glutamate (P < 0.002). High performance liquid chromatography showed significant concentrations of glutamate in disc material and significantly more in herniated than in nonherniated disc material (P < 0.05). Significant radiolabeling of the dorsal root ganglion after epidural glutamate infusion was found at concentrations two orders of magnitude below measured disc glutamate levels. Autoradiography demonstrated radiolabeling of adjacent DRG. CONCLUSIONS: Glutamate originating from degenerated disc proteoglycan may diffuse to the dorsal root ganglion and effect glutamate receptors. Consideration may be given to treating disc radiculopathy with epidural glutamate receptor antagonists.     

Proinflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in patients with disc herniation and sciatica

Proinflammatory cytokines have been identified in herniated intervertebral discs in humans, and such cytokines have experimentally been demonstrated to be important in the pathophysiological mechanisms of disc herniation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1beta IL-6, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were investigated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique in 39 patients with lumbar disc herniation and sciatica. Pain duration and pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) were recorded at inclusion, and a clinical examination was performed evaluating neurological findings. The extent of disc herniation (protrusion or extrusion/sequestration) was evaluated perioperatively. Normal concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-6, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were present in CSF and serum in almost all patients with lumbar disc herniation. The concentrations of IL-8 in CSF were increased in 12 out of 39 patients, and these increased levels of IL-8 correlated to a short duration of pain and to more pronounced herniation (extrusion or sequestration). No relationship between IL-8 concentrations in CSF and pain intensity, positive neurological findings or a positive straight leg-raising (SLR) test was found. The observation of increased concentrations of IL-8 in CSF in patients with a short duration of symptoms supports the concept of the initial involvement of inflammatory mechanisms after a disc herniation. The finding that most of the patients with increased concentrations of IL-8 in CSF had an extrusion or a sequestration may suggest that the increase in IL-8 is related to mechanical nerve root compression, but may also indicate a biochemical effect exerted by the herniated disc on the surrounding tissue. Further studies on the potential role of IL-8 as a biomarker for disc herniation are warranted.     

可动式脊柱内镜技术治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨可动式脊柱内镜技术治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症的疗效.方法 2007年5月至2009年12月,应用可动式脊柱内镜技术治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症患者31例.男17例,女14例;年龄32～59岁,平均46岁.根据MRI判断游离髓核来自L2-3 1例,L3-4 1例,L4-5 16例,K5S1 13例;1例患者MRI椎管内阻塞信号混杂,24例髓核向尾侧游离,6例向头侧游离(其中1例游离至头侧椎弓根水平,2例游离至椎间孔内).临床症状体征与影像学表现相符合.术后随访6～24个月,平均12个月.根据Macnab标准评定疗效.结果 31例手术均顺利完成:彻底摘除游离髓核,探查硬膜囊和神经根周围无残留髓核;30例摘除相应椎间盘内变性髓核,1例纤维环"闭合"且突出不明显者未摘除椎间盘内髓核.术中发现:MRI信号混杂者髓核连同软骨终板和纤维环一起经神经根腋部游离至硬膜囊背侧;MRI示髓核向尾侧游离者15例游离至硬膜囊和神经根腹侧,5例游离至神经根腋侧与硬膜囊之间,4例经神经根腋侧游离至硬膜囊和神经根背侧;MRI示髓核向头侧游离者5例位于硬膜囊腹侧,1例游离至硬膜囊背侧到达椎弓根水平,游离至椎间孔的2例均位于发出神经根腋侧.手术时间40～70min,平均50min;术中出血30～200ml,平均80ml.均未发生神经损伤等并发症,关节突关节切除过多2例,但均未引起失稳和腰痛.疗效:优21例,良10例.结论 可动式脊柱内镜工作通道可随意移动和倾斜,视野范围大,容易探查椎管和神经根通道、彻底摘除游离髓核,是治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症的较好方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of mobile endospine system for sequested lumbar disc herniation.Methods From May 2007 to December 2009,31 patients of sequested lumbar disc herniation were treated with mobile endospine system,including 17 men and 14 women with a mean age of 46 years (32-59 years).Patients complained severe leg and low back pain with disability.According to MRI,the sequested nucleus herniated from the disc of L2-3 in 1 case,L3-4 in 1,L4-5 in 16 and L5S1 in 13;and the direction of herniation was caudal in 24 cases,cephalic in 6 and indistinguishable in 1.The patients were followed up for 12 months (range,6-24 months) ,and the results were evaluated according to Macnab scale.Results The procedure was technically successful in all the patients:the sequested nucleus was completely extracted.The protruded disc was treated with discectomy in 30 cases,and the nearly intact disc was left untouched in one patient.Among the 24 cases with caudal herniation,sequested nucleus situated ventrally beneath the dural theca and the transitional nerve root in 15 cases,between the nerve root and dural theca in 5,and dorsally on the nerve root and dural theca in 4.All the 6 cephalic herniation situated beneath the dural theca,1 of them reached the level of pedicle,and 2 herniated into the intervertebral canal.The sequested disc presented as indistinguishable signal on MRI included nucleus,annulus and cartilage endplate,and situated dorsally around the dural theca.The mean operative time was 50 min (range,40-70 min) with a mean blood loss of 80 ml (range,30-200 ml).There was no complication of nerve injury.Only too much facet was resected in 2 patients without clinical symptom.The results were excellent in 21 cases and good in 10 cases,and all of them were satisfied with this procedure.Conclusion The working canal and visual field of mobile endospine system is movable,so the sequested nucleus can be extracted completely with good results.