儿科多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因研究

目的了解多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性性及超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因携带情况,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法收集2016年日照市妇幼保健院儿科分离的鲍曼不动杆菌38株,采用纸片扩散法对分离菌株进行药物敏感性试验。对其中21株多重耐药菌进行PCR检测PER、SHV、TEM、CTX和VEB基因携带情况。结果38株鲍曼不动杆菌,对多粘菌素B、替加环素均敏感,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(34.2%)、阿米卡星(36.8%)耐药率较低,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、碳青霉烯类、喹诺酮类耐药率均>50%。在21株多重耐药菌中,16株SHV型基因阳性,8株PER型基因阳性,未检出TEM、CTX和VEB基因。结论儿科鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药与携带SHV、PER基因相关。     

乌鲁木齐地区135株志贺氏菌耐药性调查

目的了解乌鲁木齐地区临床分离肠道致病菌中志贺氏茵的流行趋势及耐药情况,分析产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株的流行特征及耐药表型和基因型别,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法志贺氏菌选择培养基采用四区划线法分离培养出135株志贺氏茵,参照Kirby—Bauer纸片扩散法检测其对23种抗生素的耐药性：采用纸片确认试验对多重耐药菌株进行ESBLs表型确证检测;采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）检测CTX—M、SHV、TEM等耐药基因,对PCR产物测序,通过与美国GenBank核酸库已登录的序列作比对确定基因亚型。结果135株志贺氏菌感染患者中,男性占53．3％（72／135）,女性占46．7％（63／135）;高发季节为6—8月;25岁以下发病人数占总发病人数的71．9％（97／135）;对氨苄西林、氯霉素和复方磺胺甲噫唑的耐药率较高,分别达91．1％、68．1％、70．4％。有43株（31．9％）ESBLs表型检测阳性。PCR扩增结果表明,共有19株携带CTX．M基因,其中CTX．M．1群6株,CTX．M-9群13株;4株携带SHV基因;6株携带TEM基因。基因测序确定各基因型存在多种亚型。结论福氏志贺氏茵为本地区优势志贺氏茵。对某些抗生素存在高度耐药性。应引起临床重视。ESBLs耐药菌株以CTX．M型为主,流行亚型为CTX．M．14、CTX—M．15和TEM-1。产CTX．M-24志贺茵在乌鲁木齐属首次报告检出。     

多重耐药菌中β-内酰胺酶基因监测

目的了解多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中β-内酰胺酶基因的分布情况。方法采用聚合酶联链反应(PCR)检测78株多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中的TEM、SHV和CTX—M等3种β-内酰胺酶基因,并进行DNA测序。结果 50株铜绿假单胞菌中37株TEM基因阳性(74.0%),未检出SHV和CTX—M基因,28株鲍曼不动杆菌中25株TEM基因阳性(89.3%),2株SHV阳性(7.1%),未检出CTX—M基因。结论多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌中的β-内酰胺酶基因类型以TEM型较为流行。     

整合子介导儿童产ESBLs沙门菌耐药性的初步研究

目的研究儿童沙门菌整合子分布及其与产β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药性的关系。方法采用MIC法或纸片扩散法进行沙门菌药敏培养及表型鉴定;PCR方法检测沙门菌整合子和ESBLs耐药基因。结果 80株沙门菌检测出ESBLs耐药表型阳性率为21.3%(17/80)。ESBLs耐药基因阳性率为17.5%(14/80),其中CTX-M、TEM、CTX-M/TEM耐药基因阳性株分别为6株、6株和2株,未检测到SHV耐药基因。80株沙门菌检测出整合子阳性率为11.3%(9/80),其中8株为Ⅰ类整合子,1株为Ⅱ类整合子,未检出Ⅲ类整合子。1株Ⅰ类整合子阳性株表现对全部β-内酰胺类抗生素敏感,其余为对氨苄西林和/或氨苄西林/舒巴坦和/或头孢噻肟耐药。结论杭州地区腹泻患儿沙门菌对β-内酰胺抗生素耐药主要是CTX-M型ESBLs耐药基因;整合子在腹泻患儿产ESBLs沙门菌中的分布明显低于非产ESBLs菌株,与ESBLs耐药表型及ESBLs耐药基因之间无明显关系,且与β-内酰胺抗生素耐药性无明显关系。     

餐饮业从业人员携带大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类药物耐药性分析

目的研究深圳龙华地区餐饮业从业人员携带大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类药物的耐药性,为该类人群的卫生细菌学检查提供依据。方法采用纸片法检测大肠埃希菌的药物敏感性;采用双纸片扩散法检测β-内酰胺类药物耐药菌株的超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs);采用PCR法检测β-内酰胺类药物耐药菌株ESBLs基因(TEM、SHV、OXA、CTX)。采用PCR法检测大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子整合酶基因及其耐药基因盒。结果 108株大肠埃希菌对9种β-内酰胺类药物的耐药率从高到低依次为:氨苄西林87.0%、阿莫西林/棒酸60.2%、头孢呋辛59.3%、头孢唑林50.9%、头孢曲松36.1%、头孢他啶34.3%、头孢西丁31.5%、头孢吡肟16.7%、亚胺培南11.1%;其中61.1%(66/108)株菌对2种及2种以上β-内酰胺类药物耐药。在β-内酰胺类药物耐药株中,产ESBLs株的检出率为37.9%(25/66),其中产ESBLs菌对头孢呋辛、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松和头孢唑啉的耐药率与非产ESBLs菌的耐药率存在显著差异(均P0.01);ESBLs基因的检出率为72.7%(48/66),其中,携带TEM基因的为11株、SHV17株、CTX13株、OXA11株;有的菌株同时携带SHV和CTX,或TEM和CTX,或OXA和CTX2种基因。大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合酶基因检出率54.6%(59/108);Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株中耐药基因盒检出率79.7%(47/59),其中超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因CTX-M、OXA占32.2%(19/59)。结论深圳龙华地区餐饮业从业人员携带的大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类药物的耐药率较高,其耐药性与ESBLs产生及ESBLs基因密切相关;该类基因易在细菌间传播,故餐饮业从业人员携带的大肠埃希菌耐药性监测值得重视。     

不动杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测

目的研究不动杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测方法,分析其与抗生素耐药的关系。方珐采用NCCLS（美国临床标准委员会）推荐方法对收集120株不动杆菌进行产ESBLs（超广谱β-内酰胺酶）的筛选和确认实验,按照PCR基因分型原则采用碱裂解法提取质粒DNA,以此为模版设计引物和反应条件,用PCR法对产ESBLs株进行基因分型．结果产ESBLs共检出20株,检出率占16．7％．产酶株耐药率明显高于非产酶株。PCR进行ESBLs基因分型。检出TEM型12株,SHV型4株,PER型4株,未检出OXA．姑论西安市不动杆菌产ESBLs株基因型以TEM为主,产ESBLs可能是西安市不动杆菌耐药的主要机制。     

婴幼儿下呼吸道肺炎克雷伯菌感染及其耐药性研究

目的 了解婴幼儿下呼吸道感染肺炎克雷伯菌情况及耐药性,研究产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的基因型特征.方法 采集患儿下呼吸道临床标本分离培养肺炎克雷伯菌;纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测菌株对常用抗生素的敏感度;耐药表型筛查产ESBLs菌株;PCR检测ESBLs基因(blaTEM,blaSHV,blaCTX-M和blaOXA).结果 645例病例分离不重复肺炎克雷伯菌60株(9.3％);检出病例主要为新生儿及2岁以下婴儿(73.3％);临床表现主要为肺炎(73.0％)和支气管炎(20.6％).药敏试验结果显示分离菌株对青霉素、头孢菌素及阿莫西林/克拉维酸耐药较严重.检出产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌29株(48.3％),表现出多重耐药但对碳青霉烯类及β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合物较敏感.PCR扩增CTX-M、TEM和SHV基因的阳性率分别为89.7％、55.2％和34.5％,未检出OXA基因;69.0％的菌株同时携带两种及两种以上ESBLs基因型.结论 婴幼儿下呼吸道肺炎克雷伯菌感染表现出年龄、性别差异;临床分离株对常用β-内酰胺类药物耐药性较高;产ESBLs菌株比例较高,以CTX-M型为主,多数菌株同时携带两种以上ESBLs基因型.     

吴江地区多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶基因携带情况及同源性

目的了解吴江地区临床分离多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(MDRAB)碳青霉烯酶基因携带情况和同源性。方法收集吴江地区3所综合性医院2010年1月—2013年12月临床分离的非重复MDRAB 44株,测定其最低抑菌浓度(MIC);采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增碳青霉烯酶基因OXA 51、OXA 23、OXA 24、OXA 58、IMP、TEM、SHV和GES,脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析菌株同源性。结果44株MDRAB主要来源标本为痰（占93.18%）,主要分布在重症监护病房（ICU）、呼吸科和神经外科,各占45.45%、27.27%和13.64%;MDRAB对米诺环素和多粘菌素B均敏感,对哌拉西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、环丙沙星耐药率均为100.00%,对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率均为97.73%。44株MDRAB均检出OXA 51、OXA 23和TEM基因,其中12株菌GES基因阳性,OXA 58和SHV基因阳性各1株,未检测到OXA 24及IMP基因;MDRAB分为A—G 7个型别,分别为19、3、9、3、1、4、5株。A型主要来源于吴江地区的两所大型综合性医院（吴江第一人民医院和盛泽医院）,吴江第一人民医院未发现B、D和E型;E型仅1株,分布在永鼎医院,其余型别散在分布。结论吴江地区临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药严重,基因OXA 23和TEM是鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药的主要原因,并以A、C型为主,呈克隆性传播。     

肠杆菌科耐第三代头孢菌素临床株中ISCR1元件与ESBLs基因的关系

目的了解某地区肠杆菌科耐第三代头孢菌素临床株中携带新型可移动遗传元件插入序列共同区域(ISCR1)的情况及其与超广谱β 内酰胺酶（ESBLs）基因的关系。方法以最低抑菌浓度（MIC）法检测细菌耐药表型;双纸片扩散法进行ESBLs确证试验;聚合酶链反应（PCR）、单链PCR构象的多态性（PCR SSCP）、DNA序列分析检测ISCR1基因和SHV、TEM、CTX M ESBLs基因;PCR mapping检测ISCR1与ESBLs基因的关系。结果83株肠杆菌科耐第三代头孢菌素临床株中,17株携带ISCR1元件。携带ISCR1元件的菌株中,2株大肠埃希菌（EA791、EA1367）、3株阴沟肠杆菌（EC1322、EC1342、EC553）及1株产酸克雷伯菌K386临床株ESBLs确证试验阳性,其中EA791、EC553及K386携带CTX M 1组ESBLs基因;EA1367同时携带CTX M 1组和CTX M 9组ESBLs基因;EC1322、EC1342携带SHV 12型 ESBLs基因;6株细菌均携带TEM型基因,经PCR SSCP分析显示均为TEM 1,但经PCR mapping显示其ISCR1元件下游未连接ESBLs基因。结论该地区耐第三代头孢菌素临床株中存在ISCR1元件,尚未发现菌株携带的ISCR1元件与ESBLs 基因的直接联系,此元件可能参与其他耐药基因的水平传播。     

质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因qnr分子流行病学研究

目的了解武汉大学人民医院分离的革兰阴性杆菌中qnr基因及其所携带的广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）基因的流行情况。方法采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法对129株大肠埃希菌、29株肺炎克雷伯菌和10株阴沟肠杆菌进行qnr基因检测。对qnr阳性株，检测I类整合酶基因及SHV-1、TEM-1、CTX—M、OXA—Ⅰ、OXA-Ⅱ、OXA-Ⅲ、DHA、EBC型ESBLs基因。KB纸片法检测对16种抗菌药物的体外抗菌活性，美国临床实验标准委员会表型筛选和确证试验检测产ESBLs株。质粒接合试验分析qnr基因的水平转移能力，ERIC-PCR进行DNA同源性分析。结果6株菌株检出qnr基因（5株大肠埃希菌和1株阴沟肠杆菌），肺炎克雷伯菌中未检出；6株菌仅对亚胺培南全部敏感且对多种抗生素耐药，Ⅰ类整合酶基因扩增全为阳性，其中有2株大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星敏感，4株菌携带TEM-1型ESBLs基因、1株菌携带OXA—Ⅲ型ESBLs基因、2株菌携带EBC型AmpC酶；每株菌至少携带2种以上ESBLs基因。qnr基因介导的喹诺酮类耐药具有水平转移性，DNA同源性分析有2株指纹图谱一致。结论武汉地区存在qnr基因的流行，qnr阳性株多重耐药严重，且携带多种ESBLs基因。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.