神经内科门诊抑郁障碍患者的临床特点

目的：了解神经内科门诊的抑郁障碍患者的临床特点。方法：采用流调用抑郁自评量表（CES-D）对神经内科门诊的全部初诊患者共654例进行筛查,再参照国际疾病分类第10版诊断为抑郁障碍患者78例,进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAND）评分。结果：神经内科门诊初诊患者抑郁障碍患病率为11．9％。抑郁障碍患者以头晕、头痛、失眠等躯体症状为第一主诉者占85．9％。在患者的前3个主诉中出现频率高的症状依次为失眠、头晕、乏力。样本HAMD总分平均（16．9±4．0）分,以轻中度抑郁为主。神经内科门诊抑郁障碍患者入睡困难、精神性焦虑、躯体性焦虑和全身症状较重。抑郁障碍患者中躯体归因模式者占76．9％;心理归因模式者占23．1％。结论：在神经内科门诊抑郁障碍患者颇多,应引起重视。     

四川省成都市三级综合医院门诊就诊者睡眠障碍的现况调查

目的 通过流行病学调查,以研究成都市三级综合性医疗机构门诊就诊者睡眠障碍的现况和医务人员的识别及处治现状.方法 随机抽取综合医院四个门诊科室的调查日期,使用焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)和病人15项健康状况量表(PHQ-15)对门诊就诊者睡眠情况以及躯体症状进行评估,所有HADS评分(抑郁和/或焦虑)≥8分的就诊者由精神科医师用国际神经精神科简式访谈问卷(MINI)进行检查确定诊断.结果 三级综合医院门诊中有56%就诊者存在睡眠障碍,发病年龄集中在30～45岁,主诉最多为头昏、头痛,占17%;其次为腹痛,为13.1%;神经内科门诊就诊者中睡眠障碍现患率最高,为63%;有睡眠障碍的患者检出抑郁或(和)焦虑的比例为25%;门诊非精神科医师对患者精神系统疾病的认识率普遍偏低,仅有9.1%;患者愿意到精神科接受治疗仅占42.6%.结论 三级综合性医疗机构门诊就诊者睡眠障碍发生率较高,而非精神科医师对患者精神系统疾病的认识率普遍偏低.     

综合医院患者情感障碍的临床特点和治疗

目的 探讨综合性医院患者情感障碍的临床特点及治疗.方法 将各科以躯体不适就诊但经多方查治无效而转来心理门诊的患者,进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)测评,HAMD≥18分者入组100例,其中抑郁障碍70例.分别给予每日氟西汀20mg治疗6周,治疗前后查HAMD,并进行疗效评定.结果 70例中,轻度、中度抑郁占85.7%,重度抑郁占14.3%.有71.49%的初诊患者第一主诉是睡眠障碍和躯体不适.经服用抗抑郁剂氟西汀治疗6周后,HAMD评分结果明显下降(P＜0.01),痊愈率68.9%,显效率27.8%,进步1.64%,无效1.64%.治疗前后HAMD量表的五项因子评分均有明显下降,具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 综合医院抑郁障碍患者及时识别、诊断,适当应用抗抑郁剂可有效缓解抑郁症状和躯体症状,减少不必要的检查和治疗,利于患者康复.     

以躯体不适为主要症状的抑郁症误诊分析

目的分析综合医院中伴有躯体不适的抑郁症误诊情况,提高早期诊治率.方法将各科以躯体不适就诊经多方治疗无效而转来我院精神科门诊的患者,进行汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分,分值≥18分,且符合CCMD-2-R抑郁症诊断标准者80例,给予氟西汀治疗8周,进行疗效评定.结果80例患者中,轻、中度抑郁占82.5%,重度抑郁占17.5%.有77.5%的初诊患者的第一主诉是躯体不适和睡眠障碍,而不是抑郁症状.氟西汀治疗8周后,HAMD评分明显下降.结论对综合医院抑郁症患者及时识别、诊断,适当应用抗抑郁剂可有效缓解抑郁症状和躯体症状,减少不必要的检查和治疗,有利于患者的早日康复.     

综合医院临床医师抑郁／焦虑障碍识别的对照分析

目的：分析综合医院临床医师对抑郁、焦虑的识别以及抑郁焦虑障碍与患者躯体症状的关系。方法从青海大学附属医院各科门诊及住院患者中选取200例作为实验组,另从同期人群中选取100例正常人做为对照组。用综合医院焦虑抑郁量表（HAD）自我评估筛检出抑郁、焦虑及抑郁合并焦虑症状病人,再由医学心理科专业医生使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定抑郁、焦虑患病率,并进一步调查上述病人抗抑郁、抗焦虑的诊治情况,对比各组患者躯体主诉情况及诊断结果。结果实验组有抑郁/焦虑障碍者68例（34％）,对照组患抑郁/焦虑障碍者15例（15％）;实验组三种主诉症状的患者所占比例更大;实验组HAD 、HAMD及 HAMA三项量表评估结果均较之对照组更高。结论综合医院临床医师在疾病诊断中,患者躯体症状尤其是多种症状叠加时,可能存在抑郁/焦虑症状,应重点识别,充分结合患者的临床表现,提高临床抑郁/焦虑识别率。     

西酞普兰与奎硫平治疗伴躯体症状抑郁症观察

目的:探讨西酞普兰联合奎硫平治疗伴有躯体不适主诉的抑郁症患者的疗效与安全性。方法:收集伴有躯体不适主诉的抑郁症患者68例,随机分成合用组(西酞普兰加用奎硫平)和单用组(单用西酞普兰),以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、临床疗效总评量表(CGI)、副反应量表(TESS)在治疗1、2、4、6周时各评定1次。结果:治疗6周末,两组HAMD和HAMA评分均显著低于治疗前。治疗第4、6周末两组间HAMD、HAMA评分差异有极显著性(P<0.01及0.05)。合用组有效率86%,显著优于单用组的有效率62%。结论:西酞普兰联合奎硫平治疗伴躯体症状的抑郁症疗效好,安全性高。     

抑郁发作与躯体形式障碍的比较

目的：比较抑郁发作与躯体形式障碍的异同。方法：了解患者临床情况及就医方式。以自编访谈提纲及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)对68例抑郁发作患者和47例躯体形式障碍患者进行调查。结果：两组患者性别及首次就医方式差异有显著性;在常见的14项躯体化症状中,8项差异显著。两组的HAMD总分和7个因子分差异均有非常显著性,除焦虑／躯体化因子在躯体形式障碍组显著高于抑郁发作组外,其余各项均低于抑郁发作组。结论：抑郁发作和躯体形式障碍患者各有临床特点。     

心理咨询门诊抑郁障碍的识别与氟西汀治疗

目的 探讨综合性医院心理咨询门诊抑郁障碍的识别与治疗。方法 将各科以躯体不适就诊，经多方检查治疗无效而转来心理咨询门诊的患，进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）测评，HAMD≥18分入组共69例，分别每日给氟西汀20mg治疗6周，治疗后查HAMD，并进行疗效评定。结果 69例中轻度、中度抑郁占73．9％，重度抑郁占26．1％，有81．2％的初诊患第一主诉是睡眠障碍和躯体不适，经服用抗抑郁剂氟西汀治疗6周后，HAMD评分明显下降（P＜0．01），痊愈67．3％，显效24．5％，进步4．9％，无效3．3％。治疗前后HAMD量表五项因子评分均有明显下降，具显意义（P＜0．01）。结论 心理咨询门诊抑郁患及时识别、诊断，适当应用抗抑郁剂可有效缓解抑郁症状和躯体症状，减少不必要的检查和治疗，利于患疾病的康复。     

抑郁症与焦虑障碍共病临床特征研究

目的 调查抑郁症和焦虑症障碍的共病率,以及对临床严重程度的影响.方法 采用前瞻性、多中心、队列研究.入组对象符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)抑郁症的诊断标准, 采用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和焦虑量表(HAMA),社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SSDS)和临床大体量表(CGI)评估.观察流行病学资料,焦虑和抑郁症状群、自杀状况.用情感性障碍和精神分裂症检查提纲中有关焦虑障碍的诊断清单评定患者合并的焦虑障碍.结果 共入组508例患者,首次抑郁发作为269例(53.0%),294例(57.9%)有过自杀观念,55例(10.8%)曾有自杀行为.45例(8.9%)伴精神病性症状.HAMD量表总分平均为(32.6±7.7)分;HAMA量表平均为(21.0±7.3)分,其中78.5%患者大于14分.抑郁症患者焦虑障碍的共病发生率为68.9%(350例),16.7%共病多种焦虑障碍.焦虑障碍种类分布以广泛性焦虑障碍为主,为56.1%.焦虑对抑郁症的临床严重程度有显著统计学意义,但自杀观念和自杀行为在共病与非共病之间未见统计学意义.36.0%患者同时伴有躯体疾病.结论 抑郁症与焦虑共病在临床上是常见的现象,合并的焦虑障碍以广泛性焦虑障碍为主,1/3的患者合并躯体疾病,应引起临床医生重视.     

女性头晕患者发生焦虑抑郁在器质性病变和情绪障碍分布情况及疗效

目的探究绝经过渡期女性头晕患者发生焦虑抑郁在器质性病变和情绪障碍分布状况及治疗后的临床效果,为临床建立正确的诊治思维提供科学依据。方法选取自2011-01—2014-10来我院妇科就诊以头晕为主诉的绝经过渡期女性患者73例作为研究对象,通过回顾性分析患者各项常规检查及影像学检测等进行诊断,单纯器质性病变患者(A组)28例(38.36%),由专业心理医师对患者做出心理诊断,合并单纯情绪障碍患者14例(B组)(19.18%),同时合并器质性病变和情绪障碍患者(C组)31例(42.47%),对B、C组情绪障碍患者采取相应的抗抑郁、焦虑治疗,治疗结束后,通过汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)进行焦虑抑郁评分和程度分级。并比较2组患者的临床治疗效果。结果绝经过渡期女性头晕患者,情绪障碍以抑郁焦虑为主,器质性病变以脑部疾病为主,治疗结束后,B、C 2组患者HAMA评分总有效率分别为92.86%(13/14)、93.55%(29/31),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B、C 2组患者HAMD评分总有效率分别为85.71%(12/14)、93.55%(29/31),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论绝经过渡期女性头晕是一种多种病因引起的疾病,头晕患者情绪障碍占比例较大,且关系密切,治疗时应对头晕所致的疾病有全面的认识,鉴别器质性或精神障碍原因,以免贻误病情,以取得良好疗效。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。