保留膀胱颈环状肌和前列腺侧旁神经血管束的前列腺癌根治术

为减少或避免前列腺癌根治术后尿失禁和阳萎的发生，采用保留膀胱颈环状纤维和前列腺侧旁神经血管束的方法行前列腺癌根治术１３例，结果１３例术后无尿失禁９例，轻度可复性尿失禁４例；保留性神经手术８例，术后有性功能７例；术前内分泌疗法９例，术后病理均可见肿瘤细胞退变，萎缩改变。结论：前列腺癌膀胱颈无浸润者适宜作本术式。由于术后保留括约肌功能，尿失禁发生率低。因此，对癌前病变及术前难以定性的高危患者可扩大手术适应证     

Identification and preservation of accessory pudendal vessels during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical retropubic prostatectomy

The introduction of minimally invasive surgery for radical retropubic prostatectomy has increased the incidence of recognition of accessory pudendal arteries. Early identification and preservation of these vessels is paramount for optimal functional outcomes. In this article, we describe our robotic surgical technique for identification and preservation of both lateral and apical accessory pudendal arteries. The illuminated, magnified surgical field, the pneumoperitoneum which minimizes venous bleeding, and the ability to acutely angle the robotic instruments assists in the preservation of these arteries. Although anatomy precludes the preservation of all accessory pudendal arteries, adopting a strategic approach to robotic dissection allows accessory pudendal arteries to be successfully spared in most cases.     

Full functional-length urethral sphincter preservation during radical prostatectomy

Background

A key prerequisite for urinary continence after radical prostatectomy (RP) is the functional length of the urethral sphincter and the stabilisation of its anatomic position within the pelvic floor.

Objective

We describe our modified surgical technique for full functional-length urethra (FFLU) preservation during RP.

Design, setting, and participants

We analysed 691 consecutive patients who underwent RP over a 12-mo period (285 without and 406 with the FFLU technique).

Surgical procedure

The full functional urethra length was preserved by performing an individualised apical preparation strictly along anatomic landmarks, respecting the individual length of the intraprostatically located proportion of the urethral sphincter. Anatomic fixation of the sphincter was reached by a thorough preservation of the pelvic floor and anatomic restoration of the Mueller's ligaments.

Measurements

Continence rates were assessed at 7 d and 12 mo after removal of the catheter. Continence was defined as the use of no pads and no urinary leakage.

Results and limitations

The continence rates were 50.1% and 30.9% 1 wk after catheter removal (p < 0.0001) and 96.9% and 94.7% (p = 0.59) at 12 mo after surgery in patients operated on with the FFLU technique versus the non-FFLU technique. In multivariate regression analysis, only the surgical technique correlated significantly with the continence status 1 wk after catheter removal. Neither the overall positive surgical margin rates nor the number of positive margins at the urethral resection border differed significantly between the FFLU and non-FFLU groups (13.6% and 0.5% vs 14.9% and 1.3%, respectively). Although the patients’ baseline characteristics were similar in the two surgical groups, the patients were not preoperatively randomised, and the number of patients in the groups was asymmetric.

Conclusions

The combination of an FFLU preparation and improved preservation of the anatomic fixation of the urethral sphincter complex resulted in significantly increased early urinary continence results.     

保留尿道括约肌功能对腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后尿控的影响

目的:探讨保留尿道括约肌功能对腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后尿控的影响。方法:选取2013年5月至2015年8月收治的行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的80例前列腺癌患者作为研究对象,依据是否保留尿道括约肌功能分为对照组(未保留)及研究组(保留),每组40例,对比两组患者术后3个月的尿控情况。结果:两组患者尿控分级差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后两组患者前列腺体积、前列腺特异性抗原、ICI-Q-SF评分、总并发症发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:保留尿道括约肌功能可显著提高腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后的尿控效果,改善前列腺体积、前列腺特异性抗原、ICI-Q-SF评分等指标,降低术后并发症发生率,有助于尿控目标的实现,提高了患者的生活质量,具有重要的应用价值。     

前列腺癌根治术中保护控尿功能的技巧

目的：探讨改进前列腺癌根治术的手术技巧，促进患者术后控尿功能的恢复。方法：对T1～T2期前列腺癌患者36例行保护控尿功能的解剖性耻骨后前列腺癌根治术。结果：手术平均时间3h20min．术中平均出血量420ml，输血19例。术后病理检查肿瘤局限于包膜内者34例，切缘阳性1例．盆腔淋巴结微转移1例。随访11～58个月．平均26个月，均生存。术后拔除导尿管1周内立即控尿23例(63．9％)．3个月时控尿30例(83．3％)，6个月时控尿33例(91.7％)．12个月时全部恢复控尿(100％)。结论：解剖性耻骨后前列腺癌根治术中注意肿瘤切除原则．保护控尿神经、肌肉和筋膜．可缩短术后控尿功能的恢复时间，提高控尿率。     

耻骨后解剖性根治性前列腺切除术的技术改进

目的探讨耻骨后解剖性根治性前列腺切除术的技术改进,减少手术并发症。方法前列腺癌患者98例,平均年龄64岁。术前PSA 2．0～108．6 ng／ml,平均18．5 ng／ml。A期6例、B期68例、C期24例。耻骨后解剖性根治性前列腺切除术改进步骤包括：保留耻骨前列腺韧带;应用集束血管钳协助完成耻骨后血管复合体（耻骨前列腺韧带＋背静脉复合体）的结扎切断;采用“4＋1”方法行膀胱尿道吻合术（“4”指重建的膀胱颈与尿道黏膜对黏膜2、5、7和10点4针吻合、“1”指将缝扎耻骨后血管复合体的2-0缝线于重建的膀胱颈12点、距吻合缘0．5～1．0 cm处浆肌层穿过,将重建膀胱颈与耻骨后血管复合体固定）。结果98例手术顺利,平均手术时间3 h。术中平均出血量约400 ml,输血37例。3例发生直肠损伤,术中行直肠修补,均Ⅰ期愈合。术后病理报告：盆腔淋巴结阳性12例,切缘阳性12例,精囊浸润13例。术后随访3～68个月。术后3个月内PSA下降至≤0．2 ng／ml者95例。保留尿管2～3周,术后6个月有Ⅱ度以下尿失禁者8例,7例于6个月内恢复控尿,1例于术后12个月时仍有Ⅰ度尿失禁。术后发生尿道狭窄4例,通过腔内治疗治愈。3例复发后给予间断全激素阻断治疗者分别于术后57、60、64个月死于肿瘤复发与转移。结论改进的耻骨后解剖性根治性前列腺切除术可缩短手术时间、减少手术并发症,可有效切除肿瘤,同时保留控尿功能。     

Prospective predictors of urinary continence after anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy: a multivariate analysis

The aim of this work was to evaluate variables that predict time to pad-free urinary continence after anatomical radical prostatectomy (ARP). Sixty consecutive prostate cancer patients who underwent ARP by one surgeon were studied. Pad-free urinary continence was prospectively determined by patient interviews and confirmed on physical examination and by the urinary domain of the Extended Prostate Inventory Composite (EPIC) Health Related Quality of Life questionnaire. A time-dependent Cox multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine which variables significantly correlated with time to pad-free urinary continence. Increasing prostate size (cc), increasing prostate urethral length (cm) and surgical technique (wide excision of the neuro-vascular bundle) correlated with a significantly (P<0.05) prolonged time to achieve pad-free urinary continence. In conclusion, prostate size and surgical technique were the most useful variables in predicting time to pad-free urinary continence after ARP.     

保留耻骨前列腺韧带在耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术控尿中的作用

目的 探讨耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术中保留耻骨前列腺韧带(PL)的控尿作用.方法前列腺癌患者74例.年龄52～73岁,平均65岁.术前实验室检查PSA 2.0～23.6 ng/ml,平均16.5 ng/ml.其中64例行经直肠超声引导下前列腺系统穿刺活检,病理证实为前列腺癌;10例行TURP后病理发现前列腺癌.74例均行盆腔MRI及全身骨扫描未见前列腺外转移病灶.A期6例、B期68例.手术方法:常规行双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫,锐性切开盆内筋膜至PL侧缘,50例保留PL,在尿道前方紧贴前列腺尖部的弧形缘放置集束血管钳,控制耻骨后血管复合体(包括PL与背静脉复合体);对照组24例紧贴耻骨切断PL,在尿道前方紧贴前列腺尖部的弧形缘放置集束血管钳,控制背静脉复合体.在集束钳下方用1-0可吸收线分别贯穿缝扎集束血管钳控制的组织,沿前列腺的弧形切断该束组织达前列腺尖部与尿道连接处.离断尿道.采用"网球拍"式的膀胱颈重建.整形后的膀胱颈与尿道黏膜对黏膜于2、5、7和10点分别吻合4针,将保留在复合体上的1-0缝线于重建膀胱颈的12点、距吻合缘0.5～1.0 cm处浆肌层贯穿缝扎,将其与复合体结扎固定.术后保留尿管2周.结果 74例手术均顺利.随访3～12个月.保留PL组及切断PL组年龄分别为(61.3±2.4)和(60.8±2.1)岁,实验室检查PSA分别为(14.3±1.2)和(14.7±1.3)ng/ml,手术时间为(110.5±10.4)和(109.7±10.6)min,术中出血量为(250.5±23.4)和(253.4±22.3)ml,切缘阳性率为6%(3/50)和8%(2/24);2组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).保留PL组与切断PL组术后拔除尿管不同时间的控尿率分别为:即刻26%(13/50)和0%(0/24),1个月时为50%(25/50)和12%(3/24),3个月时为80%(40/50)和42%(10/24),6个月时为96%(48/50)和67%(16/24),12个月时为100%(50/50)和75%(18/24);2组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 PL在耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术后控尿中发挥较大作用,术中应积极保留.     

Anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy: 'curtain dissection' of the neurovascular bundle

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the topographical relationship of the cavernosal nerves (CNs) to seminal vesicles, prostate, rhabdosphincter and urethra during the development of the prostate, and to use the resulting morphological data to modify the surgical technique of nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 29 male fetuses (gestational age 9-37 weeks) and eight adult specimens assessed anatomically and histologically. Using the plastination technique and anatomical dissection, the course of the CNs was investigated in all specimens. Based on these morphological results, the technique of dissecting the CNs during nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy was modified. RESULTS: During early fetal development the fibres of the CNs enclose the prostatic and membranous urethra dorsally and laterally. During the growth of the prostate, the CNs running along the prostate become displaced further anteriorly and spread, thus forming a concave shape (like a 'curtain') of the neurovascular bundles (NVB). Therefore, dissection of the NVB has to start anteriorly to preserve all the nerve fibres that are spread along the surface of the lateral lobes of the prostate. CONCLUSIONS: From these anatomical findings we propose a modified 'curtain dissection' to improve preservation of the CNs running in the NVB, in which the incision of the periprostatic fascia and dissection of the NVB is far more anterior than previously described.     

Cold-knife incision of anastomotic strictures after radical retropubic prostatectomy with bladder neck preservation: efficacy and impact on urinary continence status

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence and characteristics of anastomotic strictures (AS) after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) with bladder-neck preservation (BNP), the efficacy of management with cold-knife incision (CKI), and its impact on urinary continence. METHODS: Seven hundred five consecutive patients who underwent RRP with BNP were prospectively followed with uroflowmetry at postoperative months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and investigated for urinary incontinence with the 1-h pad test at AS diagnosis obtained with urethroscopy. If the instrument could not dilate the stricture, CKI was subsequently performed. Follow-up after treatment was performed with uroflowmetry and 1-h pad test at months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12. Recurrent AS was always treated with repeated CKI. RESULTS: Six hundred forty-eight patients were assessable. After a median time of 3.8 mo from RRP, 46 (7.1%) patients developed AS. Urinary incontinence was present in 21 (46%) men at AS diagnosis. Three (7%) patients were successfully managed by urethroscopic dilation only, whereas 43 (93%) required CKI. Eleven (26%) of the latter had recurrent AS. After a median follow-up of 48 mo from the last AS treatment, all patients are stricture-free, de novo urinary incontinence was never documented, and of the 21 originally incontinent men, 11 became continent, 8 improved and 2 remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, BNP does not decrease the incidence of AS after RRP; however, AS can be effectively managed with repeated CKI with a final 100% success rate. CKI has a possible positive impact on urinary continence in 90% of patients, without causing de novo incontinence.     

保留尿道括约功能的前列腺癌根治术165例报告

目的：探讨保留尿道括约功能的前列腺癌根治术后病人发生尿失禁的影响因素。方法：采用尿道外括约肌保留、膀胱颈及前列腺前括约肌（PPS）保留、勃起神经保留等方法行前列腺根治手术165例。通过调查表和尿垫试验,从主观和客观两方面进行随访。结果：尿道外括约肌保留组尿失禁发生率为0．7％,括约肌修复组为5．3％;按年龄分组：50岁－组拔除导尿管时,60％出现尿失禁,60岁－组拔除导尿管时,82％出现尿失禁。但3个月以后,两组趋于一致。结论：外科技术和病人年龄是影响根治性前列腺切除术后尿失禁发生的重要因素,保留尿道外括约肌及保留尿控制机制可以减少术后尿失禁发生率。年轻病人术后易恢复尿控状态,而年龄较大的病人恢复较慢。     

筋膜内切除法在腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术中的应用

目的 探讨筋膜内切除法在腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术中的应用.方法 前列腺癌患者23例,平均年龄65岁.术前PSA 4.5～8.6(6.25 ±2.1)ng/ml;临床分期T1 16例、T2 7例;活检组织Gleason评分:5分3例、6分11例、7分9例.有性生活者18例.行腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术.不打开盆内筋膜,自前列腺基底部沿前部正中线纵形切开前列腺筋膜,贴前列腺包囊分离前列腺前面、两侧、尖部.保留神经血管束.保护前列腺尖尿道相连处括约肌.结果 23例手术顺利.平均手术时间125(110～170)min.出血量320～1500(550±210)ml,输血3例.平均留置尿管12(9～15)d.术后随访12个月,完全尿控20例(87%).有轻微压力性尿失禁3例(13%).18例术前有性生活的患者能充分勃起完成性交13例(72%).随访期间出现生化复发2例(9%).结论 腹腔镜下筋膜内切除法剥离前列腺对前列腺周围筋膜、附着于筋膜的神经血管束以及尿道外括约肌损伤小.手术方法可行.     

个体化改良术式防止前列腺癌根治术后尿失禁

目的：探讨前列腺癌根治术中保护控尿功能的方法。方法：对51例临床局限性前列腺癌患者(TNM分期为T1a～3hN0M0)，采用个体化改良术式行耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术，术中为保留控尿功能仔细解剖前列腺尖部并作无张力膀胱颈一尿道残端吻合。结果：术后12～14d拔除尿管时22例(43．1％)控尿满意，术后1个月45例(88．2％)控尿满意．术后3个月至今，所有患者控尿满意。平均随访14个月(3～24个月)，随访期间无生化复发及尿道狭窄发生。结论：术中注意以下几点可提高耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术后的控尿功能：①良好控制背静脉丛以获得无血手术视野；②在保证尖部切除范围前提下，尽量延长功能性尿道长度；③根据术中具体解剖情况再造膀胱颈口；④膀胱黏膜外翻并与尿道残端无张力吻合(7针或9针缝合法)，减少术后漏尿及尿道狭窄发生。     

Assessment of bladder and urethral sphincter function before and after radical retropubic prostatectomy

PURPOSE: In a prospective study we analyzed the effects of radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) on detrusor and urethral sphincter function by comparing urodynamic status preoperatively with that during longitudinal followup. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 49 consecutive patients underwent urodynamics with pressure flow studies and Valsalva leak point pressure measurements 3 to 7 days before RRP (baseline), and then 1 and 8 months after surgery. We assessed bladder compliance, detrusor overactivity, detrusor contractility and intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). RESULTS: There was no significant change in detrusor overactivity at 1 and 8 months of followup. Decreased bladder compliance was observed in 20.4% of patients at baseline, and in 38.7% and 30.6% at 1 and 8 months, respectively. De novo decreased compliance was detected in 18.4% and 10.2% of patients at the same points. Impaired bladder compliance was comparable to that before surgery in 20% of cases. Impaired detrusor contractility was detected in 42.8% of patients at baseline, and in 61.2% (p <0.05) and 42.8% at 1 and 8 months, respectively. De novo hypocontractility was observed in 28.6% and 10.2% of patients at 1 and 8 months, respectively. A strong association between detrusor overactivity and ISD was observed at 1 and 8 months (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Following RRP detrusor hypocontractility and decreased bladder compliance represent de novo transient dysfunction probably due to bladder denervation and an established condition not influenced by the operation. The strong association between overactivity and ISD suggests that stress urinary incontinence increases urethral afferent nerve activity and induces involuntary detrusor contractions.     

Surgical margins in radical prostatectomy: a comparison between retropubic and laparoscopic surgery

Objectives To compare positive surgical margins in both radical retropubic prostatectomies and laparoscopic surgery in two reference centres in Brazil. Materials and methods One hundred and seventy nine pathological studies from patients, who underwent radical prostatectomy due to prostate adenocarcinoma, 89 submitted to retropubic surgery and 90 to laparoscopic surgery, were analyzed. Inclusion criteria Patients with PSA ≤15 ng/ml, and a Gleason score ≤7 at the prostate biopsy, maximum T2 clinical staging. Results There has been surgical margin compromising in 41.57% of the patients submitted to retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP), 34.21% of which were at pT2 stage and 84.61% were at pT3 stage. In patients submitted to laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) positive surgical margin was found at 24.44% of the cases: 20.98% of which were at pT2 stage and 55.55% at pT3 stage. Conclusions In the analyzed samples, proportion of positive surgical margin was higher in RRP than in LRP (P = 0.023). A higher number of patients on a randomized prospective study would be necessary for a better comparison between the groups.     

耻骨后前列腺癌根治术的技术改进(附32例报告)

目的　改进耻骨后前列腺癌根治术的手术技术 ,减少并发症。　方法　临床诊断为T1和T2 期前列腺癌患者 32例 ,平均年龄 6 8岁。改进耻骨后前列腺癌根治技术 ,包括广泛盆腔淋巴结清扫、保护神经血管束、缝扎背深静脉、多保留尿道后壁组织、膀胱尿道吻合时的膀胱颈部套叠等。　结果　手术时间平均 3.5h ,术中平均出血量 4 5 0ml,输血 1 7例。术后病理报告 :肿瘤局限于包膜内者30例 ,切缘阳性 1例 ,盆腔淋巴结转移 1例。随访 8～ 4 8个月 ,平均 2 2个月 ,均存活。PSA <1ng/ml者2 8例 ,1～ 3ng/ml者 4例。术后 3～ 6个月患者均恢复完全控尿。术后恢复勃起功能者 1 0 / 1 8(5 6 % )例。　结论　耻骨后前列腺癌根治术可有效切除肿瘤、保护控尿功能、保留性功能 ,是局限性前列腺癌的首选治疗方法。     

Electromyography of the female urethral sphincter

Electromyography of the urethral striated sphincter gives information on the function of this muscle which consists of two structures: the intraurethral and periurethral sphincter. The types of electrode used to perform EMG of this sphincter are reviewed. The EMG findings of the peri- and intraurethral sphincters with empty bladder at rest and during maximal voluntary contraction are given as well as during bladder filling. Assessment of the urethral sphincter is described in different pathological situations. Methods and results of evoked potentials and nerve conduction measurements are also described in normal and pathological conditions.     

病理复查并前列腺癌根治术后早期前列腺特异抗原监测的临床意义

目的：结合病理复查结果，监测前列腺癌根治术后早期的前列腺特异抗原(PSA)水平，指导术后的进一步治疗。方法：对25例前列腺癌根治术患者于术后1、2、4周时测定PSA水平，尔后每个月测定一次，随访5～17个月，平均11个月；并对术后标本的手术切缘及包膜浸润程度行病理复查。结果：病理报告T1～T2期17例，15例获根治，PSA水平均降至0．2μg／L以下，随访12个月无复发；2例PSA一直未降至正常，2个月后复升高而加用辅助治疗，其病理观察发现手术切缘有肿瘤残留。T3a或T3b期8例，4例获根治，PSA在3个月内降至0．2μg／L以下，随访9个月无复发，病理特征为肿瘤浸润包膜但未穿透；4例在1个月后因PSA回升分别加用辅助治疗，病理示肿瘤均穿透包膜。结论：T1～T2期患者，因手术切缘残留等原因，肿瘤可能早期复发；T3期患者，特别是那些侵犯包膜但未穿透者，手术可能达到根治，并可以延迟应用雄激素阻断治疗，延长治疗的有效时间。     

前列腺癌根治术132例临床分析

目的总结行前列腺癌根治术的经验和教训,对手术疗效和影响患者生活质量的因素进行分析。方法1993年1月至2005年3月共开展前列腺癌根治手术132例,按照手术的时间,将患者分为早期组（2000年前,34例）和近期组（2001年后,98例）,分别统计围手术期各指标情况,对近期组中63例患者的随访结果进行分析;对78例患者的阴茎勃起功能状况进行跟踪调查,其中19例行阴茎夜间生物电阻抗体积测定（NEVA）检查。结果近期组和早期组相比,与手术技术相关的指标逐渐优化。随访的病例中无死于前列腺癌者;以血清前列腺特异抗原（PSA）〉0．4μg／L为标准,有9例生化复发。50例在术后6个月内恢复正常排尿,压力性尿失禁8例,完全性尿失禁5例。4例出现膀胱颈部尿道狭窄。56例保留双侧神经患者中,33例（58．9％）恢复勃起功能;22例保留单侧神经患者中,7例（31．8％）恢复勃起功能;19例行NEVA检查者中,动脉供血不足者14例,4例恢复勃起功能;静脉漏者5例,均未恢复勃起功能。结论前列腺癌根治术治疗局限性前列腺癌效果较好。熟悉前列腺解剖,保护血管神经束以及良好的手术技巧,是手术成功的关键,也是影响患者术后生活质量的重要因素。