Trends in twin birth outcomes and prenatal care utilization in the United States, 1981-1997

CONTEXT: Multiple births account for an increasing percentage of all low-birth-weight infants, preterm births, and infant mortality in the United States. Since 1981, the percentage of women with multiple births who received intensive prenatal care (defined as a high number of visits, exceeding the recommendation of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists by approximately 1 SD beyond the mean number of visits for women initiating care within each trimester) has increased significantly. OBJECTIVES: To explore the hypothesis that more aggressive management of twin-birth pregnancies may be associated with changes in birth outcomes in this population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS: Cross-sectional and trend analysis of data from the National Center for Health Statistics' birth and infant death records for all twin births occurring in the United States between 1981 and 1997, excluding those with missing or inconsistent data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Trends in preterm birth, low birth weight, preterm and term small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births, and infant mortality, by level of prenatal care utilization. RESULTS: The preterm birth rate for twins increased from 40.9% in 1981 to 55.0% in 1997. The percentage of low-birth-weight infants increased from 51.0% to 54.0%. The preterm SGA rate also increased from 11.9% to 14.1%, while the term SGA rate decreased from 30.7% to 20.5%. For women with intensive prenatal care utilization, the preterm birth rate increased from 35.1% to 55.8%, compared with an increase from 50.6% to 59.2% among women with only adequate use. Twin preterm deliveries involving either induction or first cesarean delivery also increased from 21.9% to 27.3% between 1989-1991 and 1995-1997. The twin infant mortality rate for women with intensive prenatal care use declined between 1983 and 1996 and remained lower than the overall twin infant mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: An apparent increase in medical interventions in the management of twins may result in the seeming incongruity of more prenatal care and more preterm births; however, these data suggest that women with intensive prenatal care utilization also have a lower infant mortality rate. JAMA. 2000;283:335-341     

Reappraisal of twinning: epidemiology and outcome in the early neonatal period

INTRODUCTION

The present study aimed to determine the epidemiology, maternal complications and adverse neonatal outcomes associated with twin births at a tertiary care hospital in India.

METHODS

A prospective observational study was conducted on all successively born twin pairs (≥ 23 weeks of gestation) and their mothers from January to September 2005. Main outcome measures included maternal medical/obstetric complications, labour characteristics and the morbidities/mortality observed during the early neonatal period.

RESULTS

The twinning rate was 1 in 54 deliveries. Around 10% of mothers had a predisposition for twinning in the form of familial tendency or consumption of clomiphene. Anaemia (85%) was the most common maternal complication, followed by gestational hypertension (17%). Nearly one-third of births were delivered via Caesarean section. Prematurity (61%) was the most common neonatal complication followed by early-onset neonatal sepsis (21%). The risk of early neonatal death was 27%. Shorter gestation and low birth weight were significantly associated with adverse neonatal outcome (p < 0.05). Factors such as chorionicity, mode of delivery, birth order, inter-twin delivery time interval, gender and intra-pair birth weight discordance did not affect neonatal morbidity or mortality (p ≥ 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The rates of maternal complications and early neonatal morbidities/mortality were quite high in twin gestations. Except for the prematurity and low birth weight, none of the other factors, including inter-twin delivery time interval of more than 15 mins, were found to affect neonatal outcome.     

中国双胎及双胎合并出生缺陷的流行病学调查

目的：调查我国围产儿双胎与双胎合并出生缺陷尤其是合并神经管缺陷的发生率及其流行病学情况。方法：于1986年10月1日－1987年9月30日,对全国原29个省,市、自治区共945所城乡医院 住院分娩围产儿,进行了双胎出生率的调查及统一标准的出生缺陷前瞻性的监测,结果：全年共生围产儿1243284名,其中双胎12715对,双胎发生率为10．23％,双胎中出生缺陷发生率为36．81‰,其中神经管缺陷最为高发,为5．27‰,双胎的发生无南北地域及城乡的差异,多发生在生育期高峰年龄（20－29）岁,初产多见,1年中10,11月份出生的发生率高,双胎合并出生缺陷亦无明显南北地域及城乡差异,多发生在20－39岁,无产次及季节的差异;双胎合并神经管缺陷多见于北方诸省及农村人口,其发生与年龄及产次无明显关系;但与季节密切相关,11月份高发。结论：双胎合并出生缺陷,尤其是合并神经管缺陷的发生率均明显高于全国总围产儿合并出生缺陷及神经管缺陷的发生率,因此对双胎妊娠应注意作产前监测。     

辅助生殖技术中影响出生婴儿性别比的相关因素分析

目的探讨辅助生殖技术（ART）中影响出生婴儿性别比的相关因素。方法收集2008年1月~2014年3月于我院接受ART
治疗并成功分娩的4348个周期的患者的临床资料,包括男女双方年龄、不孕原因、授精方式、移植胚胎期别、移植胚胎类型、分
娩类型（单胎、双胎分娩）、既往ART流产次数、ART分娩次数和分娩的5607名新生儿的性别,分析不同因素对于分娩新生儿性
别的影响。结果共有3019名男婴和2588名女婴出生,性别比为116∶100;单胎分娩的3087名新生儿出生性别比为117∶100;双
胎分娩的2520名新生儿性别比为116:100;经ART治疗一胎分娩5542名新生儿出生性别比为117∶100;二胎分娩新生儿65名,
出生性别比为117∶100。在单胎妊娠活产婴儿中,若女方或男方高龄,出生男婴比例较对照组（年龄<35 岁）显著增高(分别为
58.4% vs 52.8%,P=0.012;56.4% vs 52.3%;P=0.026）,同时观察到ICSI组出生男婴比例较IVF组明显较低（45.7% vs 55.6%,P<
0.001）,其它因素则对出生婴儿性别比无显著影响;在双胎妊娠活产新生儿组中,上述不同因素对出生新生儿性别比均无显著
性差异。ART治疗后生育一胎新生儿中,女方高龄组出生男婴比例显著高于对照组（57.4% vs 53.0%, P=0.009）,并可知ICSI组
中出生男婴比例显著低于IVF组（48.6% vs 55.4%, P=0.001）;而ART治疗后生育二胎新生儿中,不同因素各组间出生婴儿性别
比均无显著性差异。单因素Logistic 回归分析提示,女方年龄（OR：0.836,95% CI 0.731~0.955,P<0.05）、授精方式（OR∶
1.151,95% CI 1.027~1.289,P<0.05）对出生婴儿性别比产生的影响有统计学意义,其它因素对出生婴儿性别比则无显著影响。
进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析提示,无独立的预测因素。结论经ART治疗后高龄女性生育男性婴儿比例更高,在单胎活
产婴儿中男方高龄与出生男婴比例增加相关,而ICSI授精方式较IVF女性婴儿比例更高。
     

A STUDY OF STILL BIRTHS IN 3974 CONSECU TIVE DELIVERIES IN THE FIRST NATIONAL MIDWIFERY SCHOOL MATERNITY . HOSPITAL

The purpose of Lhis study is to analyze the causes of stiIl births among the 3,974 consecutive deliveries in the First National Midwifery School Maternity Hospital. Incidence. There have been 3,974 deliveries in the First Midwifery School Maternity FIospital, 1,031 district deliveries and 2,943 hospital deliveries, covering a period of four years (November 1929 to December 1933). Among these 3,974 deliveries there were 40 sets of twins and .one of triplets, resulting in 4,016 births, 210 still birtllst (2IO still births from 204 mothers; among four sets of twins there were five still births and of the triplets two were still births) and 3,806 live births, giving a still birth rate of 55.2 per iooo live births. There is a definitely stiU higher still birth rate for the males than for the females. The figures are given rn Table i.     

An audit of deliveries and outcome at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital,Blantyre, in 1999

A one-year audit of deliveries at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, was undertaken for 1999. The main objective of the audit was to obtain baseline data on forms of deliveries and pregnancy outcome. A total of 12,293 births occurred during the study period. Of these, 11,565 were singleton deliveries, 349 twin deliveries and 10 triplets. Characteristics of singleton deliveries were analysed further when data were available. The age distribution of the mothers ranged from 10 to 55 years with a mean age of 23.4 years. Of 10,314 singleton deliveries, 8710 (84.4%) were spontaneous vertex deliveries, 1121 (10.8%) were caesarian section, 304 (2.94%) were vacuum extraction and 169 (1.63%) were assisted breech deliveries. Breech deliveries had the worst outcome. The maternal mortality rate for the year 1999 was 1224 per 100,000 live births and the perinatal mortality rate was 49.3 per 1000 live births.     

Congenital malformations in singleton and twin births in rural Nigeria

BACKGROUND: The presence of a congenital malformation at birth is a cause of anxiety at an otherwise joyous occasion. Congenital malformations are a significant contributor to perinatal mortality. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of external congenital abnormalities in singleton and twin births in rural eastern Nigeria over a 20 year period. RESULT: The incidence of congenital defects for all deliveries was 110.8/10,000 births. Of 1453 twins and 32206 singleton births, there were 58 and 315 congenital abnormalities, with incidence of 97.8/10,000 births and 399.2/10,000 births respectively. Twins were significantly (x(2) =115.22; p< 0.0000) more likely to have a congenital malformation than singletons (RR 4.08, 95% CI 3.10 - 5.7). The pattern of defects was similar for singleton and twin births and the leading system affected was the musculo-skeletal system, distantly followed by the central nervous system. For both groups the commonest malformation was ulnar polydactyly, followed by hydrocephaly and ankyloglossia. Surprisingly no conjoined twins were recorded and there were only 7 cases of congenital umbilical hernia, abnormalities previously considered to be very common in Nigerians and Africans respectively. CONCLUSION: Twins are about four times more likely to have congenital malformations than singletons. The overall prevalence of congenital malformations recorded is comparatively low. There is need for more detailed routine documentation of all birth defects including post-mortem report and the conduct of prospective population-based epidemiological surveys of birth defects in Nigeria.     

Contribution of twin pregnancy to perinatal mortality and fetal growth retardation; reversal of growth retardation after birth.

A survey of factors associated with perinatal mortality in 511 twins and fetal growth retardation and its reversal in 262 twins is presented. The incidence of stillbirth was almost 50% higher in twins than in singletons and the neonatal mortality was six times as high. Eighty percent of the neonatal deaths occurred in infants born prior to or at 30 weeks of gestation; 93% of the deaths were in infants weighing less than 1500 g and 75% occurred within 48 hours of birth. Fetal malnutrition was the main cause of stillbirth, and respiratory distress syndrome and asphyxia neonatorum were the main causes of neonatal death. One quarter of the twins had fetal growth retardation, a prevalence 10 times that in singletons. In almost all, the growth retardation was reversed by high-energy feedings. Although twins represented only 1% of all pregnancies and 2% of live births, they composed 12% of infants with early neonatal death and 17% of growth-retarded infants. A program is suggested for reduction of twin mortality and morbidity.     

Grandmultiparity in Lagos, Nigeria

The case-notes and records of grandmultiparous patients delivered at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital between 1st January, 1994 and 31st December, 1996 were analysed. The incidence of grandmultiparity was 4.11%. There were no cases of extreme grandmultiparity. The mean age +/- SD was 33.26 +/- 1.8 years, and the mean parity +/- SD 5.57 +/- 0.38. No patient was under 20 years and none had a parity greater than 9. Fifty-seven (42.22%) were booked patients and 78(57.78%) were unbooked. Anaemia and malpresentation were commonest in the antenatal period, whilst hypertension and disproportion were commonest intrapartum. Fifty per cent of the patients had a spontaneous vaginal delivery. The Caesarean section rate was 30.37%. The incidence of intrapartum complications, cephalopelvic disproportion, obstructed labour and Caesarean section, were found to be higher in the unbooked patients. There was an increased incidence of twin pregnancy and placenta praevia. The maternal mortality ratio was 44.4/1000 amongst the grandmultipara which was not statistically more significant than in the general obstetric population. The perinatal mortality rate was 169/1000 deliveries.     

The contribution of maternal smoking to preterm birth, small for gestational age and low birthweight among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal births in South Australia

OBJECTIVES: To determine the contribution of maternal smoking to preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation), small for gestational age (SGA, birthweight < 10th percentile for gestational age) and low birthweight (< 2500 g) among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal births in South Australia. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analysis of population-based perinatal data. SETTING: The State of South Australia, population 1.5 million. PARTICIPANTS: 36059 women (of whom 851 were Aboriginal women) who had singleton births in 1998-1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risks and population-attributable risks of preterm birth, SGA and low birthweight from smoking in the second half of pregnancy, by age and Aboriginality. RESULTS: Aboriginal women had a higher rate of smoking in pregnancy than non-Aboriginal women (57.8% v 24.0% at the first antenatal visit) and high rates for all age groups, while the rates decreased with age among non-Aboriginal women. Heavy smoking increased with age, and Aboriginal women were heavier smokers. Women who smoked had elevated relative risks of preterm birth (1.64), SGA (2.28) and low birthweight (2.52), and all these showed a dose-response relationship. Among Aboriginal (versus non-Aboriginal) births, population-attributable risks were significantly higher for SGA (48% v 21%, and 59% for births to Aboriginal teenagers), low birthweight (35% v 23%) and preterm birth (20% v 11%). CONCLUSIONS: Health promotion programs, with a focus on smoking cessation and reducing uptake of smoking, need to be implemented in an appropriate cultural context, especially among young Aboriginal women. Such a program is being developed in South Australia.     

早产200例的临床治疗

目的了解早产的原因及其对母儿的影响,探讨临床治疗的方法措施。方法选取2007年1月至2009年9月,我院分娩总数3315例,其中早产200例（早产组）。另随机选取同期我院住院分娩无产科并发症与合并症,年龄相仿,足月分娩的孕产妇200例作为对照组。结果本组早产孕产妇200例,分娩早产儿210例,包括10例双胎,早产儿死亡31例,早产儿病死率9.698%。同期对照组200例早产孕产妇,分娩产儿204例,围生儿死亡6例,足月围生儿病死率2.94%,经χ2检验P〈0.001,差异有非常显著性。200例早产中阴道自然分娩181例,占90.5%,剖宫产19例,占9.5%,分娩新生儿210例,发生新生儿窒息72例,新生儿窒息率19%。新生儿死亡31例,孕周越小,出生体重越低,新生儿窒息率及新生儿病死率越高。结论引起早产的主要原因尚不清楚,胎膜早破及双胎较常见,防治早产是减少新生儿不良结局的重要手段。     

体外受精胚胎移植助孕后双胎妊娠临床结果分析

目的：探讨试管婴儿双胎与自然妊娠双胎的妊娠、分娩的风险及新生儿结局。方法比较分析61例试管婴儿双胎与77例自然妊娠双胎母亲的一般情况、妊娠并发症、剖宫产情况及围产儿结局。结果试管婴儿组产妇平均年龄为(30．72±4．10)岁,与自然受孕组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。试管婴儿组高龄初产产妇比例高于自然受孕组,试管婴儿组的产次显著低于自然受孕组,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。两组产检完成率、孕次及瘢痕子宫的差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。试管婴儿组单绒毛膜性双胎发生率显著低于自然受孕组,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05),其他产科并发症差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。试管婴儿组孕妇的剖宫产率高于自然受孕组,差异有统计学意义( P<0．05)。两组产后出血量、产后出血、输血率及子宫切除率差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。试管婴儿组婴儿平均孕龄、活胎比例、低体质量儿与极低体质量比例、新生儿窒息率及胎儿性别方面与自然受孕组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。结论与自然妊娠双胎相比,试管婴儿双胎妊娠并不增加孕妇的孕期及分娩的风险,且新生儿的出生结局亦无明显差异。     

Northern Ireland twin study 1983

Two hundred and fifty-three twin deliveries in Northern Ireland during 1983 were studied. A high perinatal mortality rate of 57 per 1000 births was found, over four times greater than the overall perinatal mortality rate for Northern Ireland in that year. The main cause of these losses remains premature delivery which is frequently complicated by fetal growth retardation. Serial ultrasound scanning in the third trimester is considered mandatory in order to reduce the incidence of undiagnosed fetal growth retardation in twins.     

Two year audit of perinatal mortality at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital.

Introduction: Perinatal mortality rate is a sensitive indicator of quality of care provided to women in pregnancy, at and after child birth and to the newborns in the first week of life. Regular perinatal audit would help in identifying all the factors that play a role in causing perinatal deaths and thus help in appropriate interventions to reduce avoidable perinatal deaths. Aims and objectives: This study was carried out to determine perinatal mortality rate (PMR) and the factors responsible for perinatal deaths at KMCTH in the two year period from November 2003 to October 2005 (Kartik 2060 B.S. to Ashoj 2062). Methodology: This is a prospective study of all the still births and early neonatal deaths in KMCTH during the two year period from November 2003 to October 2005. Details of each perinatal death were filled in the standard perinatal death audit forms of the Department of Pediatrics, KMCTH. Perinatal deaths were analyzed according to maternal characteristics like maternal age, parity, type of delivery and fetal characteristics like sex, birth weight and gestational age and classify neonatal deaths according to Wigglesworth's classification and comparison made with earlier similar study. Results: Out of the 1517 total births in the two year period, 22 were still births (SB) and 10 were early neonatal deaths (ENND). Out of the 22 SB, two were of < 1 kg in weight and out of 10 ENND, one was of <1 kg. Thus, perinatal mortality rate during the study period was 19.1 and extended perinatal mortality rate was 21.1 per 1000 births. The important causes of perinatal deaths were extreme prematurity, birth asphyxia, congenital anomalies and associated maternal factors like antepartum hemorrhage and most babies were of very low birth weight. According to Wigglesworth's classification, 43.8% of perinatal deaths were in Group I, 12.5% in Group II, 28.1% in Group III, 12.5% in Group IV and 12.5% in Group V. Discussion: The perinatal death audit done in KMCTH for 1 year period from September 2002 to August 2003 showed perinatal mortality rate of 30.7 and extended perinatal mortality rate of 47.9 per 1000 births. There has been a significant reduction in the perinatal mortality rate in the last 2 years at KMCTH. Main reasons for improvement in perinatal mortality rate were improvement in care of both the mothers and the newborns and the number of births have also increased significantly in the last 2 years without appropriate increase in perinatal deaths. Conclusion: Good and regular antenatal care, good care at the time of birth including appropriate and timely intervention and proper care of the sick neonates are important in reducing perinatal deaths. Prevention of preterm births, better care and monitoring during the intranatal period and intensive care of low birth weight babies would help in further reducing perinatal deaths. Key words: Perinatal mortality rate (PMR), still births, early neonatal death (ENND), Total perinatal death (PND).     

Neonatal outcome in planned v unplanned out-of-hospital births in Kentucky

We conducted a survey of 1,064 out-of-hospital Kentucky births during 1981 to 1983 in order to classify each by planning status (planned or unplanned to occur out of hospital) and attendant. Among the 809 births for which we obtained information, 575 (71.1%) were planned. We examined birth outcome by low birth weight (LBW) and neonatal mortality (NM). Compared with planned births, unplanned births were associated with increased risk of LBW (odds ratio = 6.6; 95% confidence limits [CL], 3.9 to 11.2, adjusted for maternal age). Furthermore, after adjusting for maternal age and parity, LBW births occurred at less than expected frequency among planned births (observed to expected [O:E] ratio = 0.48; 95% CL, 0.29 to 0.73), but at greater than expected frequency among unplanned births (O:E ratio = 2.9; 95% CL, 2.2 to 3.8). A similar, but nonsignificant, trend was seen for NM and NM was much greater in the unplanned group (72.7 per 1,000 live births) than in the planned group (3.5 per 1,000).     

The effect of female age on the likelihood of a live birth from one in-vitro fertilisation treatment

OBJECTIVE: To determine the chance of at least one live birth from one round of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment and the effect of the woman's age on that likelihood. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of outcomes from IVF treatment that did not involve donated gametes, but which included embryos cryopreserved in the retrieval cycle. SETTING AND PATIENTS: All IVF patients (median age, 36 years; range, 22-48 years) who attended a private IVF clinic in Sydney for an egg retrieval between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 1998, and had embryo placements (fresh and cryostored) performed up to 30 June 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Independently audited live births surviving the neonatal period. RESULTS: 565 women had 648 egg retrievals during the period. The age of peak utilisation of IVF was 39 years. For women aged 34 years or less, the chance of a live birth from one round of egg retrieval and IVF treatment was 52.4% (95% CI, 47%-59%). For women aged 35-44 years, there was a linear decline in the live birth rate, and no babies were born from retrievals at age 45 years and over. There was an age-dependent rise in the frequency of miscarriages, from 10.5% (95% CI, 5%-18%) for women under 35 years, to 16.1% (95% CI, 9%-25%) for those 35-39 years, and 42.9% [95% CI, 24%-63%] for those over 40 years (P < 0.001). A third of the first births resulted from embryo transfers performed after a period of cryostorage. CONCLUSION: As fertility with IVF falls from the age of 34 years, and the age of peak IVF utilisation is 39 years, many Australian women are seeking IVF at an age when the likelihood of a live birth is reduced.     

1274例体外受精-胚胎移植治疗分娩新生儿结局分析

目的 探讨经体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)治疗分娩的新生儿的情况,以分析IVF-ET技术对新生儿先天畸形的影响.方法 对我中心经IVF-ET治疗分娩的1274个新生儿结局进行回顾性分析,探讨新生儿出生孕周、体质量、受精方式、母亲年龄、胎数与先天畸形的关系.结果 分娩930例,其中足月产706例(75.91%),早产224例(24.09%).获新生儿1274个,其中低体质量儿363例(28.49%),新生儿畸形13例(1.02%),围产期死亡15例(1.18%).结论 IVF-ET治疗增加了多胎妊娠、早产、低体质量儿等发生率,但未增加新生儿畸形发生率和围产期死亡率,卵母细胞内单精子注射术新生儿畸形率较IVF高,母亲年龄和胎数与先天畸形无明显关系,IVF-ET是治疗不孕症的安全手段.     

Low birth weight in relation to sex of baby, maternal age and parity: a hospital based study on Tangsa tribe from Arunachal Pradesh.

Records of 151 Tangsa singleton live births over a period of 4 years at the Nampong Primary Health Centre of Nampong Circle of the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh were analysed to examine the effect of sex of baby, mother's age and parity on the incidence of low birth weight. The occurrence of low birth weight was 28.48% and only 4.64% of newborns weighed 2000 g or less. The mean birth weight was found to be 2806.95 +/- 39.32 g. Female babies had a significantly higher incidence of low birth weight than male babies. Parity was found to be significant influence on the incidence of low birth weight. An increase of low birth weight babies was noticed after 4th parity and the best outcome was also observed at this parity. The higher incidence of low birth weight was found in the 5+ parity. Young mothers (< 20 years) had also higher incidence of low birth weight and mother's age had no significant effect on the incidence of low birth weight.     

Risk of adverse maternal outcome following macrosomic birth in Nigeria

Objective: To determine the risk of adverse maternal outcome associated with obstetric intervention in labour.Methods:All cases of macrosomic births conducted at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital,Calabar,between January 1st 1994 and December 31st 2000 were reviewed.Measure of treatment/intervention effect was calculated as relative risk for adverse maternal outcome,using spontaneous vaginal births as control.Results:Frequency of mode of delivery was as follow: vaginal births,139(60.7%);instrumental vaginal deliveries,16(7%);and abdominal deliveries,74(32.3%).Obstetric intervention occurred in 90(39.3%) cases.Sixty-four(28%) cases did not book for antenatal care,with 42 cases(18.3%) requiring obstetric intervention.About one in every two parturients(1: 2.1) in this study,requiring obstetric intervention at delivery had been interfered with at unorthodox health facilities.Relative risks for postpartum haemorrhage,wound sepsis and paralytic ileus were significantly high in parturients with abdominal delivery;while in parturients with instrumental vaginal delivery relative risks were significantly high for puerperal sepsis,paralytic ileus and obstetric palsy.There were no maternal deaths.Conclusion:Obstetric intervention in parturients with macrosomic births was high due to labour complications;and was associated with significant risk for adverse maternal outcome,especially in parturients with unskilled interference.