彩超引导下活检枪法行肾活检的临床应用

经皮肾活检能直接观察肾脏形态学的改变 ,对多种肾脏疾病的正确诊断、治疗以及预后判断等方面有着不可替代的重要作用 ,在临床应用日益广泛。探寻一种可靠性高、并发症少而轻的肾活检方法具有较高临床应用价值。笔者自 1999年以来采用彩超引导下活检枪法行肾活检 ,小有体会 ,现作介绍 ,以作引玉之砖。资料与方法1　一般资料　均为 1997年～ 2 0 0 1年我科住院病人。1997年～ 1999年的病人采用双人操作负压吸引法 ,18人 ,男女之比为 7∶11,平均年龄 32 4岁 ,平均体重 5 7 5 3ｋｇ。其中临床诊断为原发性肾病综合征者 5例 ,肾炎综合征者 3例 …     

肾移植术后患者行移植肾穿刺活检的护理

对93例肾移植术后患者行移植肾穿刺活检.结果 93例患者均顺利完成检查,穿刺过程中未发生严重不良事件;穿刺后发生移植肾周血肿6例,肉眼血尿27例,经对症处理未致严重后果;1例穿刺后发生血凝块堵塞输尿管,经皮肾穿刺加输尿管镜置入支架管引流后缓解;无穿刺失败致移植肾切除病例.提出对肾移植术后行移植肾穿刺活检患者,穿刺前加强心理干预和术前准备,术中准确定位穿刺点并加强病情观察,穿刺后加强并发症的预防与处理、生活护理等,可提高穿刺成功率,减少严重不良事件的发生.     

肾移植术后患者行移植肾穿刺活检的护理

对93例肾移植术后患者行移植肾穿刺活检。结果93例患者均顺利完成检查,穿刺过程中未发生严重不良事件;穿刺后发生移植肾周血肿6例,肉眼血尿27例．经对症处理未致严重后果;1例穿刺后发生血凝块堵塞输尿管,经皮肾穿刺加输尿管镜置入支架管引流后缓解;无穿刺失败致移植肾切除病例。提出对肾移植术后行移植肾穿刺活检患者,穿刺前加强心理干预和术前准备,术中准确定位穿刺点并加强病情观察,穿刺后加强并发症的预防与处理、生活护理等,可提高穿刺成功率,减少严重不良事件的发生。     

垂直法,B超引导经皮肾活检成功率比较

垂直法、Ｂ超引导经皮肾活检成功率比较丁尧海，梁俊林，张囊萍，刘文渊，汤俊达ＡＣＯＭＰＡＲＡＴＩＶＥＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＶＥＲＴＩＣＡＬＡＮＤＵＬＴＲＡＳＯＮｌｃＲＥＡＬ－ＴＩＭＥＧＵＩＤＡＮＣＥＲＥＮＡＬＢＩＯＰＳＩＥＳＤｉｎｇＹａｏｈａｉ；ＬｔａｎｇＪｉ...     

经会阴B型超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检的临床价值研究

目的:探讨经会阴扇型B型超声引导下前列腺6针穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值。方法:对经直肠指检或经腹部B超检查发现前列腺结节、血清总前列腺特异性抗原(tPSA)在4μg/L以上或游离PSA(fPSA)/tP-SA<0.16的可疑前列腺癌104例患者,经会阴扇型B超引导下18G自动穿刺活检针行双侧叶6点法穿刺,对穿刺的阳性率和并发症及影响穿刺阳性率的因素进行分析。结果:经病理诊断,检出前列腺癌24例,检出率23%,前列腺癌分级评分中位数为7分,高分化癌(2~4分)、中分化癌(5~7分)和低分化癌(8~10分)分别为12.5%(3/24)、62.5%(15/24)和25%(6/24);其余80例为良性前列腺增生(BPH)。术后短暂和轻度的肉眼血尿5例(4.8%),均在1~3 d后缓解,4例(3.8%)发热37.2℃~38.0℃,术后会阴部轻度不适5例(4.8%)。术后无1例出现血便、血精、前列腺脓肿、高热、败血症、急性尿潴留等严重并发症。经分析发现tPSA、fPSA、fPSA/tPSA、前列腺抗原密度(PS-AD)和前列腺体积是影响前列腺穿刺阳性率的重要因素(P<0.05),经会阴穿刺优势主要反映在tPSA≥10μg/L、fP-SA≥2μg/L、fPSA/tPSA<0.16、PSAD≥0.2和前列腺体积<40 m l时提示应行会阴穿刺术。结论:经会阴扇型B型超声引导下6针前列腺穿刺活检,是一种安全准确的前列腺癌检出方法。     

移植肾功能恢复延迟受者供肾及移植肾活检的意义

目的 分析移植肾功能恢复延迟(DGF)受者进行供肾及移植肾活检对其病因诊断的价值及对治疗的指导意义.方法 回顾性分析144例DGF受者的临床表现、实验室检查特点.获取供肾进行修肾时行供肾活检,在B型超声引导下行经皮肾活检术检查移植肾,分别行组织学、免疫病理和超微病理检查.结果 (1)1994-1997年间DGF的发生率为10.16%,1998-2001年间为7.83%,2002-2005年间为7.48%,2006-2009年降至5.35%;(2)DGF受者的临床表现包括无尿(16.67%)、少尿(16.67%)和高血压(47.22%).123例行移植肾B型超声检查者中肾脏体积增大者占79.67%,血管阻力增高者占45.53%;(3)全部DGF受者均存在血肌酐(SCr)不降或下降缓慢,80例SCr为451～707μmol/L,23例SCr持续＞707μmol/L.70.83%的DGF受者尿N-乙酰-BD-氨基葡萄糖苷酶升高,54.86%的DGF受者尿蛋白定性阳性,53.47%的DGF受者尿沉渣镜检红细胞计数＞50万/ml.(4)144例中,发生急性排斥反应者占45.83%,发生钙调磷酸酶抑制剂肾毒性者占15.28%,IgA肾病者占12.50%,缺血再灌注损伤者占7.64%,移植肾组织学形态正常者占7.64%,急性肾小管坏死者占5.56%,急性间质性肾炎3.47%,移植后复发性疾病占1.39%,肾小球毛细血管内增生性病变占0.69%.(5)60.55%的受者除变更免疫抑制方案外,还进行了肾脏替代治疗.结论 尽管[GF的原因复杂,但供肾质量及移植肾早期病理改变与DGF有直接关系;移植肾活检有助临床更改治疗方案.     

稳定期移植肾功能减退的肾穿刺活检及治疗方案调整

目的：探讨稳定期移植肾功能减退的原因和治疗方法。方法：对24例移植肾功能减退者行移植肾穿刺活检，诊断为慢性移植肾肾病10例，急性排斥反应6例，环孢素A(CsA)肾毒性反应4例，移植肾肾炎3例，高血压肾病1例。据此调整患者CsA的用法或进行药物切换治疗。结果：13例经调整CsA的剂量，其中7例肾功能损害逆转；7例将CsA切换为他克莫司后，有5例肾功能损害恢复；另外4例对症处理。24例中，13例(54．2％)血肌酐降至正常。结论：稳定期移植肾功能减退患者早期行移植肾穿刺活检明确诊断后。半数以上患者可通过调整CsA的剂量或进行药物转换治疗，移植肾肾功能损害可以逆转。     

The diagnostic and prognostic value of renal allograft biopsy

We prospectively studied 89 patients to assess the diagnostic use of renal allograft biopsy in the first three months after transplantation. These biopsies were done in patients in whom diagnosis was not clear or clinical rejection was deemed to be severe. Clinical diagnosis at initial biopsy was compared with the morphological diagnosis. To determine if morphological data improved the prognostic usefulness of the clinical data, we performed multiple logistic regression relating clinical variables at initial biopsy and histological changes in the transplant to the outcome of 120 patients one year after biopsy. The clinical and morphological diagnosis differed in 41 of 89 patients (46%). Of 120 patients in the prognostic study, 35 returned to dialysis during the first year following transplantation. Using multiple logistic regression, a categorical variable that took into account both the serum creatinine and its rate of change before biopsy was the best clinical predictor of return to dialysis. Further increase in chi 2 occurred with type of donor, number of transfusions, and age. Using the clinical variables we produced an index, from 0 to 1 to predict outcome. Only 8 had index less than 0.2, of whom 7 returned to dialysis. The best morphological predictor of outcome was interstitial hemorrhage. Further increase in chi 2 was obtained with vascular endothelial proliferation, glomerular endothelial swelling, and glomerular necrosis. With an index derived from the morphological variables only 11 had index less than 0.2, of whom 9 returned to dialysis. Combining both clinical and morphological data, the best predictor of return to dialysis was interstitial hemorrhage, followed by creatinine, glomerular endothelial swelling, and type of donor. Using both clinical and morphological variables we produced another index to predict outcome. A group of 65 patients had index greater than 0.8, of whom 63 (94%) did not return to dialysis, and 18 patients had index less than 0.2, 17 of whom returned to dialysis. The remaining 12 patients in the dialysis group and 15 in the nondialysis group had indices greater than 0.2 less than 0.8. We conclude that a transplant biopsy yields important diagnostic and prognostic information. Unexpected diagnoses were made in 46% of cases. The addition of morphological data to the clinical data available at time of biopsy greatly improved the prediction of return to dialysis.     

Predictors of bleeding complications in percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy

BACKGROUND: The risks associated with performing a percutaneous renal biopsy have substantially decreased in the past two decades because of technical advances in the method. However, bleeding complications still occur, resulting in increased hospital stay and treatment costs. METHODS: We investigated the predictive value of demographics (age, gender), clinical data (blood pressure), baseline chemistry (hemoglobin/hematocrit, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, bleeding time, serum creatinine, daily proteinuria), and needle size for the risk of major (need for blood transfusion, nephrectomy, or angiography) or minor (no need for any intervention) postrenal biopsy bleeding complications. This was a prospective cohort study of 471 patients who underwent ultrasound-guided biopsy of native kidney by automated needle in a single center; all biopsies were performed by two experienced nephrologists. Patients with transplant kidneys were excluded from the study. Predictors of postbiopsy bleeding were assessed by multiple linear and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Data are presented as unadjusted (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 471 (277 males, 194 females) patients. Of these, 161 (34.1%) experienced postbiopsy bleeding [157 (33.3%) hematomas, 2 (0.4%) gross hematuria, 2 (0.4%) arteriovenous fistula]. Major complications were seen in 6 (1.2%) patients (blood transfusion, N= 2; angiography, N= 3; nephrectomy, N= 1), but no deaths occurred. The risk of postbiopsy bleeding was higher in women (39.7% women, 30.3% men, AOR 2.05, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.31, P= 0.004), younger subjects (35.0 +/- 14.5 years vs. 40.3 + 15.4, AOR 0.80, CI 0.68 to 0.94, P= 0.006), and patients with higher baseline partial thromboplastin time (102.7 + 11.8% vs. 100.1 + 10.0%, AOR 1.26, CI 1.02 to 1.54, P= 0.032). These findings were independent of size of hematoma. CONCLUSION: Although the methods for performing a percutaneous renal biopsy have improved in the past two decades, renal biopsy is still not a risk-free procedure. Of the data routinely collected for potential predictors of postbiopsy bleeding complications, only gender, age, and baseline partial thromboplastin time show a significant predictive value. The other variables investigated do not have any predictive value.     

The value of needle renal allograft biopsy. III. A prospective study

Previous studies of the value of percutaneous renal transplant biopsy have been retrospective. We prospectively studied whether biopsy affected patient management. Thirty-five patients with elevated serum creatinine level underwent 44 biopsies in situations in which the diagnosis was in doubt. At the time of biopsy, all clinical and laboratory data were reviewed, and a proposed treatment plan was outlined. Biopsy results were available within 24 hours. We evaluated whether biopsy influenced treatment. Other than hematuria (less than 24 hours), there were no complications. Nine biopsy specimens (20.5%) were inadequate for evaluation. Forty-six percent of adequate biopsy specimens (36% of total biopsy specimens) influenced patient management. Adequate biopsy specimens resulted in a change in treatment in 10 of 19 patients receiving prednisone and azathioprine and 6 of 16 receiving prednisone and cyclosporine. The remaining biopsy specimens, although not changing management confirmed the treatment plan in ambiguous clinical situations. We conclude that percutaneous biopsy is an important aid in patient management.     

零点活检对活体肾移植术后受体肾功能的预测价值

目的探讨活体肾移植供肾零点活检对受体术后1年内移植肾功能的预测价值。方法 149例活体肾移植受者,根据是否同意活检和活检是否发现异常分为3组：未活检组（63例）,活检正常组（58例）和活检异常组（28例）。受体术后平均随访8个月,比较3组间受体术后移植肾功能恢复情况。结果供肾零点活检异常率为33%,其中肾小管炎7例,肾小管萎缩5例,肾小球硬化8例,肾小球钙化3例,肾小球玻璃样变3例,肾间质炎7例,肾间质纤维化1例,系膜增生2例以及小动脉玻璃样变2例（部分病例有一种以上病理改变）。供者年龄与移植前零点活检异常相关（P〈0.05）。从术后1个月之后至术后1年内,活检异常组各时间点受体血清肌酐均高于未活检组和活检正常组（均为P〈0.05）;术后3个月,活检异常组各时间点受体肾小球滤过率均低于未活检组和活检正常组（P〈0.05）,但术后1年内3组各随访时间点的血尿素氮比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后6个月内重复测量趋势分析显示,与活检正常组比较,活检异常组的血清肌酐和肾小球滤过率的变化趋势差异有统计学意义（均为P〈0.05）,活检异常组的血清肌酐与未活检组比较差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论活体供肾零点活检结果对术后1年内特别是术后6个月内移植肾功能有预测价值,具有临床实用性。