恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的:探索经皮肝穿胆道引流术(percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTBD)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的价值.方法:对115例恶性梗阻性患者分别行经皮肝穿胆道引流术,所有病人均行CT或MRI或B超等影像学以及血液生化诊断为恶性梗阻性黄疸,其中男66例,女49例,平均年龄为(59.2±10.6)岁.经皮肝穿胆道引流成功率为100%.107例在电视透视下穿刺右肝管,8例在B超引导下穿刺肝管.结果:86例患者为一步法置入支架并行内外引流;29例患者先行外引流,其中23例经1~2w外引流后,再以二步法置入支架内外引流获成功,另6例持续带管行外引流.置入引流后较术前血清总胆红素下降明显,患者全身状况改善,血清谷丙转氨酶下降具有显著性,并发症发生率为15.65%,经治疗后症状消失.结论:经皮肝穿胆道引流疗效可靠,临床工作中应根据梗阻部位和梗阻程度选择引流方法.     

高位恶性胆道梗阻多支架植入术的临床应用及疗效分析

目的　分析评价胆道多支架植入术对肝门部高位恶性胆道梗阻的临床疗效及应用价值。方法　58例肝门部胆道梗阻病人,单支架植入26例,多支架植入32 例。结果　单支架、多支架植入成功率分别为100%和93. 75%(P>0 .05);术后胆红素下降率分别为64 .12%和75 .54%(P<0 05);单支架和多支架6 个月、12 个月、18 个月的生存率分别为78. 82%、38 .43%、8 .87%和88 .17%、45. 16%、19. 35%(P<0 .05);并发症发生率分别为26 .93%和25. 00%(P>0. 05)。结论　肝门部胆道狭窄多支架植入同单支架植入比较能更有效地解除黄疸,延长生存期,且成功率及并发症同单支架术无显著性差异,是值得临床推广应用的介入治疗技术。     

经皮肝胆管穿刺金属内支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸(附32例报告)

目的探讨经皮肝胆管穿刺金属内支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸临床应用价值。方法2000年10月～2004年10月,对32例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者施行经皮肝胆管穿刺金属内支架植入。其中胆管癌17例,胰腺癌5例,肝门部转移癌10例。梗阻部位:肝总管肝门区20例,胆总管12例。结果金属内支架植入成功率100%(32/32)。2例出现胆汁性腹膜炎,胆道出血1例。28例术后血清胆红素3～4周降至正常,黄疸完全消失率87.5%(28/32)。生存期3～18个月,平均8个月。3例分别于术后6、8、13个月出现梗阻性黄疸,再梗阻发生率9%(3/32)。结论经皮肝胆管穿刺金属内支架植入是治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸安全、有效的姑息性治疗方法。     

胆道、十二指肠支架置入治疗胆道合并十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的探讨胆道支架、十二指肠支架置入治疗胆道合并十二指肠恶性梗阻的临床价值。方法2008年1月～2013年12月,对24例同时存在胆道和十二指肠恶性梗阻的患者完成胆道支架、十二指肠支架置入,其中介入中心10例患者行经皮肝穿刺造影完成胆道金属支架置入（percutaneoustranshepaticinsertionofbiliarystent,PTIBS）,14例消化内镜中心患者行逆行胰胆管造影放置胆道金属支架（endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatography—guidedbiliarystent,ERCP．BS）,其中1例失败后改行经皮肝穿刺胆管外引流术不纳入随访研究。胆管支架置入术后1周完成十二指肠支架置入。观察手术成功率、临床症状缓解率、并发症、支架通畅时间及患者生存期等指标。结果联合支架置入成功率95．8％（23／24）,梗阻症状消失率87．0％（20／23）;十二指肠支架置入术后1周胃出口梗阻评分（2分6例,3分17例）较术前（O分6例,1分17例）明显改善（Z=-4．796,P=0．000）。胆道支架通畅时间（73．9±5．3）d,生存时间（93．0±4．9）d。十二指肠支架再发梗阻率17．4％（4／23）。均未出现严重并发症。结论胆道、十二指肠支架联合置入治疗恶性胆道、十二指肠梗阻安全有效。     

超声引导经皮肝胆道金属支架内引流治疗恶性及良性胆道梗阻

本文报告了21例梗阻性黄疽的病人在超声引导下经皮肝穿刺,置放镍钛合金胆道支架行胆道内引流术。其中恶性梗阻18例,良性梗阻3例,年龄27～68岁。所有病例均在B超引导下经皮肝穿刺肝内胆管,然后在电视X线监视下导入金属导丝,反复调整导丝的方向和位置,使之通过胆管闭塞段,经扩张后用特制的支架放置器将预选的支架放置在闭塞段,再用球囊扩张使支架完全张开。本组胆道穿刺成功串100％(21/21)。支架放置成功率80.9％(17/21)。术后病人胆道梗阻症状迅速消失,黄疸逐渐消退,全身情况改善。术后随访6～23个月,除4例发生胆道再闭塞,5例无黄胆死亡外,其余病人均无黄胆生存。所有病例均未发生严重并发症。作者认为这一方法操作简便,刨伤小,并发症少,是治疗梗阻性黄疸较理想的一种非手术方法。     

医源性胆管损伤51例介入治疗分析

目的 探讨经皮介入技术在治疗医源性胆管损伤方面的价值。方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属盛京医院2000年以来收治的先期行介入治疗的医源性胆管损伤病人51例的临床资料。结果 27例并发术区积液,行经皮腹腔积液穿刺引流术治疗,其中有6例证实为胆管瘘的病人尝试留置胆道内涵管。26例并发肝内和（或）肝外胆管扩张（包括2例术区积液病人）,24例行经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流术治疗,其中3例择期行胆道球囊扩张治疗,另2例行内镜下胆道支架植入术。经皮腹腔积液穿刺引流治疗的技术成功率为100%,术后临床症状缓解率100%,影像学检查显示积液逐渐减少直至消失。4例留置胆道内涵管的病人胆管瘘即时封堵成功,2例长期留置胆道内涵管的病人胆管瘘自行愈合。经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流治疗的技术成功率100%,24例病人术后1周平均胆红素水平较术前显著下降（t=15.61,P<0.01）。3例胆道梗阻病人行胆道球囊扩张治疗均成功,术后即刻胆道均开通,1例病人在24h内出现胆道再狭窄。2例胆道梗阻病人行经内镜留置胆道支架均成功,但半年后均发生了支架再狭窄。结论 经皮介入技术在医源性胆管损伤的首要对症治疗方面具有较大的应用价值。     

联合应用胆道支架与十二指肠支架植入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻合并十二指肠梗阻

目的评价联合应用胆道支架与十二指肠支架植入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸合并十二指肠梗阻的疗效。方法 18例恶性梗阻性黄疸合并十二指肠梗阻患者接受双管腔内支架植入术,其中胰腺癌12例,胆管癌3例,十二指肠癌2例,腹腔淋巴结转移1例。14例患者首先出现胆管梗阻症状,然后出现十二指肠梗阻症状;4例患者同时表现为胆管及十二指肠梗阻症状。对所有患者均先行经皮肝穿刺植入胆管支架解决胆管梗阻,再经口植入十二指肠支架治疗十二指肠梗阻。结果 18例患者均成功植入胆道及肠道支架。所有患者血清总胆红素均明显下降,1例十二指肠支架植入后5天死于吸入性肺炎,未出现其他严重并发症。17例患者消化道梗阻症状缓解,生存期为3~17个月,中位生存期8.6个月。结论管腔内双支架植入术是治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸合并十二指肠梗阻的有效治疗方法。     

经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置放术治疗恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效

研究经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置放术治疗恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效。选取2014年2月—2016年2月接受治疗的恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者共52例,以双盲法随机分为观察组与对照组。观察组采取经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置放术治疗,对照组则采取经皮肝胆管外引流术治疗,比较两组治疗效果。观察组黄疸改善显效率为92.3%,尽管稍高于对照组的88.5%,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组平均生存期高于对照组,并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前,两组血清白蛋白差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,观察组血清白蛋白为(34.8±4.0)g/L,对照组为(28.5±3.1)g/L,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后观察组血清总胆红素、直接胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、谷草转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置放术能够有效改善黄疸,延长患者的生存期,并有效降低并发症发生率,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

经内镜胆管内支架置入术对恶性胆管梗阻的临床应用

目的 探讨经内镜胆管内支架置入术对各种恶性胆管梗阻的治疗效果.方法 66例恶性胆管梗阻病人先行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查,确定胆管梗阻病变部位和性质后,再决定使用内镜下塑料胆道支架引流(ERBD)和内镜下金属胆道支架引流(EMBE).结果 66例患者中64例插管成功,成功率96.97%(64/66).行ERBD 44例,行EMBE 20例,主要见于胰头癌、胆管癌、壶腹癌、原发性肝癌及肝门及肝内转移压迫胆管,所有病例均在引流后总胆红素及直接胆红素明显下降.结论 经内镜下胆管内支架引流术的应用愈来愈广泛,其操作安全而有效,特别是对各种恶性病变引起的胆管梗阻起了关键性的治疗作用.     

高位恶性梗阻性黄疸胆道内支架置入治疗的临床应用

目的评价高位恶性梗阻性黄疸胆道内支架置入治疗的疗效及临床价值。方法42例高位恶性梗阻性黄疸病人分别行单侧／双侧穿刺入路，充分胆道内外引流后，置入支架。其中肝总管内置入单枚支架19例；双侧肝管穿刺，行左肝和右肝胆管同时置入支架11例；采用单侧肝管穿刺入路，于左-右肝管间和肝管-胆总管间均置入支架12例。共置入支架65枚，其中3枚为覆膜支架，其余均为自膨式裸支架。结果42例病人中，手术成功率达100％，其中2例病人分别于术后4个月和9个月发生支架内梗阻，行二次介入治疗；1例病人于胆道支架置入术后17个月发生十二指肠梗阻，再行十二指肠支架置入术；1例病人于围手术期因严重胆系感染而死亡．全部病人随访3～112周（平均49周），均获得满意的减黄效果。结论根据不同梗阻部位，采用多种胆道支架置入技术治疗高位恶性梗阻性黄疸是一种安全可靠、疗效确切的姑息性疗法。     

Is preoperative biliary drainage necessary according to evidence-based medicine?

Preoperative biliary drainage has been in use for a long time and is still being performed today in some institutions, but there has been a long-standing issue as to whether the necessity of this procedure has been proven medically. Many problems existed previously, such as systemic complications due to the difficulty in diagnosing and differentiating obstructive jaundice from jaundice left untreated for a long time, or surgeon-based problems such as a lack of surgical skill or undeveloped surgical techniques, or even inexperience in perioperative patient management. These problems, however, are being overcome with time, and the advantages of preoperative biliary drainage are now being questioned according to evidence-based medicine. Several recent controlled trials have clearly shown that preoperative biliary drainage is not necessary for lower bile duct obstruction, although it was noted that surgery after reduction of jaundice by percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD) was very easily performed. It is important to understand that preoperative biliary drainage is unnecessary for lower bile duct obstruction, whether the technique follows a percutaneous approach, an endoscopic apporach, or stenting. Although it is still being debated, there have already been several reports regarding whether preoperative biliary drainage is necessary for upper bile duct obstruction, such as hilar bile duct carcinoma. This also needs to be clarified by randomized controlled trials. Aside from preoperative biliary drainage, the utilization of biliary drainage or stenting has been fully recognized as important for removing intrahepatic stones or choledochal stones, as well as for emergency drainage for acute cholangitis and for the treatment of unresectable malignant biliary stenosis. Additionally, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS), using the PTCD, or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) route, plays a major role not only in the removal of biliary stones but also in the diagnosis of cases in which it is difficult to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. Received: August 2, 2000 / Accepted: September 22, 2000     

Percutaneous decompression of benign and malignant biliary obstruction.

Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the biliary tree was performed in 41 patients with obstructive jaundice. In 39 patients, the catheter was successfully advanced past the obstructing lesion into the distal common duct and duodenum to establish internal biliary drainage. The remaining two patients had the obstructed biliary tract drained externally. Chronic internal catheter drainage was instituted in five patients with stricture and ten with malignant obstruction as a means of palliating symptomatic jaundice. Twenty-two patients had marked reduction in serum bilirubin levels and pruritis, eight patients had moderate decreases in serum bilirubin levels, and six patients did not improve despite adequate catheterization due to hepatic parenchymal disease. This procedure effectively decompresses the severely obstructed biliary tree prior to surgery and can also palliate patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction and stent high-risk, benign strictures.     

肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断和处理

目的 研究肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断和处理及分析相关因素。方法 回顾性研究Pittsburgh移植中心96例肝移植病人。结果 94例（97次移植）存活2d以上的病人，92例为端端＋T管的胆道吻合，随访时间为5.8个月（0.3-10.2个月）。分析发现92例病人中8例有胆道并发症（8.51%）；T管拔除时胆漏2例，术后早期胆漏2例，狭窄2例。75％胆道并发症有诱因，诱因：肝动脉狭窄2例，其中1例合并严重排斥反应；肝动脉血栓3例；供一受体胆管直径不匹配1例。冷缺血时间无显著性差异。5例有肝动脉血栓和（或）狭窄＞50％行再移植，另3例无肝动脉血栓和（或）狭窄＜50％经皮穿刺和内窥镜＋支架或行气囊扩张，所有病人均获得良好疗效。结论 肝移植术后胆道并发症发生率为8.51％（胆－胆端端吻合＋T管），胆道狭窄晚于胆漏，肝动脉检塞和（或狭窄是最重要的相关因素；无肝动脉栓塞和（或）狭窄，则无需手术治疗，若有肝动脉栓塞和（或）狭窄＞50％，应尽早做再次肝移植。     

Management of biliary complications following damage control surgery for liver trauma

Background

The liver is the most frequently injured solid intra-abdominal organ. The major cause of early death following severe liver trauma is exsanguination. Although perihepatic packing improves survival in severe liver trauma, this leaves parenchymal damage untreated, often resulting in post-traumatic biliary leakage and a subsequent rise in morbidity. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and treatment of biliary leakage following the operative management of liver trauma.

Methods

Patients presenting between 2000 and 2009 to Erasmus University Medical Centre with traumatic liver injury were identified. Data from 125 patients were collected and analyzed. Sixty-eight (54 %) patients required operation. All consecutive patients with post-operative biliary complications were analyzed. Post-operative biliary complications were defined as biloma, biliary fistula, and bilhemia.

Results

Ten (15 %) patients were diagnosed with post-operative biliary leakage following liver injury. Three patients with a biloma were treated with percutaneous drainage, without further intervention. Seven patients with significant biliary leakage were managed by endoscopic stenting of the common bile duct to decompress the internal biliary pressure. One patient had a relaparotomy and right hemihepatectomy to control biliary leakage and injury of the right hepatic duct.

Conclusion

Biliary complications continue to occur frequently following damage control surgery for liver trauma. The majority of biliary complications can be managed without an operation. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and internal stenting represent a safe strategy to manage post-operative biliary leakage and bilhemia in patients following liver trauma. Minor biliary leakage should be managed by percutaneous drainage alone.     

活体肝移植的胆道重建技术及并发症分析

目的 探讨活体肝移植的胆道重建方法及并发症防治措施.方法 回顾性分析77例活体肝移植临床资料,其中74例行右半肝移植(带肝中静脉29例,不带肝中静脉45例),左半肝带肝中静脉1例,左外叶切取2例.胆道重建采用胆肠吻合或供肝肝管与受体肝管端端吻合.结果 供肝断面1个胆管开口为54例,多个胆管开口为23例;胆肠吻合2例,胆管端端吻合75例,63例留置T管;术后总体胆道并发症发生率为36.4%(28/77),其中胆漏为10.4%(8/77),胆道狭窄为26.0%(20/77).供肝单支胆道以及单个吻合口术后胆道狭窄的发生率明显低于多支胆道及多个吻合口(P<0.05).8例胆漏病人经过B超指引穿刺引流全部治愈,20例吻合口狭窄病人经T管窦道放置支撑管或通过ERCP进行扩张,肝功能全部或部分好转.结论 活体肝移植供肝切取术中注意对断面胆管血供的保护以及尽可能获得单一的肝管开口可有效减少术后胆道并发症的发生;内镜和放射介入技术是治疗胆道并发症的有效手段.     

Pre-operative percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: the results of a controlled trial

The operative mortality for biliary tract obstruction due to malignancy is high. In 1981 a controlled clinical trial of pre-operative percutaneous drainage was started at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School. At the time of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography patients were randomized either to laparotomy or to pre-operative percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage ( PTBD ) followed by laparotomy. Only patients with malignant biliary tract obstruction and serum bilirubin greater than 100 mumol/l were included. Seventy patients entered the trial, and five were withdrawn. Of the 65 remaining, 31 underwent laparotomy and 34 had pre-operative PTBD followed by laparotomy. The median duration of drainage was 18 days and during this time the median bilirubin fell from 305 to 115 mumol/l. Five patients required early surgery for complications of PTBD and two died within 30 days of surgery. The mortality for laparotomy was 19 per cent (6/31) compared with 32 per cent (11/34) for drainage plus laparotomy. This trial highlights the hazards of PTBD in high risk patients and has failed to demonstrate a reduction in mortality with the use of pre-operative PTBD .     

经内镜胆管内支架置入术对良恶性胆管梗阻的临床应用

目的探讨经内镜胆管内支架置入术对各种良恶性胆管梗阻的治疗效果。方法95例良恶性胆管梗阻病人先行内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查,确定胆管梗阻病变部位和性质后,再决定使用内镜下塑料胆道支架引流（ERBD）和内镜下金属胆道支架引流（EMBE）。结果95例患者中92例插管成功,成功率96.84%（92/95）。针对良性胆管梗阻行ERBD 28例,主要见于胆总管结石;针对恶性胆管梗阻行ERBD 44例,行EMBE 20例,主要见于胰头癌、胆管癌、壶腹癌、原发性肝癌及肝门、肝内转移压迫胆管,所有病例均在引流后总胆红素及直接胆红素明显下降。结论：经内镜下胆管内支架引流术的应用愈来愈广泛,其操作安全而有效,特别是对各种良恶性病变引起的胆管梗阻起了关键性的治疗作用。     

胆道支架联合PTCD对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者肝功能与生活质量的影响研究

目的研究胆道支架联合PTCD对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者肝功能与生活质量的影响。方法随机选取2006年4月至2016年4月期间在我院肝胆外科就诊的恶性梗阻性黄疸的患者216例为研究对象,均采用胆道支架联合PTCD治疗,分析患者胆管狭窄部位及原因,术前3d、术后3d、7d和14d肝功能指标:白蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素和间接胆红素,术后并发症及随访结果,对术前感染、肝功能评分和术后针对肿瘤治疗进行多因素COX模型回归分析,采用SPSS20.0统计学软件进分析。结果 (1)肝管癌患者有87例,其中,胆总管60例,肝门部胆管12例,左右肝管15例;胰腺癌患者有35例,狭窄原因为胆总管;肝癌患者有25例,其中,胆总管11例,肝门部胆管6例,多部位8例;壶腹周围癌患者有30例,狭窄原因为胆总管;胃癌肝转移患者有39例,其中,肝门部胆管23例,多部位16例。(2)术后3d、7d和14d的白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素和间接胆红素含量水平均低于术前,术前后的比较有统计学差异(P0.05);随着术后时间的延长,白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素和间接胆红素含量水平逐渐降低,趋于正常值范围。(3)胆道感染的患者有17例,发生率为7.87%;急性胰腺炎的患者有21例,发生率为9.72%;支架脱落移位的患者有6例,发生率为2.78%;本组216例患者获访,随访时间为8d-120个月,平均每3个月随访一次,随访期间,有171例患者死亡,均死于肿瘤进展及多脏器功能衰竭,45例患者至随访截止时无黄疸加重症状。(4)术前感染、肝功能评分和术后针对肿瘤治疗是恶性梗阻性黄疸发生的独立因素(P0.05)。结论胆道支架联合PTCD是恶性梗阻性黄疸治疗的有效方法,能提高患者肝功能和改善生活质量,延长生存期。     

肝门部胆管癌根治术前经内镜鼻胆管引流和经皮经肝胆管造影引流术的临床效果观察

目的对比经内镜鼻胆管引流术(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)和经皮经肝胆管造影引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage,PTCD)作为术前减黄对肝门部胆管癌根治术的不同效果。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2016年8月,首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院普通外科中心20例行ENBD并完成肝门部胆管癌根治术病人的临床资料,与同期31例行PTCD并完成肝门部胆管根治术病人的临床资料进行比较。比较两组以下指标的差异:病人减黄时间,减黄前及术前、术后肝功能指标(血总胆红素、血直接胆红素、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、白蛋白水平),术中情况(手术时间、出血量、输血量),术后并发症。结果 ENBD组与PTCD组均能够显著降低胆红素水平(P0.05);PTCD组除了能够降低胆红素水平外,肝功能酶学水平也显著降低(P0.05);ENBD组肝功能酶学减黄前后差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术中两组手术时间、术中出血量及术后血总胆红素、血直接胆红素、天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、术后住院时间、住院总费用比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);PTCD组与ENBD组围手术期并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(74.2%比60.0%,P0.05),其中PTCD组术后胆管炎发生率更高(48.4%比20.0%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.036)。结论 ENBD和PTCD均能够有效降低术前胆红素水平,PTCD引流更充分,减黄时间更短,肝功能恢复效果更好,ENBD术后胆管炎并发症更低;肝门部胆管癌术前应结合病人的具体情况选择合适引流方式,从而增加手术安全性,减少术后并发症发生率。     

经内镜胆道支架选择方式对恶性胆总管梗阻的疗效分析

目的观察各胆道支架选择方式对不同病因恶性胆总管梗阻的疗效、术后并发症及治疗费用。方法选择2010年7月至2015年12月在我院肝胆外科因恶性胆总管梗阻行ERCP术置入胆道支架治疗的47例患者作为研究对象,按照置入胆道支架的不同,所有病例分为金属支架组(A组,n=16)、单塑料支架组(B组,n=17)和多塑料支架组(C组,n=14),观察三组患者支架通畅时间、并发症及手术相关费用。结果对于胰腺癌型,A组和C组的平均支架通畅时间明显比B组长(P0.05),且A组优于C组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);对于胆管癌型和壶腹周围癌型,A组和C组的平均支架通畅时间明显比B组长,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其中C组优于A组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论针对不同病因的恶性胆总管梗阻患者,选择个性化胆道支架治疗方案,既提高治疗效果,减少并发症,又降低医疗费用,为患者的后续治疗节省成本。