脾血管肉瘤一例及文献复习

患者,女,61岁,右上腹不适伴高热1周入住上海同仁医院。查体:神清,无黄疸,心肺正常,腹较膨隆,无压痛,无腹水,肝脾未触及,四肢无浮肿,行走无障碍。血常规:RBC 2.65×1012/L,Hb 76 g/L,红血球容积0.23×109/L,WBC 6.1×109/L,中性粒细胞74.8%,淋巴细胞15.8%,嗜酸性粒细胞0.8%,嗜碱性粒细胞0.3%,血小板73×109/L,     

抗结核药致重型肝炎两例报告

病历一:患者女性,22岁,农民,主因:发热、咳嗽半个月于2010-8-27入院.查体:神志清,精神可,双肺呼吸音粗,左下肺可闻及局限性细湿啰音.化验肝肾功能正常,乙肝五项全阴性,血常规示:WBC:9.3×109/L,中性粒细胞比例:71.34％,PLT:351×109/L.     

急性肾梗死误诊一例

患者女性,67岁,突发性左上腹及左腰胀痛伴呕吐20 h,无发热及肉眼血尿,既往有脑栓塞、房颤及高血压病史.查体:痛苦面容,两肺未闻及哕音,心率为120 次/min,二尖瓣听诊区可闻及舒张期杂音,左上腹压痛明显,无反跳痛,腹水征阴性,肠鸣音为5次/min,较弱,左肾区叩击痛,白细胞14.4×109/L,中性粒细胞12.65×109/L,淋巴细胞5.82×109/L.     

先天性左肺动脉畸形分支一例

患者男,54岁.反复咯血3个月入院.入院时患者反复痰中带血,血鲜红色,5～10 ml/d,无胸痛、发热、咳脓痰、呼吸困难等症状.查体:肺部叩诊左右对称无浊音,气管居中,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及湿啰音.血型B.血红蛋白125 g/L,红细胞计数3.89×1012/L,白细胞计数9.7×109/L(中性粒细胞0.63、淋巴细胞0.34),血小板计数1 91×109/L;凝血功能、血生化检查无异常.     

止血敏致低血压休克1例报告

患者男性,35岁,主因:间断发热、咳血10天于2001-04-03入院.查体:神志清晰,精神可,双肺呼吸音增粗,未闻及干湿性啰音,腹软,无压痛.入院化验血常规示:WBC:11.0×109/L,中性粒细胞比例85％,PLT200×109/L,肝肾功能均正常,乙肝七项示全阴性,胸部CT示:双肺散在多发斑片、结节状阴影,右肺下叶可见实变阴影,其内可见空洞.     

TKA术后隐匿性假体松动误诊为感染行翻修术1例

正本院于2015-07将1例TKA术后隐匿性假体松动误诊为感染行翻修术,报道如下。1病例报道患者,女,69岁。因"右侧全膝关节置换(TKA)术后疼痛6个月"入院。入院血常规:WBC为7.08×109/L,粒细胞百分比为40.7%,粒细胞计数为2.88×109/L;血清学指标:ESR为18.0 mm/L,CRP7.2 mg/L;类风湿因子、抗"O"、凝血4项、生化检查均未     

椎管内麻醉并发硬脊膜外血肿一例

<正>患者,女,75岁,因双下肢表浅静脉迂曲扩张10年,伴左小腿溃疡半年入院。既往史中无出血倾向及相关病史。体格检查:双下肢表浅静脉迂曲扩张,扭曲成团,左内踝处可见约2cm×2cm大小皮肤溃疡,双下肢肌力Ⅴ级。WBC3.19×109/L,中性粒细胞率0.448,Hb 114g/L,Plt 110×109/L,谷丙转氨酶11U/L,葡萄糖5.32mmol/L,凝血酶原     

甲胎蛋白正常的左胸巨大卵黄囊瘤1例

病人 男,45岁.左肩背部剧痛及进行性胸闷、气短2个月.查体发现Horner's征阳性,左上肢、左前胸壁浅表静脉曲张伴非凹陷性水肿.左胸部叩诊实音,左肺呼吸音不清.实验室检查:血红细胞2.81×1012/L、白细胞15.4×109/L、血红蛋白78 g/L、血小板490×109/L.     

毁损肺患者剖宫产术麻醉处理1例

患者, 女性, 年龄28岁, 身高157 cm, 体质量50 kg, 因"孕28周+3 d伴咳嗽4 d, 喘息、气促6 h"入院。自诉有肺结核病史, 曾行胸腔镜引流术, 否认高血压病、冠心病及糖尿病等慢性病史, 否认吸烟饮酒史。入院前4 d, 患者无明显诱因出现咳嗽, 偶有少许绿色粘液痰。6 h前突感憋喘气促, 遂于本院急诊就诊。肺部CT检查结果示:肺气肿、右肺多发巨大肺大疱(较大的约84 mm×100 mm);双肺陈旧性结核、左肺毁损(见图1)。心脏彩超结果示:二尖瓣、三尖瓣少量返流, 左室顺应性降低, EF 56%。ECG结果示:窦性心动过速。实验室检查结果示:白细胞计数14.33×109/L、中性粒细胞计数12.54×109/L、红细胞计数3.50×1012/L、Hb 107 g/L、ALT 59.6 U/L、AST 56.3 U/L、D-二聚体1.15 μg/ml FEU。血气检查结果示:pH值7.34、PaCO2 51 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、PaO2 117 mmHg。随即由急诊收入本院ICU治疗。术前诊断:毁损肺;孕28周+3 d;社区获得性肺炎, ...     

右肺中叶支气管内髓外造血组织瘤样增生1例

病人 男,45岁.咳嗽、咳痰、痰中带血20余日.查体:仅右下肺呼吸音稍低,余未闻及阳性体征.血常规示:WBC8.4×109/L,N 0.632,RBC 5.18×1012/L,HGB 156 g/L,HCT0.47,PLT 139×109/L.胸部CT示右肺中叶支气管阻塞,右中叶支气管分叉处结节影(图1).支气管镜检示右肺中叶支气管开口新生物,完全阻塞管腔(图2).活检病理报告右肺中叶黏膜慢性炎症.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.