减低强度预处理异基因造血干细胞移植治疗老年人复发难治性急性髓系白血病的临床研究

目的 探讨减低强度预处理异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）治疗老年人复发难治性急性髓系白血病（AML）的疗效和安全性.方法 采用减低强度预处理的allo-HSCT治疗北京军区总医院2012年1月至2014年1月收治的6例老年人复发难治性AML,其中男5例,女1例,年龄61～68岁,平均年龄64.6岁,供者接受粒细胞集落刺激因子动员,均采用外周血干细胞移植,预处理方案为降低预处理强度的氟达拉滨联合白消安注射液（商品名：白舒非）、阿糖胞苷及环磷酰胺等,移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）预防采用联合免疫抑制剂,移植后3个月进行预防性供者外周血干细胞输注,观察全部患者不良反应、GVHD和无病生存等情况.结果 全部患者获造血重建,中性粒细胞≥0.5×109/L及血小板计数≥20×109/L的平均时间分别为21.5 d及24.2 d,植入证据检测证实为100％为完全供者造血.中位随访18.5个月（5～30个月）,共3例发生GVHD,GVHD死亡1例,复发死亡2例,复发时间为11.5个月（5～ 18个月）,其余3例患者仍无病生存,2年的无病生存率为50％,最长无病生存时间已达30个月.结论 减低强度预处理的allo-HSCT是复发老年人AML挽救性治疗的可行方法.     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗复发难治急性髓系白血病研究进展

复发难治急性髓系白血病(AML)患者预后差,异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)是目前唯一可行的治愈手段.患者移植前肿瘤负荷、遗传学特征、供者来源以及移植物抗宿主病等因素影响了allo-HSCT的疗效.复发是移植治疗失败的主要原因,文章拟对复发难治AML患者的移植时机、影响移植疗效的因素等方面的进展进行综述.     

造血干细胞移植治疗急性髓系白血病42例

目的 评价造血干细胞移植（HSCT）治疗急性髓系白血病（AML）的临床疗效.方法 收集2007年1月至2013年7月在我科行HSCT的AML 42例,其中自体造血干细胞移植（auto-HSCT）16例,异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT） 26例（含单倍体移植6例）,回顾性分析患者的临床资料.结果 39例患者获得造血重建,中性粒细胞绝对值＞0.5×109/L、血小板计数＞20×109/L的中位时间分别为11.0 d、13.5 d.发生急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）3例,慢性移植物抗宿主病（cGVHD）7例,真菌感染4例,出血性膀胱炎7例.9例复发,24例无病生存（DFS）,总生存（OS）率59.5％,DFS率57.1％.自体移植组与异基因移植组疗效差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 allo-HSCT是AML的有效治疗手段,随着移植技术的进步,在没有HLA相合供者时,auto-HSCT、单倍体移植也值得推荐.     

急性淋巴细胞白血病异基因造血干细胞移植后合并急性大疱剥脱性Ⅳ度皮肤移植物抗宿主病一例并文献复习

 【摘要】　目的　探讨急性淋巴细胞白血病异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后合并急性大疱剥脱性Ⅳ度皮肤移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的临床治疗效果。方法　1例急性淋巴细胞白血病患者行allo-HSCT,预处理方案为TBI+Cy,回输HLA相合同胞供者外周血造血干细胞。应用环孢素A（CsA）、短程甲氨蝶呤（MTX）预防GVHD。结果　患者移植后+15天造血重建,+32天诊断为急性大疱剥脱性Ⅳ度皮肤GVHD,给予无菌环境保护、加强局部皮肤护理,应用甲泼尼龙（MP）+MTX联合CsA控制GVHD,未发生皮肤感染。结论　急性淋巴细胞白血病allo-HSCT后合并急性大疱剥脱性Ⅳ度皮肤GVHD临床少见,发展迅速,早期联合用药及局部预防感染等可取得满意疗效。     

维奈克拉在复发 难治性急性髓细胞白血病治疗中的应用

复发/难治性急性髓细胞白血病（relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia,R/R AML）患者预后差、死亡率高,是AML治疗的难点之一。BCL-2抑制剂维奈克拉在2018年被美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准用于治疗老年或不能耐受强化治疗的AML患者。近年来,含维奈克拉的方案用于治疗R/R AML展现出一定的疗效,包括联合去甲基化药物、化疗药物、分子抑制剂和桥接同种异基因造血干细胞移植（allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT）。此外,allo-HSCT后衔接维奈克拉维持治疗可有效预防AML移植后复发,并能够延长复发患者的生存期。维奈克拉的不良反应发生率低,患者对其具有较好的耐受性。本文主要围绕维奈克拉用于R/R AML的治疗疗效和不良反应的最新进展进行综述。      

急性白血病异基因造血干细胞移植后髓外复发二例

 【摘要】　目的　探讨急性白血病异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后髓外复发的临床特点及疗效。方法　分析1例急性髓系白血病（AML-M2）及1例急性淋巴细胞白血病（B-ALL）患者行allo-HSCT后髓外复发的临床、实验室特征,并结合文献分析白血病allo-HSCT后髓外复发的发病机制、危险因素、治疗方法及临床转归。结果　白血病allo-HSCT后髓外复发部位不一,髓外复发后绝大多数患者会发生骨髓复发,预处理方案、移植物抗白血病／移植物抗宿主病的程度、白血病分型、移植时疾病状态、移植前髓外浸润、细胞遗传学的改变、白血病细胞的抗原表达等因素与移植后髓外复发有一定关系。对于白血病移植后髓外复发的治疗目前主张联合治疗,但疗效欠佳。结论　急性白血病allo-HSCT后髓外复发的发生率虽低,但治疗效果差,死亡率高,联合治疗有望能提高疗效。     

应用维奈克拉桥接清髓性预处理方案的挽救性异基因造血干细胞移植治疗原发诱导治疗失败的急性髓系白血病一例

目的:探讨维奈克拉在难治急性髓系白血病（AML）患者移植中的应用。方法:回顾性分析2020年3月苏州大学附属第一医院收治的1例诱导治疗失败后使用维奈克拉和去甲基化药物桥接清髓性预处理方案后行异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）的难治AML患者诊治过程。结果:患者，女性，28岁，诊断为难治AML。初始给予IA（去甲氧柔红霉素+阿糖胞苷）（3+7）方案诱导化疗未缓解，CLAG（克拉屈滨+阿糖胞苷+粒细胞集落刺激因子）方案再诱导化疗未缓解，使用维奈克拉与去甲基化药物桥接清髓性预处理方案化疗后，进行挽救性单倍体allo-HSCT。复查骨髓缓解，植入成功，随访100 d，持续缓解，无移植并发症发生。结论:对于原发诱导治疗失败的难治AML，使用维奈克拉与去甲基化药物桥接清髓性预处理可作为挽救性allo-HSCT的优选方案。     

伊马替尼联合异基因造血干细胞移植治疗进展期慢性粒细胞白血病六例

 目的　探讨甲磺酸伊马替尼（IM）联合异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）治疗进展期慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）的临床疗效。方法　回顾性分析2005年7月至2009年4月住院的6例进展期CML患者经IM联合allo-HSCT治疗的效果并文献复习。结果　6例进展期CML患者经IM联合allo-HSCT治疗后2例死亡[1例为移植术后复发并继发性移植失败（GF）,患者在首次移植后2年出现疾病复发并继发性GF,在二次同一供者移植术后1年再次出现疾病复发并GF,在更换供体进行第三次移植中死于化疗预处理。1例系在首次移植后6月出现继发性GF,在行二次移植中死于化疗预处理]。4例无病生存,生存率66.67 %。结论　进展期CML在应用IM后达血液学完全缓解（CHR）后行allo-HSCT并对移植后期有复发可能的患者,进行IM早期干预治疗和早期停用免疫抑制剂诱发移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）、产生移植物抗白血病（GVL）效应的治疗手段有望提高患者的临床治愈率。     

含白消安注射液的预处理方案治疗急性髓细胞白血病二例并文献复习

 目的 评价白消安注射液（ivBu）作为急性髓细胞白血病（AML）造血干细胞移植（HSCT）预处理的疗效和安全性。方法 2例AML患者采用ivBu联合环磷酰胺（Cy）进行预处理,进行HLA相合的同胞外周血干细胞移植,观察其疗效和安全性。结果 2例患者均成功植入,没有严重毒副反应、肝窦状隙阻塞综合征（SOS）、严重急性移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）发生。结论 ivBuCy2方案作为AML预处理方案安全有效。     

以IMAC预处理方案的自体外周血干细胞移植治疗急性髓细胞白血病的临床观察

 目的　应用IMAC预处理方案观察自体外周血干细胞移植（APBSCT）治疗急性髓细胞白血病（AML）的疗效。方法　用APBSCT治疗AML 14例。预处理方案：IMAC。结果　全部病例移植后造血重建,目前无病生存8例（57.1 %）,平均生存时间26（8～72）个月,无移植相关性死亡。结论　IMAC预处理方案对AML是安全和有效的方案,预处理方案加入去甲氧柔红霉素有望提高总生存期。     

Successful treatment of two relapsed patients with t(11;19)(q23;p13) acute myeloid leukemia by CLAE chemotherapy sequential with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Case reports

The prognosis of patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML) is poor, with a 3-year overall survival rate of 10%. Patients with translocation (t)(11;19)(q23;p13) have a higher risk of relapse and there is no optimal regimen for these patients. The present study treated two young patients with t(11;19)(q23;p13) AML, who relapsed after one or two cycles of consolidation, with a salvage treatment consisting of sequential cladribine, cytarabine and etoposide (CLAE) and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Both neutrophil and platelet engraftments were achieved within 15 days, and no severe transplant-related complications and graft-versus-host diseases were observed. Following allo-HSCT, both patients achieved complete hematologic and cytogenetic remission. Decitabine was used for the prophylaxis of relapse. The two patients remained alive and disease-free for 100 days following allo-HSCT. The results presented here suggest that CLAE regimen sequential with allo-HSCT may be effective in treating patients with R/R AML, with t(11;19)(q23;p13). However, further studies and a larger sample size are required to validate the effectiveness of this treatment regimen.     

Efficacy and Feasibility of Sorafenib as a Maintenance Agent After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia: An Update

BackgroundPatients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations have a very poor prognosis, despite use of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and salvage treatments.Patients and MethodsWe previously reported the safety and efficacy of sorafenib, an FLT3 inhibitor, as a maintenance agent after allo-HSCT in patients diagnosed with AML with FLT3 mutations. We provide an update on the 27 patients with FLT3-mutated AML in our original report, who received sorafenib as a single maintenance agent.ResultsSince our previous report, others have confirmed our reported significant overall survival and progression-free survival in patients who received sorafenib before and/or after allo-HSCT. In this update on the 27 patients with FLT3-mutated AML in our original report, we show persistence of the previously reported impressive long-term disease control.ConclusionOur results, with longer follow-up than in our previous report, together with those of others, further support the use of sorafenib as a maintenance agent after allo-HSCT.     

Cladribine- and decitabine-containing conditioning regimen has a low post-transplant relapse rate in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome

To reduce the risk of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), there have been continuing efforts to optimize the conditioning regimens. Our study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with the relapse of relapsed/refractory (R/R), high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) post-transplant and the efficacy of a new conditioning regimen involving decitabine and cladribine. Clinical data of 125 patients with R/R AML, high-risk AML and high-risk MDS who underwent allo-HSCT were collected. In addition, 35 patients with R/R AML, high-risk AML and high-risk MDS received treatment with a new conditioning regimen including decitabine and cladribine. Cox regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with OS, RFS and relapse. Among 125 patients who underwent allo-HSCT, CR before allo-HSCT and matched sibling donors were independent protective factors for OS. DNMT3A abnormality was an independent risk factor for both relapse and RFS. Among 35 patients who received a new conditioning regimen containing decitabine and cladribine, only six patients relapsed and 1-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 11.7%. Moreover, this new regimen showed efficient MRD clearance early after allo-HSCT. The combined decitabine- and cladribine-based conditioning regimen showed a low relapse rate and a high survival without an increased incidence of GVHD or adverse effects and thus has potential for use in allo-HSCT for R/R AML, high-risk AML and high-risk MDS.     

急性髓系白血病预后相关因素分析

目的 探讨成年急性髓系白血病(AML)患者的预后影响因素.方法 回顾性分析182例初治AML患者临床资料,探讨患者性别、年龄(以60岁为界)、初治白细胞计数(≥30× 109/L)、骨髓细胞学免疫表型、细胞遗传学、异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)和治疗1个疗程获得完全缓解(CR)等因素与总生存(OS)及无事件生存(EFS)的关系.结果 182例AML患者的中位年龄49岁(14～ 80岁),中位随访时间9.7个月(0.5～75.5个月),首次化疗达CR 107例,总有效率为65.9％(120/182),年龄≥60岁、CD64阴性、染色体高危组及首次诱导未达CR患者的总CR率低于无上述因素者.单因素生存分析提示年龄≥60岁、细胞遗传学高危组、CD19阴性、CD11b阳性、CD64阴性、未行allo-HSCT、首次诱导未达到CR的患者OS及EFS较短(P＜0.05),多因素分析显示年龄、细胞遗传学表达、CD11b、CD64、是否行allo-HSCT、首次诱导能否达CR是患者OS的独立预后因素,细胞遗传学表达、CD64表达、是否行allo-HSCT及首次诱导能否达CR是患者EFS的独立预后因素.结论 根据AML相关因素进行预后分析判断,有利于临床医生早期制订个体化治疗方案,对于延长患者生存期有重要意义.     

Low-dose decitabine plus venetoclax is safe and effective as post-transplant maintenance therapy for high-risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are usually associated with poor outcomes, especially in high-risk AML/MDS. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is the only curative option for patients suffering from high-risk AML/MDS. However, many patients relapse after allo-HSCT. Novel therapy to prevent relapse is urgently needed. Both the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax (VEN) and the hypomethylating agent decitabine (DEC) possess significant antitumor activity effects against AML/MDS. Administration of DEC has been shown to ameliorate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and boost the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect post-transplantation. We therefore conducted a prospective study (ChiCTR1900025374) to examine the tolerability and efficacy of a maintenance therapy of low-dose decitabine (LDEC) plus VEN to prevent relapse after allo-HSCT for high-risk AML/MDS patients. Twenty patients with high-risk AML (n = 17) or high-risk MDS (n = 3) post-transplantation were recruited. Approximately day 100 post-transplantation, all patients received LDEC (15 mg/m² for 3 d) followed by VEN (200 mg) on d 1-21. The cycle interval was 2 mo, and there was 10 cycles. The primary end points of this study were rates of overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS). The secondary endpoints included adverse events (AEs), cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), nonrelapse mortality (NRM), incidences of acute GVHD (aGVHD) and chronic GVHD (cGVHD), and incidences of viral infection after allo-HSCT. Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The median follow-up was 598 (149-1072) d. Two patients relapsed, 1 died, and 1 is still alive after the second transplant. The 2-y OS and EFS rates were 85.2% and 84.7%, respectively. The median 2-y EFS time was 525 (149-1072) d, and 17 patients still had EFS and were alive at the time of this writing. The most common AEs were neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenic fever, and fatigue. Grade 2 or 3 AEs were observed in 35% (7/20) and 20% (4/20) of the patients, respectively. No grade >3 AEs were observed. aGVHD (any grade) and cGVHD (limited or extensive) occurred in 55% and 20% of patients, respectively. We conclude that LDEC + VEN can be administered safely after allo-HSCT with no evidence of an increased incidence of GVHD, and this combination decreases the relapse rate in high-risk AML/MDS patients. This novel maintenance therapy may be a promising way to prevent relapse in high-risk AML/MDS patients.     

异基因干细胞移植后急性髓系白血病复发的治疗进展

急性髓系白血病(AML)是一种表型和预后异质性造血干细胞疾病,在接受强化化疗和/或异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)的患者中可能得到治愈。随着测序技术的发展揭示了大量分子信息,显著改善了我们对AML基础病理生理学的理解并促进了靶向疗法的发展,目前正在研究几种靶向分子改变的小分子,如FLT3 抑制剂、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)突变或抗凋亡b细胞淋巴瘤2(BCL-2)蛋白抑制剂。尽管取得了这些进展,许多患者在疾病过程中仍将进行异基因造血干细胞移植,根据疾病和风险状况,高达一半的患者最终将在移植后复发。在此,我们回顾了allo-HSCT治疗后AML患者复发后的治疗方法并作一综述。     

Efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation depends on cytogenetic risk for acute myeloid leukemia in first disease remission: a metaanalysis

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) from a human leukocyte antigen-identical sibling donor remains controversial for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete disease remission (CR1). Because the karyotype identified at diagnosis is the most relevant prognostic factor for AML, it should be possible to assess the efficacy more accurately on the basis of cytogenetic risk. METHODS: The authors performed a metaanalysis of five studies, which employed both natural randomization based on donor availability and intention-to-treat analysis, with overall survival as an outcome of interest. Metaregression analysis was then performed to identify the efficacy for patients stratified into the favorable, intermediate, and poor cytogenetic risk groups. RESULTS: For the entire cohort, there was a statistically significant advantage with allo-HSCT in terms of overall survival with a summary hazard ratio of 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.32, P = 0.037) for the random-effect model. Metaregression analysis showed a significant coefficient of +0.24 for the poor cytogenetic risk group, and -0.25 for the favorable cytogenetic risk group, indicating that the benefit of allo-HSCT was further increased for the former, and lost for the latter. The coefficient for the intermediate cytogenetic risk group was +0.09, and was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that the efficacy of allo-HSCT for patients with AML in CR1 depended on cytogenetic risk. The beneficial effect of allo-HSCT was yielded for the poor risk group, and probably for the intermediate risk groups, but was absent for the favorable risk group.