靶向超声造影评价裸鼠肾癌新生血管的实验研究

目的 探讨以血管内皮生长因子受体2 (VEGFR2)为靶点的靶向超声造影评价裸鼠肾癌新生血管的应用价值.方法 建立人肾透明细胞癌皮下移植瘤裸鼠模型,制备携VEGFR2抗体的靶向造影剂(MBV),每只裸鼠分别随机注射普通造影剂(MBC)和MBV并行超声造影检查,比较两种造影剂的视频强度,并对肿瘤组织行VEGFR2免疫组化检测.结果 超声造影示MBV组视频强度(6.50±1.43)Db,MBC组视频强度(2.59±0.99)Db,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且MBV组持续强化时间较MBC组长,免疫组化结果证实肿瘤血管内皮VEGFR2高表达.结论 以VEGFR2为靶点的靶向造影剂可特异性增强肾癌显影,对评估肿瘤新生血管有重要价值.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the value of contrast enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) with microbubbles targeted to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) for imaging tumor angiogenesis in murine tumor models.Methods Established human renal cell carcinomas(RCC) subcutaneous xenograft tumor model in nude mice,microbubbles targeted to VEGFR2(MBV) was prepared,control microbubbles(MBC) and MBV were injected respectively in each mouse,the intensity of each microbubble was compared,the expressions of VEGFR2 in tumors were tested by immunohistochemistry.Results CEUS imaging showed the intensity of MBV and MBC was (6.50±1.43)dB,(2.59±0.99)dB,respectively.There was significantly higher intensity when using MBV compared with MBC (P<0.01).The time to wash out was longer in MBV contrast group compared with MBC group.Immunohistochemistry showed VEGFR2 was highly expressed in novel vessel walls.Conclusions Contrast microbubbles targeted to VEGFR2 can specially enhance the images of RCC and has tremendous significance in the assessment of angiogenesis.     

携VEGFR2单抗靶向微泡评价小鼠肿瘤新生血管

目的 探讨携带抗血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2)单克隆抗体的超声微泡造影剂(MBv)评价小鼠肿瘤新生血管的可行性.方法 以生物素-亲和素桥接法构建MBv.免疫荧光法体外鉴定其性质.建立小鼠H22肿瘤模型,分别注射MBv和普通脂质微泡(MBc)进行超声造影检查.定量分析造影图像视频强度变化,描绘时间-强度曲线,并行肿瘤组织VEGFR2免疫组化检测.结果 成功构建偶联抗小鼠VEGFR2单抗的MBv.造影结果 表明MBv组较MBc组达峰时间提前,峰值较高,持续时间更长.免疫组化证明瘤体内新生血管内壁VEGFR2高度表达.结论 应用MBv结合超声造影可较好地评估肿瘤新生血管状况.MBv是良好的肿瘤靶向造影剂.     

携抗αvβ3-整合素单抗靶向微泡对肿瘤新生血管靶向效应的研究

目的 探讨携抗αvβ3-整合素单抗靶向微泡对肿瘤新生血管的靶向效应.方法 通过生物素桥接法制成携抗αvβ3-整合素单抗的靶向脂质微泡(MBa)、对照微泡携同型抗体脂质微泡(MBc);选取12只HepG2皮下移植瘤裸鼠模型(肿瘤组)和正常对照裸鼠(对照组),经尾静脉随机注射MBa、MBc和RGDfvV封闭10 min后再注射MBa(Blocking+MBa),并行对比超声检查,测量声强度(VI).分别取肿瘤组肿瘤组织和对照组正常骨骼肌组织行病理学和免疫组化检查.结果 肿瘤组中MBa的VI值(17.43±3.30)U,较MBc的VI值(5.88±1.04)U增大近3倍,差异有统计学意义(P <0.01),应用RGDfvV封闭αvβ3-整合素后MBa的VI值降至(6.14±2.25)U,与MBc及对照组的各VI值比较差异均无统计学意义.免疫组化检查显示:肿瘤组织的新生血管内皮有大量αvβ3-整合素显色,可被RGDfvV封闭;而骨骼肌中仅有少量αvβ3-整合素显色.结论 携抗αvβ3-整合素单抗的靶向微泡对肿瘤新生血管具有明显的靶向效应,有望用于肿瘤的诊断和疗效评估.     

人前列腺癌靶向超声造影剂对荷瘤裸鼠靶向显像的研究

目的：探讨携前列腺特异性膜抗原（PSMA）抗体和携血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）抗体的靶向超声造影剂对荷人前列腺癌裸鼠的特异增强显像效果。方法：人前列腺癌细胞株LNCaP体外无菌条件下培养传代，BALB／c-nu雄性裸鼠皮下接种，建立荷人前列腺癌裸鼠动物模型。分别经荷瘤裸鼠尾静脉推注普通造影剂和携PSMA抗体及携VEGF抗体的靶向造影剂12min后采用能量多普勒成像，测量并计算肿瘤截面内血流信号所占的面积比，并分析比较普通造影剂和靶向造影剂对前列腺癌组织能量多普勒信号的增强效果。结果：成功建立了荷人前列腺癌裸鼠动物模型，推注携带VEGF抗体的靶向造影剂超声造影后行能量多普勒显像，可见前列腺癌组织能量多普勒信号显著增强，与普通造影剂和携带PSMA抗体的靶向造影剂相比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：VEGF抗体介导的靶向超声造影剂在体内可以有效特异性地与前列腺肿瘤新生血管内皮细胞结合，可作为诊断前列腺癌的靶向造影剂。能量多普勒延迟显像能有效显示靶向造影后肿瘤组织内的能量多普勒增强信号。     

靶向血管内皮生长因子受体2微泡造影剂评价肿瘤血管生成的实验研究

目的:探讨靶向血管内皮生长因子受体2(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,VEGFR2)微泡造影剂用于肿瘤血管生成的超声分子成像。方法:用生物素-亲和素桥接法制备靶向VEGFR2超声微泡,免疫荧光法检测微泡与抗体的结合。建立裸鼠Hep G2肝癌皮下种植瘤模型,随机分成靶向组(n=5)和非靶向组(n=5),经尾静脉团注相同剂量靶向微泡或非靶向微泡,录像并绘制时间-强度曲线(time-intensity curve,TIC);注入造影剂5 min后利用高声压爆破技术清除肿瘤内部微泡,比较爆破前后两组造影图像灰阶强度的下降,估计靶向微泡在体内与靶点的结合能力。结果:靶向造影剂和非靶向造影剂均表现为裸鼠皮下瘤的显著增强,但TIC显示两组间曲线下面积差异有统计学意义[(3 940.4±200.9)dB·s vs.(2 796.8±452.3)dB·s,P=0.001];微泡爆破后靶向组灰阶强度降低显著大于非靶向组[(7.61±2.20)dB vs.(3.74±1.40)dB,P=0.010]。结论:靶向VEGFR2微泡造影剂在体内能显著增强肿瘤血管成像,可作为监测肿瘤血管生成的较可靠分子影像学探针。     

靶向血管内皮生长因子受体2超声分子成像在小鼠原位胶质瘤血管新生和边界识别中的应用

目的:探讨携带抗血管内皮生长因子受体2(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,VEGFR2)单克隆抗体的超声微泡造影剂(microbubble,MB)在评价小鼠原位胶质瘤血管新生和边界识别中的作用。方法:以生物素-亲和素桥接法构建靶向微泡(MBv),体外鉴定其性质。建立小鼠GL261胶质瘤模型,分别注射MBv和普通微泡(MBc)进行超声造影检查。结果:成功构建偶联抗小鼠VEGFR2单克隆抗体的MBv,造影结果表明MBv较MBc能更好地评价小鼠胶质瘤血管新生和肿瘤边界。结论:MBv是良好的肿瘤靶向造影剂,应用MBv可较好地实现术中评价小鼠胶质瘤血管新生,更好地辅助术中超声导航。     

下肢缺血＂晚时间窗＂的血管细胞黏附分子-1超声分子成像

目的 探讨应用携带血管细胞黏附分子-1（VCAM-1）分子探针的超声分子成像,评价下肢缺血＂晚时间窗＂炎症反应的可行性.方法 12只实验小鼠结扎一侧下肢股动脉制备缺血模型,另一侧股动脉为对照.术后第3天随机先后（间隔30 min）经尾静脉注入携抗小鼠VCAM-1单抗的靶向微泡（MBV）和携同型抗体的对照微泡（MBC）,并于8 min后行对比超声检查,测量双侧下肢的显影强度（VI）;最后进行双下肢病理学检查.结果 对比超声图像显示：缺血下肢MBV组可见明显的超声显影,VI值高达（18.4±2.9）U;而在缺血下肢MBC组仅见轻度的超声显影,VI值为（6.9±1.2）U,两微泡组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.两组微泡在非缺血下肢的VI值未见明显差异（P〉0.05）.但无论MBV还是MBC微泡,其在缺血下肢的VI值均明显高于非缺血下肢相应的VI值.免疫组化显示：缺血下肢血管有大量的VCAM-1表达,而非缺血下肢未见VCAM-1表达.结论 应用VCAM-1分子探针的超声分子成像可有效评价下肢缺血＂晚时间窗＂的炎症反应.     

纳米级脂质微泡超声造影剂肿瘤被动靶向研究

目的 观察纳米微泡通过肿瘤血管内皮间隙实现被动靶向的可行性.方法 20只SKOV3细胞皮下种植荷瘤裸鼠分为A组(超声显像组10只)及B组(冰冻切片组10只,再分为B1组及B2组).制备DiI标记的纳米微泡及微米微泡并调整至相同浓度.A组:各裸鼠先后经尾静脉注射相同浓度微米微泡及纳米微泡(35μl/只,间隔1.5h),分别进行超声显像观察.B组;B1组及B2组各裸鼠分别注射相同浓度微米微泡及纳米微泡(约10μl/只),1.5h后对裸鼠进行心脏灌注后切取肿瘤组织及肌肉组织进行冰冻切片、Hoechst核染,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察不同微泡在两组织中的滞留情况.结果 超声显示:纳米微泡组达峰时间及消退时间均长于微米微泡组,而峰值强度低于微米微泡组.冰冻切片观察;纳米微泡组肿瘤细胞周围见明显红色荧光聚集,微米微泡组肿瘤、肌肉组织中及纳米微泡组肌肉组织中均未见明显红色荧光.结论 纳米级脂质微泡可通过肿瘤血管内皮间隙,即实现了肿瘤被动靶向.     

超声破坏靶向VEGFR2微泡治疗皮下结肠癌移植瘤的实验研究

目的 探讨靶向VEGFR2微泡结合超声辐照治疗结肠癌的效果.方法 将17只VEFGR2高表达的结肠癌皮下种植瘤Balb/C裸鼠模型分为三组:A组5只,为对照组,仅接受超声造影检查和假照;B组6只,空白脂质微泡结合超声辐照;C组6只,载靶向VEGFR2单抗的脂质微泡结合超声辐照,所有模型均用红色荧光蛋白标记.空化治疗前和空化后1周分别行超声造影和荧光摄片检查,测量肿块大小、荧光面积、荧光强度及血管密度,并进行比较.结果 治疗前裸鼠肿瘤长径、荧光面积、荧光强度及血管密度在各组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组假照后肿瘤长径、荧光面积、荧光强度及血管密度均比假照前增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组辐照后荧光强度及血管密度均较空化前减小,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而肿瘤长径和荧光面积差异不显著(P＞0.05);C组辐照后肿瘤长径、荧光面积、荧光强度及血管密度与辐照前比较均明显减小,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);治疗后A、B、C三组各参数两两比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 靶向VEGFR2脂质微泡能增强超声空化对结肠癌的治疗效果.     

细胞间黏附分子-1靶向微泡超声造影成像评价肾移植后急性排异反应

目的 探讨靶向超声分子成像评价肾移植后急性排异反应的可行性.方法 采用“亲和素-生物素”桥接法构建携抗细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)靶向微泡(MBI)和携同型抗体对照微泡(MB).10只SD大鼠行左侧肾异种移植术,术后72 h移植肾随机先后注入MBI和MB(间隔30 min),分别于注入3 min后行移植肾超声造影检查,并测量移植肾声强度(VI),最后进行肾组织病理及免疫组化检测.结果 移植肾在注入靶向超声微泡后可见肾区域明显灌注显影,延迟3 min显像MBI组在移植肾可见显著的超声显影增强.而MB组移植肾仅见轻度的超声显影增强,其显影强度较前者明显减弱.MBI组和MB组移植肾VI值分别为(27.0±7.4)U、(10.2±2.4)U,两者之间差异有统计学意义(F=64.744,P＜0.05).结论应用靶向ICAM-1超声微泡和超声造影结合能有效评价大鼠肾移植急性排异.     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

甲状旁腺功能减退性心肌病的系统综述

目的 甲状旁腺功能减退（甲旁减）性心肌病是一种罕见的心脏疾病,为扩张型心肌病中少数可逆转的一种,常被误诊为不明原因或难治性心力衰竭。本文旨在探寻甲旁减性心肌病的规律性特征。方法 检索Pubmed、SinoMed、万方数据库中符合标准的甲旁减性心肌病病例,采用统计分组法对纳入研究的文献进行分析,依据系统综述和meta分析优先报告条目（PRISMA声明）进行报告。结果 在我们筛查出的41例患者中,女性居多（68.29%）,平均年龄为45.5岁,各年龄段均有发病。甲旁减性心肌病最常见的病因为特发性甲旁减（78.05%）,颈部手术导致的甲旁减性心肌病次之（17.07%）。患者均以心力衰竭就诊,伴不同程度的低钙血症。51%的患者有神经肌肉兴奋性增加的病史,90%的患者左心室射血分数降低。该病误诊漏诊率较高,仅36%的患者于入院后即明确诊断为甲旁减性心肌病。低血钙的纠正是治疗的关键,90%的患者心脏功能在血钙浓度正常化后恢复至正常。结论 对所有不明原因或难治性心力衰竭患者都应警惕甲旁减性心肌病的可能。     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。     

经颅黑质超声诊断帕金森病的临床评价

目的 通过对帕金森病患者及正常对照组进行经颅超声(transcranial sonography,TCS)检查,结合帕金森病患者的Hoehn Yahr（H Y）分级及帕金森病统一评分量表评分结果,了解我国大陆地区帕金森病患者有无黑质(substantia nigra, SN)回声增强表现。方法 对入选对象进行TCS检查,并对检查结果进行评价。结果 帕金森病患者 SN阳性率明显高于正常对照者（P＜0.05）。帕金森病SN异常组 H Y 分期明显高于帕金森病SN正常组(P＜0.05),表明帕金森病患者SN高回声面积与H Y分期相关。TCS检查对帕金森病的敏感性为80.5%,特异性为79.9%。结论 我国帕金森病患者SN强回声检出率显著高于对照组,说明我国帕金森病患者也存在SN回声增强这一现象,与国内外报道相一致。TCS检查对帕金森病的诊断具有一定的意义,敏感性及特异性较高。     

儿童中枢神经系统感染脑脊液主要病原菌的构成及耐药性的监测

目的探讨儿童中枢神经系统感染脑脊液病原菌的构成及耐药性。方法全自动细菌鉴定仪VITEK32进行细菌鉴定和药敏实验并结合K B药敏实验法,根据美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)标准进行结果判读。结果住院患儿中枢神经系统感染脑脊液标本1 990份共分离病原菌181株,检出阳性率9.1%（181/1 990）。细菌检出率95.0%（172/181）,真菌检出率5.0%（9/181）,其中肺炎链球菌19.3%（35/181）,表皮葡萄球菌18.8%（34/181）,大肠埃希菌17.1%（31/181）。3种主要细菌的分离率较高,主要集中分布在1岁以内患儿。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率较高,分别为41.9%（13/31）和50.0%（3/6）。主要的革兰阴性细菌大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对厄它培南和亚胺培南耐药率为0,未发现耐万古霉素的革兰阳性细菌。结论对中枢神经系统感染患儿脑脊液进行培养和药敏实验,根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素,对降低细菌的耐药和提高药物的敏感性,临床合理使用抗菌药物有指导作用。     

Effects of intravenous anesthetic agents on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity during induction of general anesthesia

Objective. Our objective was to quantify the effects of intravenous anesthetics on values measured by or derived from transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) during induction of general anesthesia.Methods. We recorded blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (V-MCA) before, during, and after induction of general anesthesia in six groups of young patients without intracranial pathology (n=10 each) using TCD. Patients were randomized to receive either 2 mg/kg propofol, 1.5 mg/kg methohexital, 5 mg/kg thiopental, 0.3 mg/kg etomidate, 2 µg/kg fentanyl and 0.15 mg/kg midazolam, or 1.5 mg/kg ketamine and 0.15 mg/kg midazolam intravenously. At 2 min after injection, each patient was intubated and given isoflurane 0.8% and nitrous oxide 66% in oxygen. Ventilation was set to achieve an end-tidalPco ₂ of 40 mm Hg. V-MCA, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, hematocrit, andPco ₂ (venous samples) were measured before and 1, 3, 5, 10, and 30 min after induction of anesthesia.Results. The preinduction data were not different between groups. At 1 min after injection, propofol, thiopental, methohexital, and etomidate significantly decreased V-MCA. TCD values were only slightly affected following fentanyl/midazolam. Ketamine/midazolam induced a modest rise in V-MCA. After endotracheal intubation, V-MCA increased in all groups, and slowly declined thereafter.Conclusions. Under the circumstances of our study, values derived from TCD measurements responded differently to the agents used to induce general anesthesia in nonneurosurgical patients.     

吗啡、氯胺酮联合用于术后镇痛临床观察

目的 :比较吗啡、氯胺酮联合与吗啡单独使用用于术后镇痛的临床效果。方法 :30例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ的腹部手术全麻病人随机分为两组 ,术后使用吗啡静脉自控镇痛并分别加氯胺酮静脉输注 (氯胺酮组 )和生理盐水静脉输注(生理盐水组 )。观察两组的视觉模拟评分 (VAS) ,吗啡消耗量和发生的