左室收缩同步性的实时三维超声心动图定量评价

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图评价心力衰竭患者左室收缩同步性的临床价值。方法常规二维及实时三维经胸超声心动图检查18例临床诊断心力衰竭患者及20例正常对照组。应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪PhilipsiE-33配置的Qlab定量分析软件得出左室整体与节段容积-时间曲线并进行分析,参数包括左室舒张末容积(EDV)、收缩末容积(ESV)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室最大射血速率(PER)、左室最大充盈速率(PFR),左室16、12、6节段达最低收缩末容量时间(Tmsv)的标准差(Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD)、左室161、2、6节段达最低收缩末容量时间的最大差异(Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv12-Dif、Tmsv6-Dif)。为了便于同一病人治疗前后或不同病人之间进行对比,Qlab分析系统将所测的绝对值自动进行标准化(即标准差及最大差异与一个心动周期的比值[Tmsv16-SD/R-R(%)T、msv12-SD/R-R(%)T、msv6-SD/R-R(%)、Tmsv16-Dif/R-R(%)T、msv12-Dif/R-R(%)、Tmsv6-Dif/R-R(%)]。结果心力衰竭组的LVEF较正常对照组减低,EDV、ESV值大于正常对照组(P<0.05),PER、PFR、Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv12-Dif、Tmsv6-Dif、Tmsv16-SD/R-R(%)、Tmsv12-SD/R-R(%)、Tmsv6-SD/R-R(%)、Tmsv16-Dif/R-R(%)、Tmsv12-Dif/R-R(%)、Tmsv6-Dif/R-R(%)均明显大于正常对照组(均P<0.01)。结论实时三维超声心动图的左室容积-时间曲线参数,能全面显示心室容积、室壁运动及功能动态变化,为心力衰竭患者的诊断、CRT治疗及预后评估提供更完整的定量信息,Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv12-Dif、Tmsv6-Dif可作为定量评价左室收缩运动同步性的有效指标。     

实时三维超声心动图评价2型糖尿病患者左室局部功能早期损害的临床研究

目的利用实时三维超声心动图评价2型糖尿病患者左室局部功能的变化,以提示心肌早期损害与否,为临床诊治提供参考。方法确诊为2型糖尿病的患者30例,正常对照组30例。于胸骨旁左室长轴切面测量左房内径(LAD)、左室舒张末期内径(LVDd)、左室收缩末期内径(LVSd)、室间隔厚度(IVSTd)及左室后壁厚度(LVWTd),应用实时三维超声心动图全容积成像技术获得左室容积—时间曲线,计算出左室射血分数(LVEF),左室16、12、6节段达最低收缩末容量时间的标准差(Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD),以及最大差异(Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv12-Dif、Tmsv6-Dif)。结果糖尿病组LAD、IVSTd、LVWTd,二尖瓣口舒张期血流频谱E、A峰峰值速度、E/A比值(E/A),以及左室心肌指数(LVMI)高于正常对照组(P﹤0.05),实时三维超声心动图测量LVEF糖尿病组低于正常对照组(P﹤0.05),糖尿病组Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv12-Dif及Tmsv6-Dif均高于正常对照组(P﹤0.05)。结论左室容积—时间曲线及参数可作为定量评估左室机械非同步运动的有效指标,实时三维超声心动图可以客观评价糖尿病患者早期左室局部收缩功能及运动同步性的异常。     

实时三维超声心动图评价Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者植入起搏器后左心室节段收缩同步性

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图17节段时间-容积曲线参数在评价Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者植入起搏器后左室收缩同步性的远期疗效.方法 对12例植入VVI模式起搏器的Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者、7例植入DDD模式起搏器的Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者及20例正常对照者进行实时三维超声心动图检查.结果 ①Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者植入DDD模式、VVI模式的时间-位移参数指标--位移平均值、位移标准差、位移最大值与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而DDD模式、VVI模式的位移最小值较正常对照组低,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05).而从2个"牛眼图"可以直观显示Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者植入DDD模式、VVI模式左室部分节段收缩延迟或收缩提早,及部分节段收缩活动减弱或反向运动,而正常对照组未出现收缩不同步及收缩活动减弱.②Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞起搏器植入患者DDD模式、VVI模式的17节段时间-容积曲线参数指标--左室16节段、12节段、6节段达最小收缩容积的时间各自的经心动周期的校正值标准差(Tmsv 16-SD、Tmsv 12-SD Tmsv 6-SD)、最大差值(Tmsv 16-Dif、Tmsv 12-Dif、Tmsv 6-Dif)及[Tmsv 16-SD(%)、Tmsv 12-SD(%)、Tmsv 6-SD(%)、Tmsv 16-Dif(%)、Tmsv 12-Dif(%)、Tmsv 6-Dif(%)]与止常对照组比较,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 实时三维超声心动图能快速评价Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞起搏器植入患者心脏节段收缩功能及节段收缩同步性.     

实时三维超声心动图定量评价心功能不全患者左室收缩同步性的初步研究

目的 初步探讨了实时三维超声心动图及其定量技术分析评价心功能不全患者左室心肌收缩同步性的可行性与临床应用价值.方法 使用Philips iE33采集40例各种病因所致心功能不全患者与30例健康志愿者的组织多普勒(Doppler tissue imaging,DTI)与左室全容积图像.使用系统自带的Qlab软件获取左室17节段时间-容积曲线,自动计算达到最小收缩容积的时间Tmsv,并分别计算出16节段、12节段、6节段Tmsv的标准差和最大差值(即Tmsv16-SD,Tmsv16-Dif,Tmsv12-SD,Tmsv12-Dif, Tmsv6-SD和Tmsv6-Dif).并与DTI的12节段速度达峰时间标准差Ts-SD进行相关性分析.结果 心衰组的收缩不同步指标均显著高于正常组(P＜0.05).心功能重度减低组的收缩不同步显著高于轻度减低组(P＜0.05).上述各指标与Ts-SD均呈明显正相关(r=0.612～0.825,P＜0.05).结论 实时三维超声心动图及其定量分析软件能在同一心动周期内检测左室整体的收缩同步性,并可由17节段时间-容积曲线直观地反映出来,为临床评价心衰患者左室内不同步性提供了简便、直观、有效的新方法.     

实时三维超声心动图和超声斑点追踪技术评价扩张型心肌病左心室收缩同步性

目的 利用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)和超声斑点追踪技术(STI)评价正常人和扩张型心肌病(DCM)患者左心室收缩同步性.方法 选取27例DCM患者(DCM组)与29名正常人(对照组)的标准心尖位左室流出道切面,四腔心切面,两腔心切面及实时三维经胸超声心动图,得到左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、收缩末期容积(LVESV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、心电图Q波起始点距离16节段和12节段最小容积点时间间隔的标准差(Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD)及其最大差(Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv-12Dif).用STI分别测量其左心室心肌各节段心电图Q波起始点到组织速率收缩峰值(Ts-SD)、应变率收缩峰值时间的标准差(Tsr-SD).结果 DCM组左心室心肌的组织速率、应变率及RT-3DE的容积-时间曲线交错紊乱,同步性差;DCM组Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv-12Dif、Ts-SD、Tsr-SD与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论 RT-3DE 和 STI两种方法 均能够评价左心室心肌收缩同步性.STI是通过检测多个心动周期,而RT-3DE则是在同一心动周期检测,更加快速、简便、准确.     

实时三维超声心动图对冠状动脉狭窄患者左室收缩同步性与功能的研究

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）对冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）不同程度狭窄患者左室收缩同步性与收缩功能的研究。方法经冠状动脉造影证实LAD狭窄患者90例,据狭窄程度分成：Ⅰ组47例,狭窄率50％-75％;Ⅱ组43例,狭窄率76％。95％。正常对照组35例,LAD无狭窄。所有患者行RT-3DE检查,获得同步性参数指标：左室16节段、12节段、6节段达到最小收缩容积的时间标准差（Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv12-SD、Tmsv6-SD）、最大时间差值（Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv12-Dif、Tmsv6-Dif）及各自径心动周期的校正值（Tmsv16-SD％、Tmsv12-SD％、Tmsv6-SD％及Tmsv16-Dif％、Tmsv12-Dif％、Tmsv6-Dif％）和左室节段收缩功能参数：节段性舒张末期容积（rEDv）、收缩末期容积（rEsV）、射血分数（rEF）,比较三组间上述参数。结果Ⅱ组患者Tmsv16-SD％、Tmsv12-SD％、Tmsv6-SD％及Tmsv16-Dif％、Tmsv12-Dif％、Tmsv6-Dif％与对照组、Ⅰ组比较,均显著延迟,LAD供应节段rEDV、rESV均增大,rEF均降低,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）;Ⅰ组患者各参数指标与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论RT-3DE能定量评价LAD狭窄76％～95％患者左室收缩的非同步性及缺血节段局部收缩功能的减低。     

实时三维超声心动图评价病毒性心肌炎患儿左心室不同步性

目的应用实时三维超声技术评价急性病毒性心肌炎患儿左心室的舒缩功能,观察左室心肌收缩同步性。方法应用Philips iE33超声诊断仪对病毒性心肌炎患儿（VMC组）及正常儿童（N组）进行二维超声心动图及实时三维超声心动图检查。结果ⅧC组左室壁16节段、12节段及6节段收缩末期最小容积时间（Tmsv）的标准差和最大差值（即Tmsv 16-SD,Tmsv16-Dif,Tmsv 12-SD,Tmsv12-Dif,Tmsv6-SD和Tmsv6-Dif）及其心率校正值均高于N组（P〈0．05）。结论急性病毒性心肌炎患儿在常规超声心动图检查未发现异常的情况下,应用实时三维超声心动图检测可早期发现左室壁局部收缩、舒张功能的减低及心肌收缩同步性的异常。     

实时三维超声心动图在评价限制型心肌病中的应用价值

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图时间-位移参数及17节段时间-容积曲线参数指标在评价限制型心肌病中的应用价值.方法 对8例限制型心肌病患者(经活检证实)、28例正常者(对照组)行实时三维超声心动图检查.结果 限制型心肌病组的17节段时间-容积曲线参数指标包括左室16节段、12节段、6节段达到最小收缩容积时间的标准差(Tmsv 16-SD,Tmsv 12-SD,Tmsv 6-SD),左室16节段、12节段、6节段达到最小收缩容积时问的最大差值(Tmsv 16-Dif,Tmsv 12-Dif,Tmsv 6-Dif)以及达到最小收缩容积时间的标准差的百分数(Tmsv 16-SD%,Tmsv 12-SD%,Tmsv 6-SD%),达到最小收缩容积时间的最大差值的百分数(Tmsv 16-Dif%,Tmsv 12-Dif%,Tmsv 6-Dif%)较正常组显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.005),限制型心肌病的时间-位移参数中位移平均值、最大值及最小值明显低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001,P＜0.001,P＜0.005),且17节段时间-容积曲线指标诊断限制型心肌病的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值较高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 实时三维超声心动图时间-位移参数及17节段时间-容积曲线参数能快速准确地评价限制型心肌病患者心肌节段功能及收缩同步性.     

实时三维超声心动图定量评价心力衰竭患者左室收缩同步性的临床初步研究

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图定量评价心力衰竭患者左室收缩同步性的临床价值。方法心力衰竭患者18例，正常对照组20例。应用实时三维超声心动图Qlab技术描绘左室容量-时间曲线，计算左室16节段达最低收缩末容量时间的标准差（Tmsv16-SD）、最大差异（Tmsv16-Dif）及二者的标准化值[Tmsv16-SD／R-R（％）、Tmsv16-Dif／R-R（％）]。结果正常对照组左室容量-时间曲线各节段排列有序，起伏一致，达最低收缩末容量的时间点几乎在一条直线，而心力衰竭组左室容量-时间曲线各节段分布彼此交错，运动幅度平坦，达最低收缩末容量的时间点分散。心力衰竭组曲线参数Tmsv16-SD、Tmsv16-Dif、Tmsv16-SD／R-R（％）及Tmsv16-Dif／R-R（％）均明显大于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。结论实时三维超声心动图左室容量-时间曲线形态及参数能全面反映左室收缩运动同步性及功能变化。     

实时三维超声心动图评价左室心肌肥厚患者的心肌收缩同步性

目的应用实时三维超声心动图（RT3DE）检测左室心肌肥厚（LVH）对左室收缩同步性的影响。方法76例LVH患者分为肥厚型心肌病组（HCM组，34例）和高血压性心脏病组（HHD组，42例），RT3DE测量心率校正的16节段达收缩末最小容积的差值和标准差（Tmsv 16-Dif和Tmsv 16-SD）作为收缩同步性参数，并与对照组（Con组，40例）比较。结果HCM组的Tmsv 16-Dif和Tmsv 16-SD均显著高于HHD组和Con组，但HHD组和Con组之间无显著差异。结论LVH并不总是合并左室收缩不同步，HCM左室收缩同步性下降，而HHD左室同步收缩。RT3DE可同时检测左室16个节段的收缩同步性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.