后腹腔镜肿瘤剜除术治疗肾错构瘤(附20例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗肾错构瘤的手术技巧和临床效果。方法:采用后腹腔镜技术对20例肾错构瘤患者行肿瘤剜除术。其中择期手术患者19例,因肾错构瘤破裂出血急诊手术1例。肿瘤直径1.8～8.7cm,平均4.8cm。采用单纯肾动脉阻断并以吸引器吸除肿瘤的手术方法,观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数和术中术后并发症及手术效果。结果:20例手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术。平均手术时间119min,19例择期手术患者平均出血量85ml,急诊患者未行肾动脉阻断,术中出血约为1 000ml。平均术后住院时间9.9d。1例术后出现尿瘘,经保守治疗愈合出院。其他患者无围手术期并发症。术后随访3～60个月,无肿瘤复发。结论:后腹腔镜肾错构瘤剜除术应用肾动脉热缺血阻断、介入超声、吸引器吸除肿瘤、术前放置输尿管导管、止血手段等新技术安全可行,具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复快、住院时间短等优点。     

后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗巨大错构瘤

目的探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗巨大错构瘤的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析42例巨大肾错构瘤患者的临床资料,肿瘤最大直径平均8em。25例实行后腹腔镜保留肾单位切除错构瘤手术（治疗组）,17例实行传统开放手术（对照组）,对比两组的手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数、术后肠功能恢复时间及术中术后并发症。结果所有患者均手术成功,治疗组术中平均出血量为（102．9±31．2）ml,平均住院天数为（6．8±2．6）d,术后肠功能恢复时间为（38．2±11.3）h,对照组术中平均出血量为（312．5±42．8）ml,平均住院天数为（12．5±3．3）d,术后肠功能恢复时间为（58．2±12．9）h,两组比较具有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;治疗组平均手术时间为（115．8±21．6）min,对照组平均手术时间为（116．3±20．2）min,两组比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。随访3—54个月,所有患者均健康存活,无肿瘤复发。结论后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗巨大错构瘤,具有创伤小、痛苦少、术后康复快、并发症少等优点,可作为保留肾单位手术切除巨大错构瘤的首选治疗方法。     

Incidental angiomyolipoma resected during renal surgery for an enhancing renal mass

OBJECTIVE

To review the outcomes of surgery for renal angiomyolipoma (AML, a benign renal neoplasm that often appears as an enhancing renal mass on imaging) removed at a centre that manages AML conservatively, as typically the presence of tumour fat content detected on imaging leads to its diagnosis, but occasionally these tumours resemble conventional RCC, leading to their surgical extirpation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively report data on 44 consecutive patients who had renal surgery with a pathological diagnosis of AML at our institution from 1988 to 2008. Patient demographics, intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes are reported.

RESULTS

Of the 44 patients (40 women, 91%, and four men, 9%), most were asymptomatic (36, 82%), were unsuspected on imaging (40, 91%), had a solitary lesion (38, 86%), and all had a normal contralateral kidney. Patients had either a partial nephrectomy (38, 86%) or radical nephrectomy (six, 14%). The median (range) tumour size was 2.5 (0.6–19) cm. Perioperative complications occurred in 10 patients (23%), and a total of seven renal units (16%) were lost. Ten patients (23%) had chronic kidney disease (CKD) before surgery, while new onset CKD developed in six (14%) at the last follow‐up. There were no recurrences and there was one unrelated death at a median follow‐up of 28 months.

CONCLUSIONS

AML is a benign renal neoplasm that should be treated conservatively. Surgical intervention should be avoided, when possible, as it can lead to perioperative complications, loss of renal units, and development of CKD.     

Radiofrequency ablation for renal tumors: Our experience

Objectives:   To report our results of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for renal tumors and to assess predictors of therapeutic efficacy.
Methods:   Forty patients (median age 73 years) with renal tumors were treated with RFA under local or epidural anesthesia. All of them had high surgical risk or refused radical surgery. Tumors were punctured percutaneously using the Radionics Cool-tip RF System under computed tomography or ultrasonographic guidance. Median tumor diameter was 24 mm. After RFA, contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was performed within 1 month. Complete response (CR) was defined as no enhancement inside the tumor. Factors related to the outcome and to renal function were assessed.
Results:   Median follow up was 16 months. CR was observed in 34 cases (85.0%). A significant difference in CR rate was observed between tumors ≤30 mm and those >30 mm. Outcomes tended to be better for tumors in the mid to lower kidney, and those away from the renal hilum. Recurrence was observed in one case (2.9%), but a CR was obtained again by additional RFA. Out of a total of 77 RFA procedures, complications occurred in only three cases (3.9%), and conservative treatment was possible in all cases. Serum creatinine levels 3 months after RFA did not differ from those before RFA.
Conclusions:   Percutaneous RFA is a safe and effective treatment for small renal tumors in patients with high surgical risk or who refuse radical surgery.     

肾肿瘤剜除术治疗肾细胞癌、肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤

目的探讨肾肿瘤剜除术治疗肾细胞癌及肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的疗效。方法回顾分析15例在我院进行肾肿瘤剜除术的肾细胞癌及肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者的临床及病理资料。结果全部肾肿瘤均成功剜除,平均热缺血时间为15min,术中肿瘤剜除面平均出血25ml,术后无继发出血,无急性肾小管坏死、慢性肾功能不全及尿瘘等并发症发生。术后平均随访时间为2．5年,均未见肿瘤复发或转移。依据2003AJCC肾癌分期方法,所有肾癌患者均为Tla期,组织学形态为透明细胞癌。病理分级按Fuhrman标准为G1。结论肾肿瘤剜除术对有假性包膜的Tla肾细胞癌和肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤是有效和安全的,术后并发症少,可以最大程度地保留肾脏功能。     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤18例报告

目的 探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性分析近10年来收治的肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤18例的临床资料。结果 18例术前行B超检查．16例行CT检查。手术治疗16例．其中行肾切除术2例．肿瘤剜除术14例，术后均病理检查证实；定期随访2例．随访2～5年，无肿瘤恶变及复发。结论 对肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤直径大于4cm．可手术治疗；对肿瘤直径小于4cm，可观察。     

Radiofrequency ablation partial nephrectomy: A new method of nephron-sparing surgery in selected patients

From July 2002 to April 2005, seven radiofrequency ablation partial nephrectomies have been carried out in seven selected patients. A cool-tip Tyco radiofrequency device under intraoperative ultrasound guidance was used. After intervention, tumors were removed and their tissue with their margins were verified histopathologically. Procedure efficacy was assessed by multidetector computed tomography and by ultrasound. Complications included urine leakage in three cases. Histopathologically, in every case renal cell carcinoma was detected. There is no need for dialysis and there has been no tumor recurrence. No bleeding without clamping renal pedicle, easy tumor extraction and, we hope, reduced risk of recurrence are the major advantages of this intervention.     

射频消融治疗功能性孤立肾肾细胞癌的临床分析

目的 探讨射频消融治疗功能性孤立肾肾细胞癌的可行性及临床疗效. 方法对5例功能性孤立肾肾细胞癌患者实施射频消融治疗.B超、CT扫描检查肿瘤位于左肾3例,右肾2例.肿瘤最大径3.0～6.0 cm,未发现远处转移灶.T1aN0M0 3例,T1bN0M0 2例.术前常规实验室检查,术后采用增强CT扫描(CECT)、超声造影(CEUS)定期随访. 结果 5例平均手术时间(100.0±28.5)min,平均出血量(95.0±30.5)ml,术中、术后均未输血.术后均有发热,体温(38.2±0.7)℃.术后1周CEUS示5例肾癌病灶均完全消融.血红蛋白(Hb)、血肌酐(SCr)、患侧ECT-肾小球滤过率(ECT-GFR)和肌酐清除率(Ccr)较术前均无明显变化(P>0.05).随访5～19个月,中位数11.5个月,均未见复发,SCr维持(87.5±17.3)μmol/L. 结论 射频消融治疗功能性孤立肾肾细胞癌具有保留肾单位、并发症少及恢复快等优势,是目前治疗功能性孤立肾肾细胞癌一种可选择的方法.     

肾错构瘤的诊断与治疗(附13例报告)

目的探讨肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗。方法本组13例患者手术治疗,4例行肿瘤剜除术,6例行患肾部分切除术,1例患者因急腹症就诊探查确诊切除患肾,1例恶变者行肾癌根治术,1例保守治疗。结果所有手术患者术后恢复顺利,术后随访6个月~2年,未见肿瘤复发。结论通过B超、CT等检查,大部分肾错构瘤的患者都可明确诊断,少数瘤体破裂大出血而诊断未明者,宜剖腹探查。手术是治疗肾错构瘤的主要方法,特别是对于肾错构瘤体积大于4cm者应尽早手术治疗。对少数非手术治疗者,应严密观察。手术宜尽量保留有功能的肾组织,恶变者行肾癌根治术。     

Transurethral ethanol ablation of the prostate (TEAP): an effective minimally invasive treatment alternative to traditional surgery for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in high-risk comorbidity patients

Objective  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of transurethral ethanol ablation of the prostate (TEAP) for patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and high-risk comorbidities. Materials and methods  Thirty-six patients (mean age 77.3 years) with symptomatic BPH or persistent urinary retention were assessed at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. All patients were affected by comorbidities (cardiovascular, respiratory, hematologic, neoplastic, dysmetabolic diseases, or coagulation disorders). Baseline evaluation was achieved by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and quality of life (QoL) score, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), and the maximum peak flow rate with evaluation of post-voiding residual urine volume (PVR). Treatment was performed by injecting dehydrated ethanol at a rate correlated to prostate volume into the prostate. The primary end-point for response was ≥80% improvement of the maximum peak flow rate and significant reduction of the PVR; secondary end-points included symptom improvement (≥40% reduction in IPSS and QoL scores). Statistical analysis was carried out with Pearson’s Chi-square test and the non-parametric Wilcoxon test with an assigned statistical significance at P < 0.05. Results  During the active follow-up period, we observed a statistically significant decrease of the baseline at the end of the study in the total IPSS score and in the QoL score. The mean peak flow rate improved from 6.0 ± 2.40 ml/min to 15.2 ± 0.14 ml/min (P < 0.001), while the PVR decreased from a baseline value of 290.6 ± 14.14 ml to 4.2 ± 14.10 ml (P < 0.001). Conclusion  We found that TEAP is a safe minimally invasive treatment, which significantly improves voiding dysfunctions in patients with symptomatic BPH.     

Successful treatment with sirolimus for an angiomyolipoma mimicking renal cell carcinoma in a transplanted kidney

Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign mesenchymal tumor composed of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and mature adipose tissue. AMLs in the kidney allografts are rare. We report a case of AML that was incidentally found 1 year after transplantation. Abdominal computed tomography showed a 4‐cm renal tumor with contrast enhancement and an early washout pattern, resembling a renal cell carcinoma. Tumor biopsy proved a lipid‐poor AML. Tumor diameter decreased to 2.4 cm after 6 months of treatment with sirolimus. Sirolimus not only reduces tumor size, but also benefits a transplant patient who needs immunosuppression.     

Radiofrequency tissue ablation in an experimental model of grade IV renal trauma: a preliminary report

Background The kidney is one of the most frequently injured intraabdominal organs. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a kidney-preserving hemostatic technique for grade IV renal trauma.Methods A grade IV injury was induced in the right kidney of 12 Landrace pigs. Then RFA was applied around the injury in 10 animals until hemostasis was achieved; two animals were not treated (control group). The treated animals were killed humanely on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 and examined. The kidneys were subjected to histologic and radiologic examination.Results The two untreated animals died from hypovolemic shock. Hemostasis was achieved in all treated animals. We had no operative deaths and no morbidity. No blood, pus, urine, or other fluid was found at the time of death. In one animal, a fistulous lesion leading to the collecting system was identified, but no urine leakage was observed. At histology, the ablated areas were found to consist of three zones: an inner necrotic one, a zone of neutrophils digesting necrotic tissue, and an outer zone with possibly reversible damage.Conclusions Radiofrequency ablation is an efficient and safe hemostatic method for grade IV renal trauma. Further study is needed to investigate the possible application of this method to humans and its percutaneous or laparoscopic use.     

Radio frequency ablation (RFA)-assisted pericystectomy for hepatic echinococcosis: an alternative technique

The aim of this study is to describe an alternative technique, using radio frequency energy to perform pericystectomy for hepatic echinococcosis. We present 3 patients with hepatic echinococcosis who were treated with radio frequency ablation (RFA)-assisted pericystectomy. A Radionics Cooltip Radio Frequency System (Tyco, Greece, Radionics) with a single shaft 15 cm long needle electrode and a 2 cm exposure tip, was used. The needle electrode was inserted in consecutive sites into the "healthy" hepatic parenchyma close to the cyst wall, so that a tissue zone around the cystic cavity was gradually ablated. The complete ablation of a site was followed by sharp division of the parenchyma. The operation completed successfully in all patients. Minor bleeding and/or bile leakage were successfully controlled with RFA coagulation. No other hemostatic method was used. The postoperative course was uneventful. No evidence of recurrent disease, or any other cause of morbidity, has been demonstrated at follow up (2 y). RFA-assisted pericystectomy for hepatic hydatid disease in experienced hands, might be useful to perform a "sterile" resection, eradicating single or multiple cysts and preventing local recurrence, with minimal morbidity.     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤治疗方式的选择及疗效(附94例报告)

目的探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(renal angiomyolipoma,RAML)干预治疗方式的选择及其疗效。方法回顾性分析近5年收治的94例RAML患者的临床资料,其中男25例,女69例,平均年龄42岁,肿瘤平均直径为6.6cm。单发RAML73例,多发RAML21例。结果 RAML破裂出血并行急诊手术4例,其中2例行患肾全切术,2例行选择性动脉栓塞术控制出血后择期行保留肾单位手术(nephron-sparing surgery,NSS);择期手术90例,其中NSS71例,患肾全切术13例,选择性动脉栓塞术2例,射频消融术4例。开放及后腹腔镜下NSS对于直径在7cm以下的RAML在手术时间、出血量及并发症发生率方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而术后住院天数两者的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访3～48个月,未见肿瘤复发或转移。结论 NSS是RAML的治疗首选,其中腹腔镜NSS对于体积较小的肿瘤具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优势。选择性动脉栓塞对于控制RAML急性破裂出血有独特优势,也用于多发肿瘤及RAML复发等情况。射频消融对于直径较小的RAML微创而有效。     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤82例的诊断与治疗

目的　提高肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的诊疗水平。方法　对 82例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤进行了回顾性分析。结果　B超诊断准确率 76 .8% (6 3/ 82 ) ,CT诊断准确率 86 .7% (39/ 4 5 ) ,MRI诊断准确率 84 .2 % (16 / 19)。根据肿瘤大小及症状分别采用观察与手术 ,对肿瘤直径 <4cm ,诊断明确且无症状 5 9例定期观察。手术 2 3例中行肿瘤剜除术 18例 ,肾部分切除 2例 ,肾切除 2例 ,根治性肾切除 1例。病理检查 2 2例良性肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤 ,1例恶变。全部术后患者随访 ,肿瘤无复发。结论　B超、CT、MRI是诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的重要检查方法 ,相互结合能提高术前的诊断准确率。术中应常规作冰冻切片 ,有助于确诊、手术方式的选择和排除恶变 ,为避免误诊对瘤体多部位取材也极为重要。