SENP3在成年小鼠中枢神经系统的分布及中脑多巴胺神经元内敲除SENP3的初探

目的:探讨小泛素类修饰蛋白特异性蛋白酶3(small ubiquitin-like modifier proteins specific protease3,SENP3)在成年小鼠中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)内的分布特征,以及在中脑多巴胺能神经元敲除SENP3对其发育和存活的影响。方法:利用免疫组织化学染色方法观察SENP3在成年小鼠脑中的分布及表达特征;制备在酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)神经元内选择性敲除SENP3的小鼠,观察SENP3缺失对中脑TH神经元的影响。结果:SENP3免疫阳性信号在成年小鼠CNS内广泛分布,包括嗅球、海马、丘脑、黑质、腹侧被盖区、小脑和脊髓等多个脑区。在中脑TH神经元中选择性敲除SENP3后,黑质(substantia nigra,SN)和腹侧被盖区(ventral tegmental area,VTA)的TH神经元的数量及其相关基因的表达未见明显改变。结论:SENP3全脑分布的形态学资料为研究其功能提供了线索;在正常生理条件下小鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元的发育和存活不依赖于SENP3的表达。     

Cpne5蛋白在新生及成年小鼠各组织及其在不同胎龄胎鼠脑组织中的表达

目的:检测小鼠Cpne5蛋白在脑发育过程及不同组织中的表达水平,为Cpne5基因的功能研究提供线索。方法:提取新生、成年小鼠多种组织蛋白及11.5,12.5,13.5,14.5,15.5,17.5 d胎鼠脑组织蛋白,用免疫印迹法检测Cpne5蛋白表达量。结果:Cpne5蛋白表达于新生4 d小鼠的全部受检组织,大、小脑表达量最少,眼和肺的表达量高。成年小鼠检测结果相似,Cpne5蛋白的组织分布广泛,但脑组织含量低,表达量以卵巢、睾丸为高,其次为肺和心脏。胎脑的Cpne5蛋白表达量在胎鼠11.5、12.5 d较高,13.5 d降低,14.5至17.5 d再次升高,出生后又降低。结论:Cpne5蛋白在新生和成年小鼠广泛表达于各种受检组织,脑组织表达量最低;小鼠胎脑发育过程中Cpne5蛋白表达呈现先高后低,再升高再降低的变化趋势。     

ERRFI1在成年昆明小鼠脑组织中的表达定位研究

目的:探讨ErbB受体反馈抑制物1(ERRFI1)在成年昆明小鼠脑组织不同部位的mRNA和蛋白质表达情况。方法:选用成年健康雌性昆明小鼠,取脑组织的额叶、顶叶、枕叶、颞叶、丘脑、小脑和海马等部位,采取RT-PCR、real time RT-PCR检测ERRFI1 mRNA在各脑区的表达情况;采取Western Blot检测ERRFI1蛋白质在各脑区的表达情况;再采取免疫组织化学技术的方法对不同部位脑组织ERRFI1蛋白质进行表达与定位情况的研究。结果:ERRFI1 mRNA在小鼠脑组织的额叶、顶叶、枕叶、颞叶、丘脑、小脑和海马等部位均有表达,且表达没有显著差异;而ERRFI1蛋白质在小脑的表达显著高于额叶、顶叶、枕叶、颞叶、丘脑和海马(P 0. 05);免疫组化结果显示,ERRFI1在大脑皮质及脑干的部分神经元、海马少数锥体细胞及颗粒细胞、海马分子层及多形层的胶质细胞、小脑的部分神经元、浦肯野细胞、高尔基细胞等呈阳性表达,嗅球的小球周细胞、僧帽细胞、颗粒细胞等也呈阳性。结论:ERRFI1在成年昆明小鼠的脑组织中广泛表达。     

肾上腺髓质素在正常大鼠大脑的分布

目的观察正常大鼠脑组织肾上腺髓质素(ADM)及ADM mRNA的表达及分布。方法免疫组织化学法(SABC法)检测ADM阳性细胞表达、原位杂交法检测ADM mRNA阳性细胞表达,RT-PCR法检测ADM mRNA在正常大鼠脑内的表达。结果在正常大鼠大脑内有ADM及ADM mRNA的表达,主要表达在大脑皮质锥体细胞、海马CA1区、CA2区、CA3区、CA4区锥体细胞、齿状回颗粒细胞层、丘脑的室旁核、视上核、丘脑内侧核、丘脑外侧核、缰内侧核、室旁组织、脉络丛、室管膜细胞、尾状核、壳核、苍白球、血管内皮细胞及平滑肌细胞,其中室旁组织为高表达区。结论ADM在中枢神经系统的广泛分布,预示着ADM在中枢神经系统内具有重要的作用。     

BDNF前体蛋白在成年恒河猴中枢神经系统中的分布

采用免疫组织化学方法探讨脑源性神经营养因子前体蛋白(proBDNF)在成年恒河猴中枢神经系统(CNS)内的定位分布。结果显示:不同染色强度的proBDNF免疫阳性反应产物广泛分布于大脑皮质、海马、丘脑、小脑、中脑、脑桥、延髓和脊髓。神经元和胶质细胞的核染色明显,胞浆淡染,突起无染色。本研究结果表明在CNS的各个部位均存在proBDNF,提示proBDNF在猴的CNS广泛发挥作用。通过与文献报道的proBDNF在大鼠CNS的分布比较,发现proBDNF在不同物种之间的表达模式和作用可能存在差异;而与BDNF在成年猴脑中的分布进行比较,发现proBDNF在猴小脑的Purkinje细胞层及动眼神经核单独表达,提示proBDNF在这些部位可能发挥重要作用。本研究结果为探讨proBDNF在成年猴的分布及作用提供了重要的形态学资料。     

小鼠生后不同发育阶段海马和丘脑组织中三叶因子3的表达

目的:了解小鼠生后不同时相海马以及丘脑组织中三叶因子3(TFF3)的表达。方法:取生后P0、P1、P3、P5、P7、P9、P11、P13、P15、P17、P19、P21、P23、P25、P27及成年昆明种小鼠全脑,参照小鼠脑图谱,进行石蜡包埋、切片厚6μm、H-E染色和TFF3免疫组织化学显色。另取不同时相小鼠海马组织液氮冻存,提取组织总RNA,RT-PCR检测TFF3 mRNA的转录水平。结果:TFF3在海马CA1、CA2、CA3、CA4及齿状回神经元的胞质与胞核中均有表达,随生后发育,胞质阳性信号增强,P15开始胞核呈阴性表达,且CA1~CA4区阳性神经元减少;丘脑内侧背核、外侧背核、缰内侧核、外侧膝状体背核、丘脑后核、丘脑腹后内侧核、外侧核、中央内侧核等也呈TFF3免疫反应阳性,且表达趋势与海马相似。随着个体的发育,P15后海马组织中TFF3 mRNA的表达量与P1~P13相比逐渐减少;海马CA2、CA3区TFF3平均光密度在P1~P15水平较高,P15最高,P15之后逐渐下降,成年最低。结论:小鼠海马和丘脑TFF3生后发育的变化,提示TFF3可能参与海马和丘脑各核团的发育。     

巨细胞病毒感染后新生小鼠脑内Wif-1、Shh的表达变化

目的:探讨鼠巨细胞病毒(murine cytomegalovirus,MCMV)感染后新生小鼠脑内Wnt inhibitory factor-1(Wif-1)、Sonic hedgehog(Shh)信号分子的表达变化及对中枢神经系统发育的可能影响。方法:体外3T3细胞培养、MCMV接种增殖;60只生后3 d的BALB/c仔鼠随机分为正常对照组及病毒感染组,病毒组通过腹腔注射法建立新生小鼠中枢神经系统MCMV感染模型,而对照组则注射等量的生理盐水;每组设立3个时间点亚组(造模后3 d,7 d,14 d),相应时点处死仔鼠,取脑组织备用。通过RT-PCR检测两组各时点脑组织中的MCMV-DNA表达;Western Blot检测小鼠脑组织中Wif-1、Shh蛋白的表达;流式细胞术检测两组的细胞周期比例改变。结果:病毒组小鼠脑组织中MCMV-DNA的表达随着时间推移持续增多,而对照组3个时间点均阴性表达;病毒组小鼠脑组织中Wif-1分子的表达相对于对照组增强,而Shh分子的表达相比于对照组则表现出明显的抑制;病毒组小鼠脑组织中处于分裂期的细胞百分比较对照组下降。结论:MCMV感染后的新生小鼠脑组织内Wif-1表达增强,而Shh信号分子则下调,其表达异常变化可能影响Wnt、Hedgehog信号通路,并影响中枢神经系统成熟过程。     

磷酸化的细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶1/2在正常小鼠脑内的免疫细胞化学定位

细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK)1/2是重要的信号转导分子。现已知在正常动物的中枢神经系统内有其活化形式即磷酸化的ERK1/2(pERK1/2)分子的存在,但其在小鼠脑内的分布目前还没有全面的观察。本研究用免疫组织化学技术(ABC法)研究了pERK1/2样免疫反应阳性产物在脱臼处死的正常小鼠全脑内的分布。结果发现pERK1/2在正常小鼠脑内有广泛的表达,阳性产物主要存在于神经元,亦见于个别白质内的胶质细胞,脑膜及室管膜细胞也有表达。强阳性表达的核团主要有:岛皮质、视听皮质、边缘前皮质、扣带前皮质、海马垂直部、弓状核、蓝斑和小脑Purkinje细胞;中等阳性表达的核团主要有:感觉运动皮质、外侧隔区、内侧杏仁核、皮质杏仁核和外侧杏仁核、丘脑室旁核前部、视交叉上核、穹隆下器、终板血管器、前腹侧视前核和下丘脑背内侧核;弱阳性表达的核团主要有:视上核、下丘脑室旁核大细胞部、下丘脑后区、顶盖前区、室周灰质腹外侧柱、A5区、孤束核和延髓腹外侧网状结构等。本文结果观察到pERK1/2在正常小鼠脑内广泛存在,提示pERK1/2作为重要的信号转导分子,可能参与许多脑区在正常状态下的功能活动,揭示其分布特点为了解其在脑内的多样性功能提供了形态学依据。     

福尔马林急性痛小鼠小脑线粒体相关分子表达变化

目的:探索急性痛状态下小脑线粒体可塑性变化规律。方法:成年雄性C57BL/6J小鼠42只随机分为对照组(control,n=15)和福尔马林组(formalin,n=27),formalin组小鼠再以3个关键时间点(5 min,30 min,1h)分为3组。利用动物行为学方法观察各组小鼠舔足情况、旷场实验和6个诺达思(Noldus)行为学指标;利用商品化试剂盒检测各组小鼠小脑组织匀浆上清中谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的水平变化;利用real time RT-PCR方法检测小脑ANXA10、Drp1、Mfn1、Mfn2、OPA1、SGK1、TFAM、UCP2和UCP4的mRNA的表达。结果:与control组比较,formalin组小鼠舔足时间及次数呈明显双峰模式增加(0～5 min和20～40 min,P 0.05)。旷场实验可见formalin组小鼠呈明显焦虑样情绪(中央活动路程、中央区域停留时间以及中央进入次数均明显减少,P 0.05)。Noldus行为学结果显示formalin组小鼠运动能力减弱(包括移动距离、移动速度及后肢支撑能力显著减小,P 0.05;而休息时间增加,P 0.01)以及探索行为减少(探嗅时间减少,P 0.05)。同时,与control组相比,formalin组小鼠小脑内GSH含量和SOD酶活性显著下降(P 0.05),且伴随小脑内SGK1、UCP2和UCP4的mRNA水平显著升高(P 0.01)。结论:formalin小鼠小脑线粒体功能受损伴线粒体分子表达增高,提示小脑线粒体功能变化可能参与急性痛中枢神经系统可塑性改变。     

小鼠Cpne5基因mRNA水平的表达分布及其在胚胎的表达定位

目的明确小鼠Cpne5基因在mRNA水平的组织表达分布及其在胚胎的表达定位。方法提取新生、成年小鼠主要脏器的总RNA,利用RT-PCR法检测Cpne5 mRNA的表达量;合成针对Cpne5 mRNA的杂交探针,取不同胎龄胎鼠进行整体原位杂交。结果 Cpne5 mRNA在成年小鼠10种脏器组织均有不同程度的表达,以大脑,小脑,睾丸和肺脏表达量较高;而肝脏和肌肉未表达。新生小鼠9种脏器中,Cpne5表达量最高的是脑组织,眼和肾次之,肺和肝脏表达量很少。制备并评估Cpne5原杂探针的产量,SP6转录的反义探针浓度为100ng/μL,T7转录的正义探针浓度为10ng/μL,原位杂交结果显示Cpne5 mRNA主要表达于胎鼠的端脑、间脑、中脑及菱脑原节。结论在新生和成年小鼠的脑组织中Cpne5基因mRNA高水平表达,并在胎鼠发育过程中定位于胎脑。     

Differential expression of five members of the ADAM family in the developing chicken brain

ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) are a family of trans-membrane multi-domain metalloproteases with multiple functions. So far, more than 35 ADAM family members have been identified from mammalian and nonmammalian sources. Although some functions of ADAMs have been elucidated, their expression patterns remain poorly investigated, especially during CNS development. Here, we cloned the open reading frames or full-length cDNAs of ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM12, ADAM22 and ADAM23 from chicken embryonic brain, analyzed their evolutionary relationship, and mapped their expression in the embryonic chicken brain by in situ hybridization for the first time. In general, each of the five ADAMs shows a spatially restricted and temporally regulated expression profile. However, the types of tissues and cells, which express each of the five ADAMs, differ from each other. ADAM9 is predominantly expressed in the choroid plexus and in the ventricular layer. ADAM10 is expressed by developing blood vessels, oligodendrocytes, and subsets of neurons and brain nuclei. ADAM12 is expressed by very few brain nuclei, cerebellar Purkinje cells, restricted regions of the neuroepithelium, and some neurons in the deep tectal layers. ADAM22 expression is strong in some brain nuclei and in the pineal gland. ADAM23 is expressed by most gray matter regions and the choroid plexus. The differential expression patterns suggest that the five ADAMs play multiple and versatile roles during brain development.     

Developmental regulation and neuronal expression of the cellular disintegrin ADAM11 gene in mouse nervous system

ADAM11 is the prototype member of the predominantly CNS-associated clade of the ADAM metalloprotease-disintegrins that has been implicated in neural adhesion and axon guidance. The present study describes the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the ADAM11 gene in adult and developing mouse, and identifies the cells expressing the gene. In the adult CNS, ADAM11 mRNA was present throughout the forebrain, including different cortical fields and diencephalic nuclei. In brainstem, low to moderate expression was detected in certain midbrain nuclei, while several pontine and medullary nuclei showed a very strong signal. High expression was observed in the cerebellar cortex and spinal cord. In addition, ADAM11 was expressed in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), retinae, testes, liver, and at lower levels in epidermal and mucosal epithelia, kidney, and salivary gland. The expression was localized to neurons in all examined CNS and PNS subfields. During pre- and perinatal development, ADAM11 was differentially expressed both in the developing PNS and CNS, as well as in heart, kidney, eyes, and brown fat.The present results suggest a widespread involvement of ADAM11 in neuron-neuron or neuron-glial cell interactions during development as well as in the adult nervous system. They provide novel complementary information to recently accumulated data on CNS integrin gene expression and offer useful clues for further studies of the neural functions of ADAMs and integrins.     

Metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM8: expression analysis and targeted deletion in mice.

ADAM8 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 8, also referred to as MS2/CD156a) is a membrane-anchored metalloprotease that was first identified in a macrophage cell line and has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we evaluated the expression of ADAM8 during mouse development and generated mice lacking ADAM8 (Adam8-/- mice). During early mouse development, ADAM8 is expressed by maternal cells in the decidua and by trophoblast derivatives of the embryo but not in the derivatives of the inner cell mass. At later stages, prominent expression of ADAM8 is seen in the embryo proper, in the gonadal ridge, thymus, developing cartilage and bone, brain and spinal cord, and in the mesenchyme in close proximity to the branch point between the jugular vein and developing lymphatic vessels. Examination of Adam8-/- mice, however, revealed no major defects in these or other structures during development or in adult tissues and no evident pathological phenotypes.     

Expression of Transcription Factor Satb2 in Adult Mouse Brain

Previous investigations on the expression and function of special AT‐rich sequence binding protein 2 (Satb2) are largely limited to the cerebral cortex. Here, we explore the expression of Satb2 thoroughly by immunohistochemistry in the adult mouse central nervous system (CNS). Besides the cerebral cortex, we found that Satb2 is specifically expressed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, horizontal limb of the diagonal band, lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, ventral tegmental nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, rostral periolivary region, and parabrachial nucleus. Double immunostaining showed that Satb2 is exclusively expressed in the excitatory neurons of neocortex. In addition, Satb2 is specifically expressed in A12 group of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons and in serotonergic neurons in the dorsal part of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Our results present a comprehensive overview of Satb2 expression in the adult brain and provide insights for studying the role of Satb2 in the mature CNS. Anat Rec, 296:452–461, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Structural and functional analysis of the apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase (AATYK) family

Apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase (AATYK) is a protein kinase that is predominantly expressed in the nervous system and is involved in apoptosis and neurite growth of cerebellar granule cells. In this study, we cloned three new members of the mouse AATYK family, AATYK1B, AATYK2 and AATYK3. AATYK1B is a splicing variant of the previously reported AATYK1 (referred to as AATYK1A hereafter). In comparison with AATYK1A, these three AATYK members were characterized by having an extra N-terminal region that consists of a signal peptide-like sequence and a predicted transmembrane (TM) region, which is followed by a kinase domain and a long C-terminal domain. Both TM-containing AATYK isoforms (AATYK(+)TM: AATYK1B, 2, and 3) and TM-lacking isoform (AATYK(-)TM: AATYK1A) were recovered in membrane fractions, suggesting that AATYK(+)TM and AATYK(-)TM are transmembrane- and peripheral-membrane protein kinases, respectively. AATYK1A was recovered in the soluble fraction when the cells were treated with 2-bromo palmitate, suggesting that AATYK1A associates with membrane via palmitoylation. The kinase domain was highly conserved among all AATYK members and was shown to be catalytically active. Three AATYK family members were predominantly expressed in adult mouse brains with almost similar expression profiles: widespread distribution over the various brain regions, especially in the cerebellum and hippocampus, and up-regulated expression during development of the cerebellum. In cultured cerebellar granule cells, AATYK1 was abundantly localized in both soma and axons, AATYK2 distribution was restricted to soma, and AATYK3 was punctately present over the cells. AATYK1 was concentrated in the central domain of growth cones of dorsal root ganglion neurons. Our results indicate that AATYK family members are brain-dominant and membrane-associated kinases with slightly different distribution patterns in the developing and adult mouse brain, which may be involved in fine regulation of neuronal functions including neurite extension and apoptosis.     

Expression of seven members of the ADAM family in developing chicken spinal cord

The expression patterns of seven members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family, including ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM12, ADAM13, ADAM17, ADAM22, and ADAM23, were analyzed in the developing chicken lumbar spinal cord by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Results show that each individual ADAM is expressed and regulated spatiotemporally in the lumbar cord and its surrounding tissues. ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM22, and ADAM23 are expressed predominantly by motoneurons in the motor column and by sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, each with a different expression pattern. ADAM12 and ADAM13 are mainly expressed in the meninges around the lumbar cord and in the condensed sheets of chondroblasts around the vertebrae. ADAM17 expression is strong in the ventricular layer and limited to early stages. The differential expression of the ADAMs in the lumbar cord suggests that the ADAMs play a regulatory role in development of the spinal cord. Developmental Dynamics 239:1246–1254, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Localization of DJ-1 mRNA in the mouse brain

DJ-1 is mutated in autosomal recessive, early onset Parkinson's disease but the exact localization of the DJ-1 gene product in the mammalian brain is largely unknown. We aimed to evaluate the DJ-1 mRNA expression pattern in the mouse brain. Serial coronal sections of brains of five male and five female adult mice were investigated by using in situ hybridization with a DJ-1 specific 35S-labeled oligonucleotide probe. Hybridized sections were analyzed after exposure to autoradiography films and after coating with a photographic emulsion. DJ-1 was heterogeneously expressed throughout the mouse central nervous system. A high expression of DJ-1 mRNA was detected in neuronal and non-neuronal populations of several structures of the motor system such as the substantia nigra, the red nucleus, the caudate putamen, the globus pallidus, and the deep nuclei of the cerebellum. Furthermore, DJ-1 mRNA was also highly expressed in non-motor structures including the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, and the piriform cortex. The high expression of DJ-1 mRNA in brain regions involved in motor control is compatible with the occurrence of parkinsonian symptoms after DJ-1 mutations. However, expression in other regions indicates that a dysfunction of DJ-1 may contribute to additional clinical features in patients with a DJ-1 mutation.     

体内和体外条件下Nogo-A在大鼠小脑颗粒神经元上表达差异的研究

Nogo-A是网膜家族蛋白的成员之一,在抑制成年哺乳动物中枢神经系统损伤后轴突再生的过程中发挥着重要作用。Nogo-A表达于寡突胶质细胞和多种神经元,但在成年动物的小脑颗粒神经元中却未检测到。为探讨Nogo-A在小脑颗粒神经元上的表达情况及其影响因素,本实验应用免疫荧光组织化学染色法研究了Nogo-A蛋白在新生大鼠脑切片上和不同体外培养条件下小脑颗粒神经元中的表达。结果显示:在体条件下Nogo-A蛋白在新生大鼠的小脑颗粒神经元上的表达逐渐减少,至新生14d时检测不到;而在体外培养的来源于新生7d大鼠的小脑颗粒神经元中Nogo-A蛋白持续表达,可维持到14d;与胶质细胞共培养,或加入胶质细胞培养上清的小脑颗粒神经元仍然表达Nogo-A蛋白。本研究结果表明,体内和体外两种条件下Nogo-A蛋白在小脑颗粒神经元上的表达存在差异,新生期Nogo-A在小脑颗粒神经元上的表达下调可能与Purkinje细胞有关,提示Nogo-A在生后发育过程中可能与神经元的迁移或突触的形成密切相关。