ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌构成及耐药性分析

目的分析医院综合ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌的分布特点及其耐药性,为VAP治疗提供合理依据。方法回顾性分析210例VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养及药敏结果。结果 210例VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物中共分离出病原菌394株,其中革兰阴性菌308株占78.2%,革兰阳性菌52株占13.2%,真菌34株占8.6%,排前3位病原菌依次为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,分别占20.3%、18.8%、16.2%;混合细菌感染者为176例占83.8%,单一细菌感染者为34例占16.2%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌28株、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌10株;鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和碳青霉烯类药物较敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类药物较敏感,金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现象严重,对万古霉素和替考拉宁较敏感,白色假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑较敏感。结论 VAP的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,耐药现象严重,多数为混合感染,治疗困难;进行细菌培养和药物敏感性试验,对合理选用抗菌药物治疗VAP具有重要意义。     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌的构成及耐药性临床分析

目的 明确ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌的分布特点及耐药性,指导合理用药.方法 对确诊行气管插管或气管切开机械通气>48 h的109例患者的下呼吸道分泌物,进行细菌定量培养及抗菌药物敏感性测定.结果 109例VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物培养出病原菌294株,革兰阴性杆菌占63.9%,革兰阳性球菌占21.8%,真菌感染14.3%;各类病原菌混合感染者占88.1%;铜绿假单胞菌仅对头孢他啶和碳青酶烯类药物敏感,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对碳青酶烯类药物敏感,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对碳青酶烯类药物及其他大多数药物耐药,金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现象严重,但尚对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感,真菌对两性霉素B、酮康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑的敏感率为100.0%.结论 VAP的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌且存在较严重的耐药现象,混合感染现象严重,进行细菌培养和药物敏感性分析,对合理选用抗菌药物治疗VAP患者具有重要意义.     

患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎病原学特点及抗感染策略

目的探讨患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原学特点及抗感染策略。方法对医院患儿ICU 68例VAP患儿的下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养及抗菌药物敏感试验。结果 68例VAP患儿的下呼吸道分泌物检出81株病原菌,革兰阴性杆菌占85.2%,革兰阳性球菌占8.6%,真菌占6.2%;前5位病原菌依次为鲍氏不动杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌;革兰阴性杆菌仅对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南(嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌除外)敏感,对其他患儿常用的抗菌药物均高度耐药;革兰阳性球菌对青霉素、β-内酰胺类抗菌药物均高度耐药,未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌。结论患儿VAP的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,大多为多药耐药菌;初始经验性抗感染治疗、及时目标性治疗十分重要。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎患者气囊上滞留物病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 研究呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者气囊上滞留物病原菌分布并进行耐药性分析,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,防治VAP.方法 将43例VAP患者气囊上滞留物进行引流,并将气囊上滞留物与下呼吸道分泌物分离出的339株病原菌进行鉴定和耐药分析,并进行对比分析.结果 43例VAP患者气囊上液分离出201株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌166株,占82.6%,主要优势菌为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,革兰阳性菌26株,占12.9%,主要为金黄葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌,真菌9株,占4.5%;不同病原菌对抗菌药物多药耐药率均较高,但不同抗菌药物耐药率差异较大;下呼吸道分泌物共分离出138株病原菌,两者主要病原菌分布、构成比及耐药情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 VAP气囊上滞留物病原菌分布革兰阴性杆菌为主.均存在多药耐药,气囊上液与下呼吸道分泌物病原菌株菌种的一致性且构成比及耐药性类似.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的明确呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌的流行分布及耐药特点。方法对气管切开并实施机械通气>48 h的261例患者下呼吸道分泌物,进行细菌定量培养及抗菌药物敏感性测定。结果从气管切开至发生VAP的时间为3~126 d,平均18.2 d;发生VAP 92例,发生率为35.2%,死亡率为35.9%;92例VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物培养出病原菌276株,病原菌种分布:革兰阴性杆菌170株,占61.6%,主要为假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、克雷伯菌属、肠杆菌属;革兰阳性球菌57株,占20.6%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肠球菌属,真菌感染占17.8%,主要为假丝酵母菌属;各类病原菌混合感染者88.0%,主要病原菌药敏试验结果,革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南总敏感性最高,其次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、替卡西林/克拉维酸、头孢他啶,对氨苄西林、第二代头孢菌素、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松则有较高的耐药性;金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现象严重,对青霉素、苯唑西林的耐药率分别达100.0%、91.3%,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁尚敏感。结论VAP的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌且存在较严重的耐药现象,混合感染现象严重,应引起临床高度重视。     

老年肺炎患者病原菌的分布及耐药性

目的探讨老年肺炎患者病原菌的分布及耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供帮助。方法对407例老年肺炎患者的痰标本,进行细菌培养鉴定及药物敏感试验,并对结果进行分析。结果共分离出病原菌291株,革兰阴性杆菌202株（69.4%）,主要分离菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、嗜麦芽假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌等;革兰阳性球菌60株（20.6%）,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,占12.7%;MRSA占所分离金黄色葡萄球菌约72.8%;真菌29株（10.0%）,以白色假丝酵母菌为主,占7.56%;药物敏感试验显示,所分离的病原菌对抗菌药物存在多药耐药性,不同病原菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率差异较大;革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高,耐药率接近100.0%,对碳青酶烯类药物亚胺培南的耐药率最低,耐药率0～14.3%,肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌ESBLs阳性率分别为56.5%和41.2%。结论老年肺炎患者的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,病原菌对抗菌药物存在多药耐药性;临床应根据药敏试验结果选择抗菌药物。     

老年肺炎患者病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨老年肺炎患者病原菌的分布及耐药状况,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供帮助.方法 对357例老年肺炎患者的痰标本,进行细菌培养鉴定及药物敏感试验,并对结果进行分析.结果 共分离出病原菌291株,革兰阴性杆菌202株(69.4%),主要分离菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌等;革兰阳性球菌60株(20.6%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,占12.7%,MRSA占所分离金黄色葡萄球菌的72.8%;真菌29株(10.0%),以白色假丝酵母菌为主,占7.56%;药物敏感试验显示,所分离的病原菌对抗菌药物存在多药耐药性,不同病原菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率差异较大;革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高,耐药率接近100.0%,对碳青酶烯类药物亚胺培南的耐药率最低,耐药率0～14.3%,肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌ESBLs阳性率分别为56.5%和41.2%.结论 老年肺炎患者的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,病原菌对抗菌药物存在多药耐药性,临床应根据药敏试验结果选择抗菌药物.     

重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的明确重症监护病房(ICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌构成及耐药情况,为临床抗菌药物的应用提供依据。方法采用回顾性监测的方法,调查2009年1月-2010年4月ICU接受呼吸机通气患者中VAP病原菌特点。结果 65例VAP患者共检出病原菌68株,其中革兰阴性菌51株,占75.00%,革兰阳性菌12株,占17.65%,真菌5株,占7.35%;检出的主要病原菌是:鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、铜绿假单胞菌,分别占19.12%、16.18%、14.71%、13.24%;金黄色葡萄球菌耐药严重,鲍氏不动杆菌仅对阿米卡星具有较高的敏感性,对其他大多数药物具有耐药性;洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对替考拉宁、头孢噻肟和美罗培南较敏感,对亚胺培南高度耐药,铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢噻肟、头孢唑肟、美罗培南、四环素的敏感性较高,对亚胺培南的耐药率较高,真菌对两性霉素B、酮康唑、制霉菌素的敏感率为100.00%,对氟康唑、伊曲康唑的敏感率为50.00%。结论 VAP的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌且存在较严重的耐药现象,进行细菌培养和药物耐药性分析,对合理选用抗菌药物治疗VAP患者具有重要意义。     

70例脐部分泌物细菌学分析

目的 了解新生儿脐部感染病原菌分布和药物敏感率,为临床合理选择抗菌药物治疗新生儿脐炎提供依据.方法 2008年12月-2009年11月医院收治的新生儿脐部感染患者70例,进行脐部分泌物细菌培养和药敏试验,对所获得的67株病原菌的种类及药敏进行分析.结果 70例中共分离出病原菌67株,主要病原菌为革兰阳性球菌,占55.2%,其中以金黄色葡萄球菌占比例较高(26.9%);革兰阴性杆菌占44.8%,以大肠埃希菌占比例较高(22.4%);革兰阳性球菌对米诺环素、替考拉宁、万古霉素等敏感率较高,革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、三代头孢、头孢吡肟、阿莫西林/克拉维酸等敏感率较高.结论 分析新生儿脐部感染的病原菌及耐药状况,对临床诊断和治疗具有重要作用.     

新生儿重症监护病房医院感染败血症病原菌及耐药性研究

目的研究新生儿重症监护病房医院感染败血症病原学及耐药性特征,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法从2006年1月-2009年12月在新生儿重症监护病房共监测确诊医院感染败血症54例,分析研究病原菌学及耐药性特征。结果病原菌分布主要革兰阳性球菌25株,占46.3%,革兰阴性杆菌16株,占29.6%,真菌13株,占24.1%;各年度病原菌谱的改变:革兰阳性球菌的比率在逐年下降,革兰阴性杆菌是逐年上升;葡萄球菌属存在较严重的耐药现象,未发现耐万古霉素耐药菌株;革兰阴性杆菌存在多药耐药现象,鲍氏不动杆菌多药耐药性更为突出。结论近年来NICU医院感染败血症的病原菌谱已发生改变,革兰阴性杆菌在逐年上升;医院感染败血症的病原菌耐药率高,对常用的抗菌药物普遍耐药,加强病原菌特别是多药耐药菌监测,可为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.