彩色多普勒超声在甲状腺癌中的诊断价值

目的评估彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺癌的诊断价值。方法回顾分析2009年1月至2009年12月因甲状腺结节行手术切除的患者资料,共207名患者入组本研究,其中行超声检查207例,行超声＋CT检查144例。所有患者行手术治疗,对比术后病理与术前影像学检查结果。用统计软件SPSS16．0,计数资料用卡方检验对比超声与CT的统计学意义,对比超声与CT的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率,P〈0．05有统计学意义。结果207例甲状腺结节患者术后病理显示151例为良性,56例为恶性。对比术前资料。超声和CT的敏感性分别是80．4％、75．0％,特异性分别是68．2％、47．1％,准确率分别是71．5％、54．9％,阳性预测值分别是48．4％、35．3％,阴性预测值分别是90．4％、83．1％。超声检查在甲状腺肿瘤良恶性结节中的特异性和准确率明显高于CT检查（P〈0．01）,差异均有统计学意义。结论彩色多普勒超声检查是鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性非常有用的方法。形态不规则、钙化、低回声、边界不清、Ⅱ型血流及实性结节是判断结节良恶性的参考指标。存在3个以上超声特征的结节的恶性概率将明显增加。超声检查在良恶性鉴别方面优于CT检查。CT检查对甲状腺癌评估有一定的价值,可协助超声检查。     

超声引导下微创组织活检技术在甲状腺外科的应用

目的 探讨超声引导下微创组织活检技术在甲状腺疾病诊治中的指导意义.方法 总结吉林大学中日联谊医院甲状腺外科2008年10月至2009年7月间,117例(共131个结节,结节直径大小在0.5～1.5 cm之间,平均直径约0.8 cm)甲状腺疾病患者,行超声引导微创组织活检的临床资料并进行分析.结果 117例患者,活检取材满意,行组织活检后均未出现明显不适及活检后并发症.其中59例患者活检后行手术治疗,仅有2例术前活检病理与术后石蜡病理未完全符合;未行手术治疗的58例患者,结合症状、查体、甲状腺功能和彩色多普勒超声等辅助检查,行对症治疗并定期复查,症状及彩色多普勒超声下影像均有明显好转,治疗效果良好.117例微创组织活检患者中8例同时行颈部肿大淋巴结活检,活检病理与术后石蜡病理结果一致(7例为转移癌,1例为反应性增生),准确率为100%.结论 超声引导下微创组织活检术对甲状腺疾病的诊治有重要的指导意义,临床符合率高,特别是对于微小结节的术前诊断具有较高的价值,既可避免不必要的过度治疗,又可减少甲状腺癌的漏诊,同时本技术具有简便易行、安全准确的优点,在甲状腺外科具有一定的临床应用价值.     

甲状腺结节超声引导细针穿刺细胞学检查的临床应用价值

目的 探讨甲状腺结节超声引导细针穿刺细胞学检查(FNAC)的临床应用价值.方法 选取2018-01-2020-06间于西平县人民医院行超声引导FNAC并接受手术治疗的158例甲状腺结节患者,对其临床资料进行分析.结果 本研究158例患者术前超声检查共发现258个结节.除9个(3.49％)结节因取材不满意无法判读外,术前...     

超声引导下甲状腺细针穿刺检查在甲状腺肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的研究甲状腺肿瘤患者行超声引导下甲状腺细针穿刺检查的诊断价值。方法选取2013年1月至2015年12月本院接诊的1450例甲状腺结节的患者进行研究。所有患者均进行超声引导下甲状腺细针穿刺检查,与术后病理结果进行对照分析,并分析患者病变部位情况。结果术后病理确诊分析发现,超声引导下细针穿刺对分化型甲状腺癌、未分化癌的诊断符合率分别为95.09%、76.92%,对于甲状腺良性肿瘤的诊断符合率高达96.96%。超声引导下细针穿刺检查对分化型甲状腺癌的敏感性和特异性分别为94.65%和95.24%,对于甲状腺未分化癌的敏感性和特异性分别为75.0%和99.93%,对于甲状腺良性肿瘤,诊断的敏感性也为97.99%,诊断效果较好。双侧甲状腺肿瘤发病率高达44.76%,右侧甲状腺发病率为25.17%,左侧发病率为25.03%,甲状腺峡部发病率为5.03%。结论超声引导下甲状腺细针穿刺检查在甲状腺肿瘤诊断中的应用价值较高,诊断敏感性、特异性及符合率均较高,且对患者发病的病变部位诊断效果明确,值得广泛推广应用。     

超声引导下射频消融治疗甲状腺良性结节

目的:探讨超声引导下射频消融治疗甲状腺良性结节的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2009年6月—2010年9月46例甲状腺良性结节行超声引导下射频消融治疗效果。全组男15例,女31例;平均年龄32(19～56)岁,术前超声检查皆为甲状腺单发结节,结节位于右侧甲状腺21例,峡部6例,左侧甲状腺19例;其中实性18例,囊实性16例,囊性12例,病变区无明显沙砾样钙化,颈部无淋巴结肿大,甲状腺功能正常。术前结节穿刺病理诊断均为结节性甲状腺肿,肿瘤大小0.9～2.6 cm。结果:46例均成功行射频消融手术,术中无明显并发症发生,1例出现穿刺部位感染。经过6个月随访,22例(47.8%,22/46)患者结节全部吸收,12例(26.1%,12/46)结节体积较术前缩小≥50%。结论:超声引导下射频消融治疗甲状腺良性结节具有疗效好、微创优势明显,是一种值得推广的手术方法。     

811例甲状腺结节B超TI-RADS分级特征性分析与研究

目的：探讨甲状腺癌B超TI-RADS分级与临床分期的相关性。方法 ：选取2015—2018年811例于我院手术治疗的甲状腺肿瘤患者,术前均于我院行甲状腺超声检查,并进行B超TI-RADS分级。分析B超TI-RADS分级与甲状腺癌病理类型及临床分期的相关性。结果：811例患者术前B超分级3级48例,4级712例（4a:255例,4b:318例,4c:139例）,5级31例,6级20例。624例患者术后病理确诊为甲状腺癌,其中乳头状癌614例,滤泡状癌5例,未分化癌2例,髓样癌3例。B超TI-RADS分级与病理结果比对,良性结节符合率为24.1%;恶性结节符合率为99.5%;诊断甲状腺癌敏感性是81.4%,特异性是93.8%。术前B超发现甲状腺结节伴淋巴结肿大与术后确诊淋巴结转移显著相关。结论：B超TI-RADS分级对术前鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性、判断临床分期及选择手术方式具有临床价值。     

重视甲状腺结节规范化诊治

甲状腺结节特别是甲状腺癌的发病率在全球范围内呈现上升趋势。以往国内由于没有甲状腺结节和甲状腺癌方面的诊治指南,导致甲状腺结节特别是甲状腺癌的诊治处于混乱状态,术前检查不确定和手术方式多样性都会导致肿瘤残留率和复发率的增加,再次手术率明显升高,发生并发症风险增加。针对国内甲状腺结节和甲状腺癌诊治的现状,2012年我国发布了《甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》,其中明确建议甲状腺结节均应行超声等检查,对于怀疑恶性的结节应行细针穿刺抽吸活检术检查。甲状腺癌的手术方式为甲状腺全（近全）切除术和甲状腺腺叶切除+峡部切除术,同时在有效保护喉返神经和甲状旁腺的前提下应行病灶同侧中央区淋巴结清扫,这些都对甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌的诊治进行了系统的论述。甲状腺结节规范化诊治可以避免诊治失误,提高效果,对于临床工作具有非常重要的意义。     

术前超声检查鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值

目的探讨术前超声检查鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2019-10—2020-10间于郑州大学第二附属医院行手术治疗并经术后病理检查确诊的316例(372个结节)患者的临床资料。以术后病理结果为“金标准”,评价甲状腺结节良恶性的超声征象及其鉴别结节良恶性的临床价值。结果372个结节的病理结果:恶性结节155个,其中乳头状癌127个(81.93%)、滤泡状腺癌20个(12.90%)、髓样癌8个(5.16%)。良性结节217个,其中滤泡状腺瘤102个(47.00%)、乳头状腺瘤42个(19.35%)、结节性甲状腺肿48个(22.12%)、桥本甲状腺炎25个(11.52%)。以病理学结果为“金标准”,超声检查诊断恶性结节148个,良性结节213个,与病理学结果不符合11个。超声检查鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的灵敏度为90.96%,特异性为98.16%,准确率为97.04%。阳性预测值为97.37%,阴性预测值为96.82%。结论术前对甲状腺行超声检查,对鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性有较高的灵敏度、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值,对临床早期诊断和制订治疗方案具有较高的参考价值。     

甲状腺结节外科治疗中值得关注的若干问题

甲状腺结节是临床常见病。外科手术必须严格掌握手术指征,杜绝过度检查与过度手术治疗。为了避免二次手术,应合理选择手术方式与积极的术后甲状腺素的替代治疗。对胸骨后甲状腺结节的外科治疗要合理选择手术入路。要规范腔镜技术在甲状腺结节治疗中的应用,建立必要的规章制度。     

甲状腺微小乳头状癌的超声诊断与分析

目的：探讨甲状腺微小乳头状癌的超声诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析经手术、病理组织学检查确诊的直径均≤1.0cm的74个甲状腺微小乳头状癌和135个甲状腺良性结节的超声表现,对2组结节的各项超声表现的差异进行统计学分析,并分别计算其诊断的敏感性、特异性及准确性。结果：边缘毛糙（敏感性62.2%、特异性91.9%、准确性81.3%）、形态不规则（敏感性60.8%、特异性93.3%、准确性81.8%）、纵横比≥1（敏感性66.2%、特异性93.3%、准确性83.7%）、结节内部有微小钙化（敏感性62.2%、特异性97.8%、准确性85.2%）、伴颈部淋巴结肿大（敏感性18.9%、特异性95.6%、准确性68.4%）以及结节内部血流信号丰富（敏感性27.0%、特异性94.8%、准确性70.8%）在恶性组患者中的检出率较高（P〈0.05）。结论：边缘毛糙、形态不规则、纵横比≥1及结节内部有微小钙化灶是诊断甲状腺微小乳头状癌的重要指标,伴颈部淋巴结肿大及结节内部血流信号丰富的敏感性较低,可作为鉴别诊断的参考指标。     

关于甲状腺癌诊断治疗中的几个问题

探讨提高甲状腺（甲癌）诊断治疗水平的方法。方法 根据笔者的临床经验,结合复习近期国内外文献,提出在甲癌诊断治疗中应注意的有关问题。结果和结论 甲癌在诊断中应注意性腺癌、多灶癌、双侧癌,甲状腺良性疾病与甲癌并存,以及甲状腺微小癌或隐匿癌等情况;对需手术治疗的甲状腺肿块,术中、术后均应行病理检查,以防甲癌漏诊;除未分化癌外,甲癌均以手术治疗为主。术式选择应根据病理类型、临床分期、病人情况等决定;术后应     

甲状腺微小癌诊断与外科治疗规范化

甲状腺微小癌定义为结节直径≤1cm的甲状腺癌。颈部超声的普遍应用增加了微小癌的检出率。常规的术前诊断方法包括临床体格检查,甲状腺超声检查和细针穿刺病理活检,恶性超声特征为细小钙化,边缘不规则。规范化的诊断内容应该包括哪一侧甲状腺叶,癌灶个数,最大直径,是否浸润包膜外,是否淋巴结转移,是否远处转移。甲状腺微小癌的外科治疗存在争议,规范化的外科治疗包括针对偶然发现的微小癌和非偶然发现的微小癌两方面,甲状腺近全切除或全切除是甲状腺癌的常规术式,但对于甲状腺微小癌甲状腺腺叶切除或次全切除是否需进一步手术或者是否需行颈部淋巴结清扫则由个体临床和病理特点决定。     

甲状腺炎与甲状腺癌并存的诊断与治疗(附16例临床分析)

目的 探讨甲状腺炎与甲状腺癌并存的诊断要点及手术探查指征。方法 对１６例甲状腺炎与甲状腺癌并存病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 １６例均行根治性手术治疗，其中亚急性甲状腺炎４例，桥本甲状腺炎１２例。乳头状腺癌１２例，滤泡状腺癌３例，乳头状与滤泡状混合癌１例。１６例术后随访２个月～９年，均无癌复发与转移。结论 强调对有甲状腺结节的甲状腺炎经系统药治疗后，如结节未见缩小、甚或有增大趋势者，或经ＳＰＥ     

Conservative surgical therapy for leydig cell tumor

PURPOSE: We performed a long-term evaluation of conservative surgical treatment of benign Leydig cell tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter retrospective clinical study was performed at 6 European centers. Case files of all patients diagnosed with Leydig cell tumor and treated with conservative surgery were examined. Patients underwent physical examination, hormone and tumor marker assays, scrotal and abdominal ultrasound, chest x-ray, and an endocrinological examination. RESULTS: From 1987 to 2006, 22 patients with Leydig cell tumor underwent conservative surgery. Mean patient age was 35 years (range 5 to 61). Mean followup was 47 months (range 1 to 230). No local recurrence or metastasis was observed. Patients presented with a palpable testicular nodule (3 patients, 13.7%) or a nodule diagnosed by ultrasound (15 patients, 68.2%), gynecomastia (2 patients, 9.1%), precocious pseudopuberty (1 patient, 4.5%) or scrotal pain (1 patient, 4.5%). Three patients were monorchid after contralateral orchiectomy for inguinal hernia repair (1 patient, 28 years before surgery) and nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (2 patients, 1 month and 6 years before surgery). Diagnosis after frozen section examination was Leydig cell tumor in 20 of 22 cases (91.0%). Mean histological size of the nodule was 1.11 cm (range 0.5 to 2.5). Preoperative FSH and LH levels were high in 4 patients. Tumor markers were normal before and after surgery. Followup was conducted for all patients every 3 to 6 months with physical examination, tumor markers, scrotal and abdominal ultrasound, chest x-ray. Six patients (27.3%) underwent abdominal computerized tomography. CONCLUSIONS: When diagnosed early Leydig cell tumors present a favorable followup. In select cases with motivated patients, conservative surgery proved to be a feasible and safe choice.     

代谢综合征合并不育患者的甲状腺超声以及功能状况与性激素分析

目的探讨代谢综合征合并不孕症患者甲状腺结构和功能异常的特点,并寻求合理的治疗方案,以提高助孕成功率以及新生儿出生质量。方法2002年3月至2010年12月在本院就诊的代谢综合征合并不孕患者共322例,这部分患者来自全国各地,以山东省内各地为主。根据病史、体征对可能存在胰岛素抵抗的患者进行糖耐量及胰岛素释放试验、血脂等检查确定代谢综合征（metabolicsyndrome,MS）,对这类患者进行相关的体格检查、生化测定指标及辅助检查。根据甲状腺超声及甲状腺功能和抗体测定将患者分为超声正常组、结节性甲状腺肿组（结甲组）及桥本氏甲状腺炎组（桥本组）。对三组的一般情况、基础生殖内分泌水平及甲状腺功能各项指标进行比较和分析。结果代谢综合征患者按甲状腺超声结果分为正常组54．04％（174／322）和异常组45．96％（148／322）,各种异常占甲状腺超声异常总数（148）百分比分别为：结节性甲状腺肿66．89％（99／148）;桥本氏甲状腺炎14．86％（22／148）;甲状腺滤泡囊肿6．76Yoo（10／148）;甲状腺癌0．68％（1／148）;甲状腺腺瘤2．03％（3／148）;其他异常8．11％（12／148）。将超声正常组（174）,结甲组（99）及桥本组（22）各项指标进行比较后发现桥本组的脂肪肝患者比例（95．45％）较高,高雄激素血症患者比例（40．91％）较低（P〈0．05）;基础生殖内分泌测定各组间并无统计学差异;桥本组TSH升高,与正常超声组及结甲组相比有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论代谢综合征合并不孕不育患者是甲状腺结构异常的高发人群,应该做甲状腺结构以及功能的筛查,以做到早期诊断及治疗。     

Accreditation in Belgium: a 10 Years’ Experience

Purpose : Toxic adenoma is one of the main causes of hyperthyroidism. We investigated the efficacy of surgery in the treatment of toxic adenoma.

Methods : Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement, ultrasound and scintigraphy of the thyroid were made for diagnostic purpose. The safety of surgery was evaluated by postoperative clinical course of patients. The efficacy of surgery was determined by the function of the remaining thyroid tissue.

Results : The incidence of hyperthyroidism was 53% in surgically treated patients with nodular goitre in our iodine deficient region. The cause of thyrotoxicosis was toxic adenoma in 15 patients (14%). Suppressed serum TSH levels indicated the hyperthyroidism in all of 15 patients. Solitary solid adenoma was found by ultrasonographic examination, and solitary autonomous hot nodule by thyroid scintigraphy. Surgical treatment consisted of unilateral total lobectomy. It was the primary treatment in 13 patients. Two patients had surgery as secondary treatment after unsuccessful primary radioactive iodine application. The early postoperative clinical course of all patients was uneventful. Thirteen patients who had surgery as primary treatment had normal thyroid function postoperatively contrary to other two patients who became hypothyroid after having unsuccessful radioiodine therapy, and surgery as the secondary treatment. Conclusions : The incidence of hyperthyroidism and toxic adenoma is high in our surgically treated patients with nodular goitre. The diagnosis of toxic adenoma is not difficult by serum TSH measurements, and ultrasound and nuclear imaging of the thyroid. Surgery is effective and safe, and the treatment of choice for patients with toxic adenoma in order to control radically the hyperthyroidism and to achieve the goal of providing the euthyroid status.     

Postoperative suppressive therapy for thyroid adenomas

Thyroid adenoma is a common disease. If partial thyroidectomy is performed, postoperative suppression therapy is often given to avoid nodule development in the remaining thyroid. It is unclear whether this treatment is warranted. Patients who underwent a partial thyroidectomy with a histologic diagnosis of follicular thyroid adenoma from January 1985 until February 1998 were studied retrospectively. Patients were analyzed on the basis of postoperative therapy, new thyroid nodule growth, and costs. Seventy-six patients were identified with a recurrence rate of 4 per cent (3/76). Sixty-one per cent (46/76) were treated with postoperative thyroid suppression therapy, and no difference in new nodule development was noted with at least 6 months of follow-up (P = 0.274). No patients required reoperation. A large cost saving was shown for patients who were not treated with levothyroxine. We conclude that postoperative thyroid suppression may not be routinely indicated. A prospective, randomized study would be necessary to answer this question conclusively.     

原发性甲状腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺癌的诊断与治疗：附31例报告

目的：探讨甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）合并甲状腺癌（甲癌）的临床病理特点。 方法：回顾性分析吉林大学第一医院甲状腺外科2010年1月—2013年8月收治的甲亢合并甲癌患者临床资料,并结合文献比较。 结果：手术治疗甲亢患者85例,其中31例（36.5%）合并甲癌。术前结合临床表现和颈部超声结果甲亢合并甲癌确诊率80.6%（25/31）。31例患者待甲亢症状得到控制、甲状腺功能经检查恢复正常后行手术治疗,并根据具体情况选择术式,术后均顺利出院,未发生永久性医源性喉返神经损伤及甲状旁腺功能减退。经术后病理证实,1例为髓样癌,30例为甲状腺乳头状癌;17例（54.8%）侵及被膜者,9例（29.1%）中央区淋巴结转移,各项病理特点与文献报道的单纯甲癌比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。 结论：甲亢伴甲癌发病率有增高趋势,应强调颈部超声在该病早期诊断中的重要性,确诊后尽早行手术治疗并合理选择手术方式,预后较好。

     

Neck lesions mimicking thyroid pathology

Introduction  Nodular lesions within the neck may origin from several structures. A misdiagnosed origin may expose the surgeon to inappropriate procedures. These lesions are paradoxically frequent in high specialised centre for endocrine surgery. Patients and methods  In the year 2006, three patients were first admitted to our department with a diagnosis of thyroid nodule (1) or lymphatic metastases of thyroid carcinoma (2). The first patient had ultrasound (US) and Tc-99-m scan orienting for thyroid nodule. The two other patients, presented with lateral neck lesion in ipsilateral sincronous and previous diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, respectively, with US and computed tomography scan confirmed lesion but with a FNA cytology negative for tumoural cells. Results  All three patients underwent surgical exploration. In the first two cases, a whitish tender nodule (4 and 4.5cm), cleavable from surrounding structures, was removed with final histology of Schwannoma and Paraganglioma, respectively. Both patients experienced Bernard Horner Syndrome. In the last patients, a firm grey nodule of 5cm strictly adherent to muscular planes was removed with diagnosis of Castleman’s Disease. Conclusions  Nodular neck lesions mimicking a thyroid pathology (thyroid nodules or metastatic lymph nodes) are rare but can represent a tough challenge for surgeons who might fall into incorrect surgical approaches, resulting in high morbidity. Pre-operative work-up would help the surgeon to obtain the correct diagnosis, thus, to follow the better surgical approach. Nevertheless, a careful approach would be used for that neurogenic tumour amenable of resection without jeopardising nervous structures.