内镜黏膜切除术治疗食管早期癌和癌前病变16例报告

目的 探讨内镜黏膜切除术（EMR）治疗早期食管癌和癌前病变的价值.方法 应用透明帽法对16例食管早期癌和癌前病变行EMR治疗,应用氩离子凝固术治疗残留及复发病灶.术后第3、6及12个月进行内镜复查.结果 16例行EMR治疗的患者,共切除标本21块,完全切除14例（87.5%）,分块切除3例（18.7%）,不完全切除者2例（12.5%）.后者经再次碘染色确定残余病灶,应用氩离子凝固术处理.有3例（18.7%）术后有少许渗血,局部喷洒肾上腺素盐水及用钛夹封闭创面均止血成功,无一例发生食管穿孔及狭窄.术后平均随访时间为18个月,无复发.结论 EMR是治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变的安全有效的方法.     

多环黏膜切除术治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变的临床价值

目的 探讨多环黏膜切除术(MBM)治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年1月山东济宁医学院附属滕州市中心人民医院收治的43例食管癌以及癌前病变患者的临床资料.43例患者(13例早期癌、30例癌前病变)共51个病灶经术前内镜检查及黏膜活组织检查证实后行MBM治疗.术后1、3、6、12个月门诊行内镜检查并于原病灶处进行活组织检查,以后每6个月定期复查内镜.结果 43例患者共行52次MBM,共切除标本180份;切除病灶大小为10 mm×8mm～25 mm×23 mm;手术时间为(37±5)min.病灶完全切除率为92.2％ (47/51).4例未完全切除病灶的患者中,1例早期食管癌患者术后病理检查示鳞状细胞癌侵犯黏膜下层,切缘见癌细胞浸润而追加手术治疗;1例鳞状上皮癌患者术后2周追加放射治疗;其余2例患者追加氩离子凝固术(APC)治疗.52次MBM术中出现4次创面出血,治疗过程中均未出现食管穿孔.1例患者术后10 d发生延迟性出血,行APC止血;1例发生食管轻度狭窄,无需扩张治疗,6个月后逐渐恢复.手术前后病理检查结果准确率为51.0％(26/51).43例患者随访1年,3例复发,复发患者行MBM或APC治疗,无一例患者死亡.结论 MBM治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变简便、安全、有效,有较好的应用前景.     

多环黏膜切除术治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变疗效分析

目的探讨多环黏膜切除术治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变的临床疗效。方法 2011年9月至2012年12月四川大学华西医院消化内科收治早期食管癌及癌前病变患者共47例,其中男26例、女21例,年龄58.80岁。所有患者均行内镜下多环黏膜切除术治疗。结果全组手术均成功,平均手术时间25.4 min,病灶平均直径2.4 cm。所有病变均一次性彻底切除,术中及术后无出血病例。术后1例患者出现气胸,保守治疗后痊愈。术后随访47例,随访时间12~26(18.0±2.4)月,全组均无复发。2例患者出现食管狭窄,其中1例行内镜下食管水囊扩张术后吞咽困难明显缓解。结论多环黏膜切除术治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变快速、操作简单,短期疗效较好,但对于直径3 cm的病变存在术后食管狭窄的风险,仍需谨慎选择。     

早期颈段食管癌局部切除加食管端端吻合术

目的 探讨早期颈段食管癌局部切除加食管端端吻合治疗方式的可行性.方法 7例患者经胃镜证实为颈段食管鳞癌,病灶距门齿17～20 cm;病灶1.0～2.5 cm,均未侵及食管纵行肌层,术前PET/CT和胸部增强CT检查均未发现有胸内和颈部淋巴结转移征象,cT1-2N0M0.手术切缘距病灶≥1cm,切除范围3～5 cm,同时清扫颈部淋巴结,平均6.43枚/例,术后颈部石膏托固定,以防止吻合口张力.术后辅助放、化疗.结果 术后无严重并发症发生,平均住院14.5天.均健在,最长随访3年4个月,能进普食,无吻合口狭窄.结论 早期颈段食管癌局部切除加食管端端吻合大大减少手术创伤,提高患者生活质量,使患者能更好的接受术后辅助治疗,对早期颈段食管癌是一种可行、有效的治疗模式.     

早期食管癌及癌前病变多环黏膜切除60例报告

目的探讨多环黏膜切除术(multi-band mucosectomy,MBM)治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变的疗效和安全性。方法我院2011年12月~2013年10月对60例胃镜及病理确定的早期食管癌及癌前病变,胃镜下1.2%卢戈液染色,确定病灶并标记切除范围,安装多环黏膜切除器,自口侧将病灶上缘及标记点上皮层吸入,释放橡胶环完成套扎,圈套器电凝切除,收集组织标本;重复吸引、套扎、切除至病灶完全切除。结果 60例共84处病灶,1例术中出血转胸外科手术,其余59例83处(98.3%)病灶均一次性成功切除。使用皮圈1~12发,共用皮圈289发,平均4.8发/例。手术时间10~60 min,平均23.5 min;切除长度1.0~10 cm,宽度不超过3/4食管周径;3例(5.0%)术中明显出血,2例术中止血,1例转外科手术,术后无一例出血。术中穿孔1例(1.7%),置入全覆膜金属支架保守治疗成功。术后病理:全部标本基底无癌残留,原位癌9例,高级别瘤变29例,低级别瘤变12例,角化不全6例,颗粒细胞瘤1例,息肉/炎性增生3例。59例随访1~23个月,2例(3.4%)食管狭窄,经探条扩张吞咽困难缓解,无一例局部复发及发现淋巴结转移。结论 MBM治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变近期疗效确切,安全可靠;技术要求相对较低,值得广泛推广。     

内镜下分片黏膜切除术治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变

目的评价内镜下分片黏膜切除术(endoscopy piecemeal mucosal resection,EPMR)对早期食管癌及癌前病变治疗的可行性及疗效。方法 2005年1月～2011年1月,应用EPMR治疗110例111处病灶,病灶直径2～10 cm。黏膜下注射肾上腺素-亚甲蓝溶液,病灶充分抬举后,使用透明帽法对病灶进行分片切除。结果上皮内瘤变92处,早期食管癌19处。完全切除96处(86.5%),不完全切除15处(13.5%)。出血率5.4%(6/111),穿孔率6.3%(7/111),不同病变直径、切除标本数量、病变环周范围的出血、穿孔发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。食管狭窄8例(7.2%),病变范围>1/3周、标本≥5片的狭窄率更高[病变范围>1/3周vs.≤1/3周:18.2%(6/33)vs.2.6%(2/78),χ2=6.283,P=0.012;标本≥5片vs.2～4片:15.8%(6/38)vs.2.7%(2/73),χ2=4.562,P=0.033]。110例随访6周～5年1个月,其中58例>2年。17处病灶复发(15.3%)。不完全切除、病灶范围>1/3周、标本≥5片的局部复发率更高[不完全切除vs.完全切除:40.0%(6/15)vs.11.5%(11/96),χ2=6.096,P=0.014;病变范围>1/3周vs.≤1/3周:30.3%(10/33)vs.9.0%(7/78),χ2=8.134,P=0.004;标本≥5片vs.2～4片:28.9%(11/38)vs.8.2%(6/73),χ2=8.279,P=0.004]。结论 EPMR适用于食管癌前病变的治疗,对早期食管癌需进一步验证。     

透明帽法内镜黏膜切除术与多环黏膜套扎切除术治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变的比较研究

目的比较透明帽法内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR—Cap）与多环黏膜套扎切除术（MBM）治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2008年12月至2009年12月间在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院内镜科接受EMR—CaP治疗的30例（EMR—Cap组）及2010年1月至2011年1月间接受MBM治疗的32例（MBM组）早期食管癌及癌前病变患者的临床资料,比较两种技术的疗效、安全性及费用。结果EMR,Cap组平均病变切除时间和治疗总时间分别为26rain和43min．明显长于MBM组的10min和32min（P=0．036,P=0．038）。切除病变总厚度和黏膜下切除深度两组差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。EMR—Cap组平均治疗费用为（5466±354）元,明显高于MBM组的（4014±368）元（P=0．008）。EMR—Cap组出现术后狭窄1例,MBM组出现术中穿孔1例。术后随访17～42个月,无一例局部复发,EMR—Cap组m现1例淋巴结转移。结论EMR—Cap和MBM均是治疗早期食管癌和癌前病变微创、安全和有效的手段。在保证相同治疗效果的前提下,与EMR—Cap相比,MBM具有操作简单、治疗时间短、治疗成本低的优点,适宜广泛推广和开展。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术在食管早期癌及癌前病变治疗中的价值

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗食管早期癌及癌前病变的安全性、有效性。方法回顾性分析2012年3月~2014年8月接受ESD治疗的171例食管早期癌及癌前病变的临床资料,分析病灶特征、ESD技术特征、术中与术后并发症及处理、术后复发等指标。结果 171例均顺利完成ESD治疗,平均手术时间65.0min(12~272 min)。术中穿孔5例(2.9%),术后延迟性出血3例(1.8%),术后延迟性穿孔1例(0.6%)。病灶整块切除165例(96.5%),完整切除159例(93.0%)。术后病理提示高级别上皮内瘤变85例(49.7%),高分化癌70例(40.9%),中分化癌16例(9.4%)。9例(5.3%)因基底部切缘和(或)脉管癌细胞累及追加外科手术。术后2个月食管狭窄37例(21.6%),其中切除范围1/2周的患者术后食管狭窄发生率为2.3%(2/86),1/2周~3/4周为30.0%(15/50),3/4周为45.8%(11/24),全周型为81.8%(9/11)。重度食管狭窄19例(11.1%),均接受扩张治疗,平均扩张1.9次(1~6次),其中12例因扩张效果欠佳行食管金属支架置入术,平均支架置入2.2次(1~6次)。术后平均随访40.4月(24~54个月),复发6例(3.5%),均接受二次内镜治疗。结论 ESD治疗食管早期病变是安全有效的。大面积ESD术后食管狭窄发生率高,往往需要多次食管扩张或支架置入治疗。术后病理是判断病灶完整切除的重要依据,定期内镜随访是监测病灶残留与复发的有效手段。     

内镜下治疗伴发静脉曲张的上消化道早癌患者的出血风险

目的研究内镜下治疗伴发食管胃静脉曲张的上消化道早癌患者的出血风险。方法回顾性分析2005年4月至2011年8月行内镜下治疗伴发食管胃底静脉曲张的7例上消化道早癌患者的临床资料。静脉曲张采用LDRf分型进行分型。对于早癌或癌前病变采用内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）或内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）治疗。结果本组7例患者行ESD或EMR,7例患者中4例早期胃癌,3例早期食管癌;6例食管静脉曲张,1例胃底静脉曲张。均完整切除病变,内镜下早癌治疗术中及术后均未发生静脉曲张出血。结论内镜下治疗伴发食管胃静脉曲张的上消化道早癌不增加静脉曲张的出血风险。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗同时性多原发早期食管癌及癌前病变安全性和有效性分析

目的 分析内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗同时性多原发早期食管癌及癌前病变的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2014-06-01至2016-12-31复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心行ESD治疗的25例同时性多原发早期食管癌及癌前病变病人的临床资料,包括病灶大小、病理学检查结果、整块切除率、治愈性切除率、并发症及复发情况等。结果 22例病人同期切除多个病灶,3例病人分次切除病灶,其中1例病人6个月内分次切除4个病灶,每次2个。共切除54个病灶,切除标本49块,其中5块标本上有2个病灶。整块切除率100%,治愈性切除率为87%（47/54）。术后1例病人食管穿孔,2例食管狭窄,无其他并发症。2例病人接受术后放疗,2例病人同时接受术后放疗和化疗,1例病人追加传统外科手术治疗。中位随访时间为19.4（8.6~43.8）个月,1例病人局部复发,无手术相关性死亡,无淋巴结及远处转移。结论 ESD用于同时性多原发早期食管癌及癌前病变的治疗安全有效。对于早期食管癌病人行胃镜检查时,应格外警惕食管多原发病灶的可能。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.