多模式镇痛在双侧人工全膝关节置换术患者的应用

目的 观察双侧人工全膝关节置换术(TKA)后多模式镇痛效果.方法 45例行双侧TKA手术患者随机均分为三组,术前均静脉给予帕瑞昔布40 mg,术中膝关节后关节囊予局麻药浸润.术后镇痛:Ⅰ、Ⅱ组采用舒芬太尼0.2、0.3 μg/kg患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA);Ⅲ组给予舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kgPCIA复合双侧股神经单次阻滞.记录术后6、12、24、48 h静息时视觉模拟疼痛评分(RVAS)和改良Bromage肌力评分、术后24、48 h膝关节主动功能训练时视觉模拟疼痛评分(IVAS)以及镇痛药追加次数和不良反应.结果 Ⅱ、Ⅲ组术后6、12、24 h的RVAS评分和术后24 h的IVAS评分低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),Ⅲ组术后6、12h的改良Bromage肌力评分高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P＜0.05),Ⅱ组恶心、呕吐及尿潴留次数多于Ⅰ、Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),Ⅰ组镇痛药追加次数多于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P＜0.05).结论 在静脉给予非甾体药物和部分膝关节腔内局麻药阻滞基础上,双侧TKA术后采用舒芬太尼复合双侧股神经阻滞可以提供更好的镇痛效果.     

氯诺昔康在甲状腺手术中的应用评价

目的:探讨氯诺昔康用于甲状腺手术麻醉的有效性及安全性.方法:择期甲状腺手术患者56例,麻醉方式以局麻为主,随机分为氯诺昔康组(A组)和对照组(B组).A组在切皮前30min给予氯诺昔康16mg静脉注射,而B组在切皮前30min给予生理氯化钠溶液4mL静脉注射.通过下列指标评价临床效果:① VAS评分;②局麻药和芬太尼的用量;③ Ramsay镇静评分;④患者对术中镇痛效果总体印象评分;⑤术中呼吸循环指标;⑥术后24h内不良反应如恶心呕吐的发生情况.结果:A组术中血流动力学稳定,术中VAS评分较低,局麻药和芬太尼用量及加药次数显著减少,术后恶心呕吐等不良反应少.结论:氯诺昔康用于甲状腺手术可以提供满意的镇痛效果.     

比较舒芬太尼与曲马多治疗瑞芬太尼复合麻醉术后急性疼痛的效果

目的比较舒芬太尼和曲马多治疗瑞芬太尼/七氟醚复合气管内全麻腹部手术的患者术后急性疼痛的的有效性和安全性。方法60名术后患者分为舒芬太尼组(S)和曲马多(T)组进行随机双盲对比,每组30例。手术结束前20min,对S组患者静脉推注0.15μg/kg的舒芬太尼,T组静脉推注100mg的曲马多。出现镇痛效果时评估平均动脉压(MAP),心率(HR)和心率血压乘积(RPP),镇痛评分(VRS)和镇静评分(SS)。结果2组拔管后记录的心率显著不同,S组患者心率较T组显著降低。舒芬太尼组相对于曲马多组拔管后和随后5min的RPP值显著减少,舒芬太尼组在苏醒后5min和10min的VRS值显著降低。结论舒芬太尼相对于曲马多对术后急性疼痛的治疗作用更有效。由于瑞芬太尼的作用很快消退,通常需要追加阿片类的止痛药。0.15μg/kg剂量的舒芬太尼对于麻醉苏醒期控制血液动力学参数的稳定是有效的。心率降低和随后的RPP值降低非常重要,尤其对于有心血管疾病危险的高龄的患者。     

腰椎后路椎间盘镜微创术围手术期多模式镇痛的临床观察

目的观察舒芬太尼、氟比洛芬酯联合局部浸润麻醉在腰椎后路椎间盘镜围手术期的镇痛效果及不良反应。方法择期行腰椎后路椎间盘镜手术治疗的患者60例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为2组,对照组（C组,n=30）和多模式镇痛组（M组,n=30）。手术开始前由术者对两组患者切口行局部浸润麻醉,显露神经根后用1ml利多卡因原液神经阻滞。M组在切皮前15min静脉注射氟比洛芬酯1mg/kg和舒芬太尼0.015μg/kg,C组不给药。记录围手术期各时间点的镇痛评分（VAS）、术后镇痛药使用情况及不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者的一般情况、手术时间及局麻药用量无明显差异;手术开窗、探查神经根、神经根松解、术后1、4、6hVAS评分M组均低于C组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,围术期曲马多的用量M组（50.6±20.1）mg低于C组（165.5±46.3）mg（P〈0.05）,所有患者均无呼吸抑制、瘙痒,恶心呕吐等严重并发症,两组不良反应差异无显著意义（P〉0.05）。结论舒芬太尼、氟比洛芬酯联合局部浸润麻醉的多模式镇痛可为腰椎后路椎间盘镜围手术期提供良好的镇痛,不良反应发生率低且有利于术后恢复。     

硬膜外舒芬太尼对利多卡因最低局麻药镇痛浓度的影响

目的 比较不同剂量舒芬太尼对成人腰段硬膜外利多卡因最低局麻药镇痛浓度（M LAC）的影响.方法 选择择期行泌尿科及肛肠科手术患者90例,ASA Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级,年龄32 ～ 63岁,随机分为3组（n=30）：L组（单纯利多卡因）、LSF1组（利多卡因＋10 μg舒芬太尼）、LSF2组（利多卡因＋20 μg舒芬太尼）.首例均用1％利多卡因20 ml,其后根据前一例患者的VAS评分,按照序贯增减法依次变动利多卡因的浓度,浓度变化梯度0.1％,观察30 min后痛觉阻滞的程度（VAS≤1为有效）,下肢运动阻滞的Bromage分级.根据Dixon和Massey法计算3组利多卡因的MLAC及95％可信区间（CI）.结果 LSF1组利多卡因用于成年人腰段硬膜外的MLAC为0.590％（95％CI为0.537％ ～0.660％）,LSF2组的MLAC为0.382％（95％CI为0.329％ ～0.446％）,均显著低于L组的MLAC 0.781％（95％ CI为0.728％～0.844％）（P＜0.01）.在镇痛有效的病例中,LSF2组Bromage分级显著低于L组和LSF1组.结论 硬膜外利多卡因复合10及20 μg舒芬太尼均能显著减少利多卡因的最低局麻药镇痛浓度,且无明显不良反应,硬膜外利多卡因复合20μg舒芬太尼在达到同等镇痛效果时,还能显著减轻下肢运动神经的阻滞.20μg舒芬太尼可能是最佳的复合剂量.     

多模式镇痛复合不同浓度罗哌卡因切口浸润在加速康复外科术后镇痛的效果

目的 探讨在多模式镇痛中复合不同浓度罗哌卡因切口浸润在加速康复外科(ERAS)行开腹结直肠手术术后镇痛的效果.方法 选择择期加速康复外科开腹结直肠手术患者62例,随机分为2组,每组31例.R1组:0.5％罗哌卡因20 mL术毕切口局部浸润;R2组:0.375％罗哌卡因20 mL术毕切口局部浸润.术后均行舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛(PCIA).分别观察并记录手术结束0、2、4、6、24、48 h各组静息视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Prince-Henry疼痛评分;记录术后首次追加舒芬太尼时间,术后6、24、48 h舒芬太尼消耗量及患者实际按压PCIA泵次数;记录患者术后首次排气排便、离床活动时间及术后住院时长;记录患者术后48 h内不良反应的发生情况.结果 两组患者的一般情况、手术时间、切口长度、手术方式及术中补液量比较,差异均无统计学意义.两组术后备时间点VAS、Prince-Henry评分及不良反应发生情况比较,差异无统计学意义.R1组与R2组比较,首次追加舒芬太尼时间延长[(60.97±20.79) min vs.(37.74±33.14) min],6h舒芬太尼消耗量减少[(16.80±1.74) μg vs.(21.62±2.62) μg],6h镇痛泵按压次数减少[2(1 ～3)次vs.12(10～ 14)次];术后首次排气排便时间提前[(21.47±2.45)h vs.(27.47±3.10)h],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在多模式镇痛中复合0.5％罗哌卡因20 mL术毕切口局部浸润,可为开腹行结直肠手术患者提供早期良好的术后镇痛,同时减少术后早期PCIA舒芬太尼使用量,加速胃肠功能恢复.     

地佐辛超前镇痛对妇科手术患者术后自控镇痛效果的影响

目的 观察术前静脉注射地佐辛对妇科手术患者术后舒芬太尼自控镇痛效果的影响.方法 80例全身麻醉下行妇科下腹部手术患者,年龄28～68岁,身高147～175 cm,体重40～76 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.随机分为两组(n = 40):舒芬太尼组(S组)切皮前30 min静脉注射生理盐水2 ml;地佐辛联合舒芬太尼组(DS组)切皮前30 min静脉注射地佐辛5 mg(生理盐水稀释至2 ml).均采用气管插管全凭静脉麻醉,术后行PCIA.PCIA配方是:舒芬太尼2.5 μg/kg+盐酸昂丹司琼0.2 mg/kg加生理盐水稀释至100 ml.维持VAS评分≤3分.于术后4、12、24、48 h观察患者视觉模拟评分(VAS)、镇静程度评分(Ramesy)、48 h内患者自控镇痛(Patientcontrolledanalgesia,PCA)按压次数、患者总体满意度及不良反应的情况.结果 两组配方均能为患者提供良好的术后镇痛,患者总的PCA按压次数差异无统计学意义.DS组患者的VAS评分、Ramesy镇静评分及患者术后的总体满意度显著优于S组(P<0.05),且不良反应更少.结论 术前静脉注射地佐辛5 mg地佐辛联合舒芬太尼自控镇痛用于妇科手术,镇痛效果确切可靠且不良反应少.     

氟比洛芬酯舒芬太尼用于妇科术后静脉镇痛研究

目的 比较妇科手术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼与单纯舒芬太尼的镇痛效果与不良反应.方法 选择妇科手术后行PCIA患者60例,随机平均分为3组.A组术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼150μg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml,B组术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼100μg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml,C组术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼100μg十氟比洛芬酯100mg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml.3组PCIA泵的设置:维持量2ml/h,单次负荷剂量0.5ml,锁定时间15min.观察三组术后2h、4h、8h、24h的镇痛(VAS)评分,PCA按压次数和不良反应发生率.结果 术后2h、4h时B组的VAS显著高于A和C组(P＜0.05),而4h后的VAS三组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).24h内PCA按压次数B组显著大于A和C组(P＜0.05).B和C组药物不良反应发生率显著低于A组(P＜0.05).镇痛期间无呼吸抑制和异常出血等并发症发生.结论 氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼用于妇科手术后PCIA的镇痛效果良好,可明显减少舒芬太尼的用量和不良反应发生率.     

在全麻术终超前应用舒芬太尼镇痛的疗效观察

目的观察舒芬太尼超前镇痛防治全麻术后急性疼痛的临床疗效。方法全麻手术的患者20例,随机分为无超前镇痛用药组即常规组和舒芬太尼组,每组10例。舒芬太尼组于手术前15 min静脉滴注舒芬太尼（0.5μg/kg）。手术结束时停止泵注异丙酚和瑞芬太尼。比较两组患者意识、疼痛反应、生命体征、自主呼吸、意识恢复和拔管时间。结果常规组和舒芬太尼组患者的意识、疼痛反应、生命体征在统计学上有显著性差异,舒芬太尼组术后发生中等和严重疼痛的人数明显少于常规组（P〈0.01）,而常规组约有60%的患者拔管后需要追加芬太尼。结论手术结束前15 min静脉滴注舒芬太尼（0.5μg/kg）能够防止手术停止麻醉后因瑞芬太尼的快速代谢而引起的术后急性疼痛,并且促进患者自主呼吸和意识的恢复。     

舒芬太尼硬膜外超前镇痛在胃癌根治术患者的应用

目的 探讨舒芬太尼硬膜外超前镇痛的临床效果.方法 择期在硬膜外复合全身麻醉下行胃癌根治术38例,随机均分为两组:切皮前,S组硬膜外给予0.2μg/kg舒芬太尼,N组不用舒芬太尼作为对照.记录术中用药量、VAS术后疼痛评分及不良反应情况.结果 与N组比较,S组术中雷米芬太尼和丙泊酚用量减少,术后镇痛总患者自控镇痛( PCA)量减少,术后4、8、12 h的VAS疼痛评分降低(P＜0.05).结论 术前硬膜外注射舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg对胃癌根治术患者可产生明显的超前镇痛作用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.