胰十二指肠切除术后发生胰瘘的危险因素

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院1994年12月至2003年12月期间接受胰十二指肠切除术的连续123例患者的临床资料。结果本组胰瘘的发生率为11.4%(14/123)。单变量分析结果表明:上腹部手术史、胰腺质地、术后血红蛋白、胰肠吻合方式及胰管直径为有意义的相关因素;经Logistic回归多变量分析确定了4个独立与胰瘘相关的变量,即上腹部手术史、胰腺质地、术后血红蛋白及胰肠吻合方式。结论上腹部手术史、胰腺质地软、术后血红蛋白<90g/L及常规套入式胰肠吻合为胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的主要危险因素。     

胰肠吻合方式和保留幽门对胰瘘发生的影响

目的探讨胰肠吻合方式和保留幽门对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的影响。方法回顾性分析我院1994年1月至2007年5月间142例胰十二指肠切除术患者临床资料，探讨胰瘘发生的危险因素，比较胰肠黏膜对黏膜胰管空肠端-侧吻合、胰腺空肠端-端套入式吻合及保留幽门与否对胰瘘发生率的影响。结果术后胰瘘总发生率22％（32／142），其中黏膜对黏膜吻合组21％（29／132），传统胰腺空肠端-端套入组33．33％（3／9）。结论胰肠吻合方式、保留幽门与否对胰瘘发生率无显著性的影响。     

去除空肠浆膜层的胰肠黏膜-黏膜3层吻合法在胰十二指肠切除术胰肠重建中的运用

目的 评价去除空肠浆膜层的胰肠黏膜-黏膜3层（modified triple-layer,MTL）吻合法运用于胰十二指肠切除术（pancreaticoduodenectomy PD）胰肠吻合后胰瘘等并发症的发生情况,分析胰瘘的危险因素,并与胰肠黏膜-黏膜的2层（two-layer,TL）吻合法进行比较。方法 回顾性分析笔者所在医院科室2010年1月1日至2013年1月31日期间运用上述两种胰肠吻合法进行胰肠重建的PD患者的资料,共184例。统计分析胰瘘等并发症,用单因素及多因素分析法分析胰瘘的危险因素。结果 184例接受PD的患者中96例采用MTL法行胰肠重建,88例患者采用TL法行胰肠重建。2组患者术后总体胰瘘发生率为8.2% （15/184）,其中MTL组有4例（4.2%）,TL组有11例（12.5%）,前者低于后者（P=0.039）。单因素分析结果表明,体质量指数、胰腺质地、胰管直径及胰肠吻合方式是胰瘘的危险因素。多因素分析结果提示,对于胰管直径≤3 mm时,TL法胰肠重建是胰瘘的主要危险因素。结论 MTL与TL相比能降低PD后胰瘘的发生率,对于胰管直径≤3 mm的病例效果尤其明显。     

胰十二指肠切除胰腺空肠端侧吻合156例分析

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除术中胰腺空肠端侧吻合技术。方法:回顾性分析山东大学齐鲁医院肝胆外科2004年3月—2012年6月156例胰十二指肠切除术行胰腺空肠端侧吻合患者的临床资料。根据胰腺的质地、厚度、胰管直径、胰管后壁胰腺组织的厚度、有无炎症,结合空肠的直径、空肠壁的厚度选择胰管-空肠黏膜-黏膜吻合、端侧套入式吻合等不同的吻合方式。结果:术中胰肠重新吻合8例。术后胰瘘3例、胆瘘2例、死亡2例。结论:胰十二指肠切除术中胰腺空肠吻合应根据患者的胰腺和空肠情况进行个体化选择。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘影响因素探讨

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术（pancreaticoduodenectomy，PD）后胰瘘（pancreatic fistula，PF）发生的影响因素及预防措施。方法回顾分析134例PD病例的临床资料，探讨PF发生的影响因素。结果术后PF发生率14．2％（19／134）。单因素分析显示，原发疾病、术前胆红素、胰腺质地、胰管直径、胰肠吻合方式、术后生长押素治疗是PF发生的相关因素；多因素分析表明，胰腺质地、术前胆红素水平、胰肠吻合方式为影响PF发生的独立危险因素。结论胰腺质地、术前胆红素水平、胰肠吻合方式是PD后PF发生的主要影响因素。术中运用胰肠捆绑式吻合．精细操作．是降低PF发生的关键。     

胰十二指肠切除术后外科相关并发症的分析与处理

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后外科相关并发症发生的原因与处理措施.方法 回顾性研究1995年1月至2010年4月共412例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,男性232例,女性180例,分析其术后并发症发生的影响因素与治疗方法.结果 本组中共有153例患者出现并发症214例次,总发生率为37.1%.术后30 d内死亡19例,总病死率4.6%.统计学分析显示,胰腺钩突全切除与否(P=0.022)、胰肠吻合方式(P=0.005)、胰管直径(P=0.007)及残余胰腺质地(P=0.000)与胰瘘的发生具有相关性;未进行胰腺钩突全切除(P=0.002)、术中失血量≥600ml(P=0.000)及合并胰瘘者(P=0.000)术后出血发生率显著增高;保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术组术后胃排空障碍的发生率显著高于传统胰十二指肠切除术组(P=0.000).多因素Logistic回归分析表明,胰管直径及胰腺质地是影响胰瘘发生的独立危险因素;未进行胰腺钩突全切除、术中失血量≥600ml及胰瘘为影响术后出血的独立危险因素;联合血管切除或腹膜后淋巴清扫的患者与未行血管切除或腹膜后淋巴清扫的患者相比,并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 合并慢性胰腺炎及胰管扩张的患者可行胰肠端侧黏膜对黏膜吻合,而端端或端侧套入式吻合更适于胰管不扩张或胰腺质软者;完整切除钩突、术中仔细止血是预防术后出血的重要因素;胰瘘是并发术后出血的重要原因之一.联合肠系膜上静脉或门静脉切除及腹膜后淋巴结清扫不会增加术后并发症的发生率.     

根据胰管直径等因素选择不同胰肠吻合方式对患者术后恢复的影响

目的 评价根据胰管直径等因素选择的不同胰肠吻合方式对患者术后恢复的影响,为胰肠吻合方式的选择决策提供依据.方法 回顾性分析我院在2010年1月至2013年1月间行胰十二指肠切除术305例患者的临床资料.对于胰管直径≥3 mm的患者采用胰管空肠黏膜吻合（胰管空肠吻合组,120例）;对于胰管直径＜3 mm者,进一步比较胰腺残端与空肠管径的直径大小,若胰腺残端较粗大,且大于空肠管径者采用改良Child胰肠吻合（改良Child胰肠吻合组,80例）,若胰腺残端直径小于空肠管径者选择捆绑式胰肠吻合（捆绑式胰肠吻合组,105例）.比较不同胰肠吻合方式术后并发症的发生率,评价临床疗效.结果 胰管空肠黏膜吻合组胰管直径显著大于其他两组（P＜ 0.05）,改良Child胰肠吻合组胰腺残端直径明显大于捆绑式胰肠吻合组（P＜0.05）.本组研究总体胰瘘发生率为11.1％ （34/305）.比较三组患者术后胰瘘、腹腔出血、腹腔感染、消化功能异常、平均住院时间及术后死亡,差异无统计学意义（χ^2=1.51,2.78,1.16,3.75,1.94,F=2.13,P＞0.05）.结论 在行胰十二指肠切除术时,可以根据胰管直径、胰腺残端直径及空肠管径合理选择不同的胰肠吻合方式.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的防治体会

目的分析胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的防治措施,以减少胰十二指肠切除术后并发症发生率。方法2001年1月至2005年12月对106例患者行胰十二指肠切除术,其中常规胰十二指肠切除术87例,保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术4例,扩大胰十二指肠切除术15例。结果术后共出现胰瘘11例(10.4%),胰腺空肠端端套入式吻合、胰腺空肠端侧套入式吻合、胰管空肠黏膜吻合三种吻合方式胰瘘发生率分别为9.6%、12.9%和8.7%。术后平均胰瘘持续时间为(14.7±4.5)d。所有胰瘘患者均应用生长抑素类药物抑制胰腺外分泌治疗。结论防治胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的关键是改善胰肠吻合口的质量和保持引流通畅。术后应用生长抑素类药物有助于胰瘘的愈合。     

端侧胰管空肠黏膜-黏膜吻合术后胰瘘的危险因素分析

目的 分析胰十二指肠切除术中应用端侧胰管空肠黏膜-黏膜吻合法术后胰瘘的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析我院1994年1月至2008年1月问101例胰十二指肠切除术病例,分析影响胰瘘的术前及术中危险因素. 结果本组胰瘘发生率为9.9%(10/101),单变量分析结果表明术前黄疸程度(χ2=5.814,P=0.016)、黄疸持续时间(χ2=4.17,P=0.041)、胰腺质地(χ2=5.286,P=0.021)、胰管直径(χ2=4.165,P=0.041)、手术失血量(χ2=5.273,P=0.022)是胰瘘发生的危险因素,多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,胰腺质地(OR=13.355,P=0.023)、术前黄疸程度(OR=12.126,P=0.006)、手术失血量(OR=5.92,P=0.032)是胰瘘发生的独立危险因素.Logistic回归预测方程:P=1/[<1+e-(-6.378+2.592胰腺质地+2.495术前黄疽程度+1.778手术失血量)],此方程预测发生胰瘘的正确性为92.1%.结论 胰腺质地、术前黄疸程度、手术失血最是端侧胰管空肠黏膜-黏膜吻合法术后胰瘘发生的独立危险因素,手术技术提高,减少术中失血量,可降低胰瘘的发生率.     

胰肠套入吻合缝线贯穿胰管预防术后胰瘘

目的探讨胰肠套入吻合时缝线贯穿胰管能否减少胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的发生。方法将36例行胰十二指肠切除术患者随机分为两组,胰肠吻合套入组(实验组),采用缝线经胰腺全层贯穿胰管方法,对照组缝线只穿过胰腺浆膜层及部分胰腺实质,没有贯穿胰管,比较两组胰瘘的发生率。结果两组在手术时间及术中失血量方面差异无统计学意义,实验组2例发生胰瘘(11.1%),显著低于对照组(7例胰瘘,38.9%)。结论胰肠套入吻合时缝线贯穿胰管方法简单易行,而且安全,在不增加手术时间和术中失血量的情况下,能减少术后胰瘘发生率,是胰十二指肠切除术中很好的胰肠吻合方法。外科医生应该根据实际情况,选用最熟悉的方式进行胰肠吻合,有利于减少胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的发生。     

Duct-to-mucosa Pancreaticojejunostomy Reduces the Risk of Pancreatic Leakage after Pancreatoduodenectomy

The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the risk factors for pancreatic anastomotic leakage after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and to determine whether duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy is superior to the total external tube drainage technique. Between 1990 and 1999, 161 patients underwent PD with end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy at our institution. Fourteen preoperative and ten intraoperative risk factors for pancreaticojejunal anastomotic leakage were analyzed. Pancreaticojejunal anastomotic leakage was identified in 11% (17/161) of the patients. No preoperative parameters were found to have a significant association with the risk of pancreatic leakage. Three intraoperative parameters were identified as significant by means of univariate analysis: anastomotic technique, pancreatic duct size and texture of the remnant pancreas. A duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy with total external tube drainage (3% vs. 15%, p = 0.018). A pancreas without duct dilatation of soft pancreas was more likely to develop pancreatic leakage than one with duct dilatation or atrophy. A multivariate analysis revealed that only anastomotic technique turned out to be an independent risk factor (Odds ratio: 4.15, CI: 1.1-27.4). Sub-analysis of patients with soft pancreas and non-dilated pancreatic duct further supported the finding that the duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy technique is safer for patients at high risk. Results indicate that the status of the remnant pancreas and the pancreaticojejunostomy technique are the substantial risk factors for pancreatic leakage after pancreatoduodenecomy. Duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy might well be the procedure of choice.     

Selection of pancreaticojejunostomy techniques according to pancreatic texture and duct size

HYPOTHESIS: Selection of proper pancreaticojejunostomy techniques according to pancreatic texture and the main duct size reduces the pancreatic fistula rate. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Data from 50 consecutive patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy with 3 different anastomotic techniques prospectively used according to pancreatic texture and the main duct size were analyzed. Duct-invagination anastomosis was selected for pancreata with a small duct (n = 34 [29 with a soft texture and 5 with a hard texture]). Stitches between the stump parenchyma and the jejunal seromuscular layer were added to this anastomosis procedure only for the hard pancreata. Pancreata with a large duct were reconstructed with a conventional duct-to-mucosa anastomosis (n = 16). SETTING: A university hospital department of digestive surgery. RESULTS: The morbidity was 40% (20 of 50 patients) in this series. Four patients (8%) with a soft pancreas and a small duct developed a pancreatic stump leak after duct-invagination anastomosis, but all of them were removed without sequelae. No pancreatic anastomotic leak was seen in this series, which resulted in no mortality, no remnant pancreatectomy, and only 1 relaparotomy in the consecutive 50 patients. CONCLUSION: The proper selection of pancreatic reconstruction techniques according to our criteria may reduce the pancreatic fistula rate, eliminate risky pancreatic anastomotic leaks, and result in excellent outcomes for those undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy.     

胰十二指肠切除术后不同胰肠吻合方式的效果与评价

目的比较胰十二指肠切除术后三种不同胰肠吻合方式的胰肠吻合口瘘发生率,探讨实施不同吻合方式的适用条件及其合理性。方法回顾性分析92例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。按吻合方式不同分为捆绑式胰肠吻合组(A组)、胰管对空肠粘膜端侧吻合组(B组)和套入式端侧吻合组(C组),观察其术后胰瘘的发生率。结果胰肠吻合口瘘的发生率为:A组1例(1/41,2.44%);B组无胰肠吻合口瘘发生;C组3例(3/19,15.79%)。A、B两组间胰肠吻合口瘘发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05);C组胰肠吻合口瘘发生率显著高于A、B两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胰管对空肠粘膜吻合法和捆绑式吻合法均为较安全的胰肠吻合方法。在条件许可下,胰管对粘膜吻合法应作为胰十二指肠切除术首选的胰肠吻合方法。     

改良胰管空肠黏膜吻合术在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除术中胰/肠吻合技术的改进方式。方法:回顾性分析采用改良胰管空肠黏膜吻合的胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰、十二指肠良恶性疾患72例的临床资料。结果:72例无手术死亡,术后发生胰瘘2例（2.78%,2/72）。63例获随访,除3例有脂肪痢样慢性腹泻和营养状况较差外,余60例消化吸收功能基本正常,营养状况良好。结论:该改良胰/肠吻合方法具有操作简便、吻合可靠、胰瘘率低的特点,并能较好地保留胰腺外分泌功能。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素

目的：探讨胰十二指肠切除术（PD）后胰瘘（PF）发生的危险因素及处理措施。方法：回顾性分析近12年来连续完成的218例PD的临床资料，并对围手术期可能与PF有关的16个因素进行单因素及非条件Logistic多因素分析。结果：全组术后并发症发生率为29.8%（65/218），病死率4.1%（9/218）。PF30例，发生率为13.8%，占总并发症的46.1％。PF中25例经引流通畅或B超或CT定位下穿刺引流处理后均痊愈;5例继发腹腔感染者，其中2例拒绝再手术者均死于多器官功能衰竭，1例死于迟发性腹腔大出血，2例经再手术腹腔引流后1例痊愈，1例死亡;PF病死率为13.3%（4/30），占总病死率的44.4％。PF组并发症发生率及病死率均显著高于无PF组（P＜0.01，P＜0.05）。单因素分析结果显示胰腺质地、胰管直径、胰管引流、手术时间、营养支持及应用生长抑素等6个因素与PF有关，多因素分析结果显示胰腺质地（正常）、胰管直径（细小）是PF的独立危险因素（OR 分别为9.394和4.232）。结论：胰腺质地正常、胰管细小是PD后PF发生的危险因素。根据胰腺质地、胰管直径及术者的经验，合理选择胰腺残端处理和吻合方式，是降低PF发生率的关键。早期诊断、早期处理PF及其他相关并发症对改善PF的预后至关重要。     

胰十二指肠切除术中胰肠吻合口的重建

胰肠吻合口的重建是胰十二指肠切除术中重要的组成步骤,也是影响其成败的关键。根据重建方式的不同,主要分为胰腺-空肠吻合和胰胃吻合。根据胰腺残端与空肠吻合位置的不同,分为端端吻合和端侧吻合。在目前的随机对照研究中,胰腺-空肠吻合和胰胃吻合在胰漏的发生率方面无明显的差异。捆绑式胰肠和捆绑式胰胃吻合分别建立在经典胰肠（胃）吻合的基础上,操作简便,预防胰肠吻合口瘘效果确切。胰肠吻合口成功与否的影响因素包括胰腺质地和胰管大小等,胰管支撑管的放置可能有助于减少胰肠吻合口瘘的发生。胰十二指肠切除术中的消化道重建,应遵循简单、有效的原则,才能将胰肠吻合口瘘的发生减至最低。     

A new technique for pancreaticogastrostomy for the soft pancreas: the transfixing suture method

Background/Purpose Pancreatic anastomotic leakage remains a persistent problem after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). The presence of soft, nonfibrotic pancreatic tissue is one of the most important risk factors for pancreatic leakage. Accordingly, we devised a pancreas-transfixing suture method for pancreaticogastrostomies in patients with a soft, nonfibrotic pancreatic remnant. Methods The pancreas-transfixing method was applied in 103 consecutive patients after either standard PD (49 patients) or pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) (54 patients) for malignant or benign disease. Of these 103 patients, 65 had a soft, nonfibrotic pancreatic remnant. For the pancreaticogastrostomy technique, an ultrasonically activated scalpel was used for transecting the pancreas. The inner layer involves a duct-to-mucosa anastomosis with an internal stent and the outer layer involves a single row of pancreas-transfixing sutures between the pancreatic remnant and the posterior gastric wall. Results Operative mortality was zero and morbidity was 22%. Only two patients (2%) developed pancreatic leaks; both resolved nonoperatively with the continuation of closed drainage. Conclusions This technique is simple and appears to reduce the risk of pancreatic leakage, possibly by decreasing the risk of suture injury of the pancreas and by embedding the transected stump into the wall of the stomach. This novel pancreaticogastrostomy technique is an effective reconstructive procedure, especially for patients with a soft, nonfibrotic pancreas.     

Prevention of pancreatic anastomotic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: Leakage at the pancreaticoenteric anastomosis remains a common and serious complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Over the past decade, various measures directed towards prevention of pancreatic leakage have been studied. This article reviews the available data on the efficacy of these measures. DATA SOURCES: The Medline database from 1990 to 2000 was searched for studies on the prevention of pancreatic anastomotic leakage, and the bibliographies of the articles were reviewed for additional references. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of the results of prophylactic octreotide in preventing pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy from data available in three randomized controlled studies yielded an odds ratio of 1.08 (95% confidence interval 0.64 to 1.84). Pending further trials to clarify its role, the routine use of octreotide in pancreaticoduodenectomy cannot be recommended. Retrospective or nonrandomized prospective studies suggested that technical modifications such as duct-to-mucosa anastomosis, pancreaticogastrostomy and external pancreatic duct stenting may reduce the leakage rate, but there is a paucity of randomized trials. A randomized trial comparing pancreaticogastrostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy did not reveal a significant difference in the leakage rate. CONCLUSIONS: Further randomized controlled studies are required to determine the optimum technique of pancreaticoenteric anastomosis after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Choice of the optimal pancreaticojejunal anastomosis technique: how can we improve patient safety in pancreatic surgery?

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The cause of the morbidity and mortality following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in the surgical treatment of benign and malignant diseases of the periampullary region is leakage from the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. The size of the main pancreatic duct and the texture of the remnant pancreas are very important factors for a secure pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. METHODS: A new technique was developed for patients having pancreatic ducts smaller than 3 mm and a hard remnant pancreas. RESULTS: Pylorus-preserving PD was performed for 28 patients who underwent PD at our hospital between January 2004 and January 2007, without mortality. The new technique was used in the 8 patients who had pancreatic ducts smaller than 3 mm and a hard remnant pancreas. With our new technique, different from other previously described techniques, the anastomosis was performed with the sutures passing from the cut-surface of the parenchyma of the pancreas. All patients were operated on by the same surgeon and surgical team. None of the patients developed a fistula. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that this anastomosis technique can be performed securely in patients having a hard remnant pancreas and a main pancreatic duct smaller than 3 mm.