社区2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为与糖尿病视网膜病变的相关分析

目的 了解社区2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者自我管理行为与糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的关系。设计 横断面研究。研究对象 2015年7月在深圳市银湖社康中心进行年度体检的T2DM患者252例。方法 采用糖尿病患者自我管理行为量表进行问卷调查,根据结果将患者分为自我管理行为良好、中等、不良。同时测定空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。根据眼底检查分为无糖尿病视网膜病变（DWR）、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（NPDR）和增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）,比较DR患者与DWR患者的自我管理行为以及血糖指标控制情况。主要指标 糖尿病自我管理行为、FBG、HbA1c水平。结果 252例T2DM患者中228例（90%）完成调查,其中DR者62例（27.2%）,病程10年以上DR患者34例（54.8%）,明显多于DWR患者（65例,39.2%）（χ2=4.519,P=0.034）。228例T2DM患者自我管理行为良好率20.6%、中等50.9%、不良28.5%;其中,DR患者自我管理行为良好率11.3%低于DWR患者 （24.1%）（χ2=4.524,P=0.033）。228例T2DM患者血糖控制达标率FBG 29.4%、HbA1c 28.5%;其中DR患者血糖控制达标率FBG 19.4%、HbA1c 17.7%,低于DWR患者FBG 33.1%、HbA1c 32.5%（χ2=4.129,P=0.042;χ2=4.844,P=0.028）。病程为<5年、5~10年、>10年的T2DM患者自我管理行为不良率分别为15.0%、20.2%、41.4%（χ2=16.764,P=0.002）。分级为DWR、NPDR、PDR的T2DM患者自我管理行为不良率分别为25.9%、28.0%、66.7%（χ2=9.132,P=0.010）。多因素Logistic回归分析模型中,饮食行为（OR=0.241,95%CI:0.163~0.287）、运动行为（OR=0.536,95%CI:0.481~0.692）、遵医嘱用药（OR=0.056,95%CI:0.018~0.172）,FBG达标率（OR= 2.255,95%CI:1.315~3.873）、HbA1c达标率（OR=1.376,95%CI:1.197~1.584）以及糖尿病病程（OR=0.573,95%CI:0.038~0.714）与DR的发生及严重程度相关。结论 糖尿病病程长、饮食控制不佳、较少运动、用药欠规范和FBG、HbA1c控制不达标与DR的发病相关,提高社区T2DM患者自我管理行为有助于血糖控制,降低DR发生的风险。（眼科,2016, 25： 326－329）     

Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in northern Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in northern Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed between May 2011 and April 2012. A total of 1100 patients (male/female, 483/617) were included in this study. DR was defined following the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) severity scale. All included patients accepted a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including retinal photographs. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjusting for age and gender. RESULTS: Retinopathy was present in 307 patients with a prevalence of 27.9%. In univariate logistic analysis, presence of DR was associated with longer duration of diabetes (OR, 5.70; 95%CI, 2.91-12.56), higher concentration of fasting blood glucose (OR, 12.94; 95%CI, 2.40-67.71), higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c (OR, 5.50; 95%CI, 3.78-11.97) and insulin treatment (OR, 6.99; 95%CI, 1.39-35.12). The lifestyle of patients with T2DM including smoking, alcohol consumption and regular exercise seemed not associated with the development of DR. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that fasting serum glucose concentration, HbA1c level, duration of diabetes and insulin treatment are potential risk factors for DR in northern Chinese patients with T2DM, while the lifestyle of included patients seems not associated with DR.     

C-reactive protein and diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM: To investigate the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a cohort of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Community-based observational cohort study. There were 1131 participants recruited from November 2009 to September 2011 in Desheng community in urban Beijing. Patients diagnosed T2DM were recruited and underwent a standardized evaluation consisting of a questionnaire, ocular and anthropometric examinations and laboratory investigation. The presence and severity of DR were assessed by seven fields 30° color fundus photographs. Subjects were then classified into groups with no DR, any DR, or vision-threatening DR. CRP was analyzed from serum of study subjects. RESULTS: A total of 1007 patients with T2DM were included for analysis, including 408 (40.5%) men and 599 (59.5%) women. The median CRP level was 1.5 mg/L for women and 1.1 mg/L for men (P=0.004, OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18-0.74). After adjusting for possible covariates, higher levels of CRP were associated with lower prevalence of any DR (P=0.02, OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35-0.89), but not associated with vision-threatening DR (P=0.62, OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.28-2.14). After stratification by sex, the inverse association between CRP and DR was found to be statistically significant in men (P=0.006, OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.16-0.73), but not in women (P=0.58, OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.29-1.16). CONCLUSION: The data drawn from a Chinese population with T2DM suggest that increasing CRP levels may be inversely associated with development of DR.     

The relationship of blood cell-associated inflammatory indices and diabetic retinopathy: a Meta-analysis and systematic review

AIM: To explore the correlation between several blood cell-associated inflammatory indices including mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: We searched for eligible studies from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and CNKI up to December 13, 2017. Standardized mean difference (SMD) calculated with confidence interval (CI) of 95% was used to estimate the values of those indices. RESULTS: A total of 31 studies were included in the present Meta-analysis. As compared with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without DR, the values of MPV, PDW, NLR, and PLR were higher in patients with DR (SMD=0.67; 95%CI: 0.36 to 0.98; SMD=0.51; 95%CI: 0.27 to 0.75; SMD=0.77; 95%CI: 0.49 to 1.05 and SMD=1.18; 95%CI: 0.07 to 2.28). Additionally, it was also observed that MPV was closely correlated with the severity of DR. CONCLUSION: MPV, PDW, NLR, and PLR could be recommended as diagnostic biomarkers for DR, and MPV could be applied to assess the severity of DR.     

糖化血红蛋白与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系：北京社区糖尿病研究 18

目的 探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）与糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的关系及其诊断阈值。设计 以社区人群为基础的横断面研究。研究对象 北京社区糖尿病研究中2642例20~80岁已确诊的2型糖尿病患者,其中2007例（76.0％）受试者（1199例女性）参与研究,平均年龄（64.1±9.0）岁。方法 全体参与医师经过专门培训,按照统一要求调查并填写调查表,同时对患者进行体格检查及相关的实验室检查,HbA1c用美国伯乐公司高压液相仪测定,并对所有患者用45°免散瞳彩色眼底照相机留取后极部眼底照片一张。DR的严重程度参照Airlie House分级法。采用 ROC 曲线分析HbA1c诊断DR的最佳阈值。主要指标 HbA1c在DR中的诊断阈值（敏感性、特异性、AUC）。结果 本人群中DR患病率为（24.7±1.0）％（95％CI,22.8~26.6）。在二元逻辑回归分析中,DR的出现与较高的HbA1c浓度（OR=1.23;95％CI,1.14~1.33）有关,随着HbA1c增高,DR患病率呈上升趋势。当HbA1c≥6.5%时,诊断DR的ROC曲线下面积最大（59.2%）,且敏感性（75.1%）和特异性（43.4%）高。在二元逻辑回归分析中,DR还与其他方面有关：较轻的年龄（OR=0.97;95％CI,0.95~0.98）、较长的糖尿病病程（OR=1.10;95％CI,1.08~1.12）、较高的收缩压（OR=1.01;95％CI,1.01~1.02）、较低的体重指数（OR=0.95;95％CI,0.92~0.98）和升高的血尿素氮浓度（OR=1.01;95％CI,1.00~1.01）。结论 当糖化血红蛋白≥6.5%时与糖尿病视网膜病变显著相关,提示糖化血红蛋白为6.5%或许可以作为筛查糖尿病视网膜病变的阈值。（眼科,2016,25： 321-325）     

Effects of lipid-lowering agents on diabetic retinopathy: a Meta-analysis and systematic review

AIM: To clarify this controversy and to provide evidence for application of lipid lowering agents in treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: We searched the databases of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and abstracts from main annual meetings up to January 1, 2017. Google scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov were also searched for unpublished relevant studies. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that studied lipid-lowering agents in type 1 or type 2 diabetes in this Meta-analysis. The primary endpoint was the progression of DR, and the secondary endpoints included vision loss, development of diabetic macular edema (DME) and aggravation of hard exudates. The pooled odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: After systemic and manual literature search by two independent investigators, we included 8 RCTs from 7 published articles with 13 454 participants in this Meta-analysis. The results revealed that lipid-lowering drugs were associated with reduced risk in DR progression [OR=0.77 (95%CI: 0.62, 0.96), P=0.02]. Lipid-lowering agents might have protective effect on DME compared to placebo, although the difference was not statistically significant [OR=0.60 (95%CI: 0.34, 1.08), P=0.09]. However, no significant differences in the worsening of vision acuity [OR=0.96 (95%CI: 0.81,1.14), P=0.64] and hard exudates [OR=0.50 (95%CI:0.15, 1.74), P=0.28] were found between the lipid-lowering drugs and the placebo groups. CONCLUSION: In DR patients, lipid-lowering agents show a protective effect on DR progression and might be associated with reduced risk in the development of DME. However, lipid-lowering agents have no effects on vision loss and hard exudates aggravation. Further clinical trials in larger scale are required to confirm the conclusion of this study and thus justify the use of intensive control lipids with anti-lipid agents at the early stages of DR.     

A new handheld fundus camera combined with visual artificial intelligence facilitates diabetic retinopathy screening

AIM: To explore the performance in diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening of artificial intelligence (AI) system by evaluating the image quality of a handheld Optomed Aurora fundus camera in comparison to traditional tabletop fundus cameras and the diagnostic accuracy of DR of the two modalities. METHODS: Overall, 630 eyes were included from three centers and screened by a handheld camera (Aurora, Optomed, Oulu, Finland) and a table-top camera. Image quality was graded by three masked and experienced ophthalmologists. The diagnostic accuracy of the handheld camera and AI system was evaluated in assessing DR lesions and referable DR. RESULTS: Under nonmydriasis status, the handheld fundus camera had better image quality in centration, clarity, and visible range (1.47, 1.48, and 1.40) than conventional tabletop cameras (1.30, 1.28, and 1.18; P<0.001). Detection of retinal hemorrhage, hard exudation, and macular edema were comparable between the two modalities, in principle, with the area under the curve of the handheld fundus camera slightly lower. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of referable DR with the handheld camera were 82.1% (95%CI: 72.1%-92.2%) and 97.4% (95%CI: 95.4%-99.5%), respectively. The performance of AI detection of DR using the Phoebus Algorithm was satisfactory; however, Phoebus showed a high sensitivity (88.2%, 95%CI: 79.4%-97.1%) and low specificity (40.7%, 95%CI: 34.1%-47.2%) when detecting referable DR. CONCLUSION: The handheld Aurora fundus camera combined with autonomous AI system is well-suited in DR screening without mydriasis because of its high sensitivity of DR detection as well as its image quality, but its specificity needs to be improved with better modeling of the data. Use of this new system is safe and effective in the detection of referable DR in real world practice.     

Active trachoma prevalence and its associated factors among children aged 1-9 years in rural residents of Lare District, Southwest Ethiopia

AIM: To determine the prevalence of active trachoma and its associated factors among children in Lare District, Southwest Ethiopia, 2019. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 620 participants were recruited using a multi-stage sampling technique. A structured questionnaire, torch, and magnifying loupes were used for data collection. The data was entered into epidemiological information and exported to statistical package for social science version 20 for analysis. The bi-variable and multivariable Logistic regression analysis model was fitted to identify factors associated with active trachoma. Odds ratio with a 95%CI was used to show the direction and strength of association between independent and outcome variables. RESULTS: A total of 610 children participated in this study with a response rate of 98.39%. The prevalence of active trachoma was 132 (21.60%; 95%CI: 18.40-24.70). Family size being 6-9 (AOR=2.34; 95%CI: 1.14-5.02), presence of more than two preschool children in a house (AOR=2.04; 95%CI: 1.12-3.70), open field waste disposal system (AOR=2.62; 95%CI: 1.00-6.80) and type of latrine being uncovered (AOR=4.12; 95%CI: 2.00-8.51) were positively associated with active trachoma. On the other side, water consumption being 40-60 liters per day was a protective factor for active trachoma. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of active trachoma is high among children aged 1-9y in Lare District. Uncovered latrine, open field waste disposal system, family sizes of 6-9, and the presence of more than two preschool children in a house are associated with the occurrence of active trachoma. On the other side, water consumption of 40-60 liters is a protective factor.     

Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in Shanghai

AIM: To predict postoperative intraocular lens (IOL) position using the Sirius anterior segment analysis system and investigate the effect of Lens position and IOL type on postoperative refraction. METHODS: A total of 97 patients (102 eyes) were enrolled in the final analysis. An anterior segment biometry measurement was performed preoperatively with Sirius and Lenstar. The results of predicted lens position (PLP) and IOL power were automatically calculated by the software used by the instruments. Effective lens position (ELP) was measured manually using Sirius 3mo postoperatively. A Pearson’s correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were used to determine the correlation of lens position to other parameters. RESULTS: PLP and ELP were positively correlated to axial length (AL; r=0.42, P<0.0001 and r=0.49, P<0.0001, respectively). There was a weak correlation between the peLP (ELP-PLP) and the prediction error of spherical refraction (peSR; r=0.34, P<0.0001). The peLP of the Softec HD IOL differed statistically from those of both the TECNIS ZCB00 and Sensor AR40E IOLs. Multiple linear regression was used to obtain the prediction formula: ELP=0.66+0.63 [aqueous depth (AQD)+0.6LT] (r=0.61, P<0.0001), and ELP was found to have the strongest correlation with a new variable (AQD+0.6 LT). CONCLUSION: The Sirius anterior segment analysis system is helpful to predict ELP, which reduces postoperative refraction error.     

Risk evaluation for diabetic retinopathy in Chinese renal-biopsied type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

AIM: To investigate diabetic retinopathy (DR) prevalence in Chinese renal-biopsied type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with kidney dysfunction, and to further evaluate its relationship with diabetic nephropathy (DN) incidence and the risk factors for DR development in this population. METHODS: A total of 84 renal-biopsied T2DM patients were included. Fundus and imaging examinations were employed for DR diagnosis. Demographic information and clinical measures along with renal histopathology were analyzed for comparisons between the DR and non-DR groups. Risk factors on DR development were analyzed with multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: DR prevalence was 50% in total. The incidences of DN, non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) and mixed-type pathology were 47.6%, 19.0% and 33.3% in the DR group respectively, while 11.9%, 83.3% and 4.8% in the non-DR group. Systolic blood pressure, ratio of urinary albumin to creatine ratio, urinary albumin, 24-hours urinary protein, the incidence and severity of DN histopathology were found statistically increased in the DR group. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed histopathological DN incidence significantly increased the risk of DR development [odds ratio (OR)=21.664, 95% confidential interval (CI) 5.588 to 83.991, P<0.001 for DN, and OR=45.475, 95%CI 6.949 to 297.611, P<0.001 for mixed-type, respectively, in reference to NDRD)], wherein DN severity positively correlated. CONCLUSION: Renal histopathological evidence indicates DN incidence and severity increases the risk of DR development in Chinese T2DM patients inexperienced of regular fundus examinations.     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者血清微核糖核酸表达谱的初步研究

目的本研究旨在探讨血清微核糖核酸(miRNA)成为糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)生物标志物的可能性。 方法队列研究。2014年11月至2015年6月,招募中国医科大学附属盛京医院眼科和内分泌科患者69例作为研究对象。其中,单纯糖尿病患者30例作为单纯糖尿病组,DR患者39例作为DR组。两组采用数字表法各随机选取3例患者,应用miRNA芯片技术检测血清miRNA的表达水平;使用分层聚类分析,获得DR患者的血清miRNA表达谱;利用生物信息学方法,分析特异性表达的血清miRNA的靶基因及其相关信号通路。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)技术,检测两组患者血清中特异性miRNA的表达水平。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),评价血清中特异性miRNA对DR的诊断效能。 结果miRNA芯片技术检测表明,在3100种成熟的miRNA中,共筛选出19种差异miRNA。其中,13种表达上调;6种表达下调。结果表明,在DR患者血清中存在特异性表达的miRNA。qRT-PCR检测表明,DR组miR-19b、miR-221和miR-18b表达均上调,差异有统计学意义(U＝256.027,125.515,254.017;P<0.05),并且与miRNA芯片筛选的结果相符。受试者工作特征曲线结果表明,miR-19b(曲线下面积＝0.78,95%CI＝0.66~0.90)、miR-221(曲线下面积＝0.89,95%CI＝0.81~0.97)和miR-18b(曲线下面积＝0.78,95%CI＝0.67~0.90)对DR均有较高的诊断效能,其中miR-221诊断效能最高。 结论DR患者血清中存在特异性miRNA表达谱,这些差异性表达的miRNA可能作为调控因子,通过调节靶基因调控DR的发生和发展,其中miR-221最有望成为DR的生物标志物。     

Inhibition of TGF-β2-induced migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ARPE-19 by sulforaphane

AIM: To investigate the effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 stimulated migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ARPE-19 cells. METHODS: ARPE-19 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of SFN or TGF-β2. SFN toxicity was assessed by performing a lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assays, and cell migration was evaluated by Transwell migration assay. Actin stress fiber formation in ARPE-19 cells was determined using immunofluorescence analysis. Immunoblotting analysis was used to determine fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin expressions along with the degree of Smad and Akt phosphorylation. RESULTS: SFN inhibited ARPE-19 migration. Additionally, SFN attenuated TGF-β2-induced appearance of actin stress fibers as well as fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin expressions in these cells. SFN also hindered the TGF-β2-stimulated phosphorylation of Smad2, Smad3, and Akt. SFN showed no cytotoxicity towards ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSION: SFN inhibits TGF-β2-stimulated migration and EMT in ARPE-19 cells, probably by preventing the establishment of actin stress fibers and Akt and Smad2/3 signaling.     

候选基因多态性与糖尿病视网膜病变相关性的Meta分析

目的 候选基因多态性位点与2型糖尿病患者（type 2 diabetes mellitus，T2DM）的糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetes retinopathy，DR）相关性的Meta分析。设计 Meta分析。研究对象  T2DM的DR候选基因多态性的英文或中文文献。方法 在Pubmed（National Center for Biotechnology Information）、ISI（Web of Kowledge）、Embase和中国知网（China National Knowledge Internet，CNKI）4个数据库中，系统性检索、收集2019年1月1日以前以中文和英文发表的关于色素上皮源性因子（pigment epithelium derived factor，PEDF）、肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α）和对氧磷酶-1（paraoxonase 1，PON1）三个基因的多态性位点与DR相关性的文献。采用Stata 12.0软件计算合并优势比（pooled odds ratio，pooled OR），分析组间异质性（Pheterogeneity）和发表偏倚（publication bias）。主要指标 OR值、组间异质性，发表偏倚。结果 共13篇研究纳入本Meta分析，包括2729例DR和3420例糖尿病对照。PEDF基因的 rs12948385位点（显性模型：OR=1.371，95%CI：1.072~1.755，P=0.012；等位基因模型：OR=1.266，95%CI：1.028~1.560，P=0.027）和PON1基因的L55M位点（隐性模型：OR=2.998，95%CI：1.282~7.010，P=0.011）与DR相关；TNF-α基因的rs1800629位点与PDR相关（等位基因模型：OR=1.291，95%CI：1.019~1.636，P=0.034）。结论  PEDF基因的 rs12948385位点、PON1基因的L55M位点可能与DR相关；TNF-α基因的rs1800629位点可能与PDR相关。     

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Asian T2DM patients: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the pooled prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), proliferative DR (PDR) and nonproliferative DR (NPDR) in Asian type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS: We performed a systematic search online search using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and China WeiPu Library to identify eligible studies that reported the prevalence of DR, PDR and NPDR in Asian T2DM patients. Effect size (ES) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the prevalence of DR, PDR and NPDR in Asian T2DM patients, respectively. RESULTS: There were 41 references and 48 995 T2DM patients involved in this study. The prevalence of DR, PDR, and NPDR was 28%, 6%, and 27% in T2DM patients, respectively; while the prevalence of PDR and NPDR in DR patients was 17% and 83%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that prevalence of DR in T2DM patients from Singaporean, Indian, South Korean, Malaysian, Asian, and Chinese was 33%, 42%, 16%, 35%, 21% and 25%, respectively. In T2DM patients with NPDR from Indian, South Korean, Malaysian, Asian, Chinese, higher prevalence was found than that in PDR patients (45% vs 17%, 13% vs 3%, 30% vs 5%, 23% vs 2% and 22% vs 3%), as well as in DR patients (74% vs 26%, 81% vs 19%, 86% vs 14%, 92% vs 8% and 85% vs 15%). The prevalence of PDR in T2DM from India was higher than patients from other locations of Asia, and the same results were also observed in NPDR patients. CONCLUSION: In either T2DM Asian patients or DR patients, NPDR is more common than PDR. Based on our results, we should pay more attention to NPDR screening and management in T2DM patients, and we also recommend suitable interventions to prevent its progression.     

Diabetes onset at an earlier age and high HbA1c levels as risk factors of diabetic retinopathy

AIM:To assess the effect of age at diabetes onset and uncontrollable high Hb A1 c levels on the development of diabetic retinopathy(DR)among Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)patients.METHODS:This was a cross-sectional survey of diabetic patients in Subei district,China.Data covering physical measurements,fasting blood-glucose(FBG),glycosylated hemoglobin(Hb A1 c),blood lipid,urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(UACR),ocular fundus examination,and diabetes treatment records were collected.An independent sample t-test were used to analyze differences.A Logistic regression analysis was applied to study the independent risk factors of DR.RESULTS:A total of 1282 patients with type 2 DM were enrolled,and 191 cases had DR(14.9%).The age at diabetes onset,education level,alcohol consumption,Hb A1 c level,UACR level,and hypoglycemic drugs were independent influencing factors for DR.The older the onset of diabetes,the less likely to develop DR(OR:0.958,95%CI:0.942-0.975,P=0.000).Patients were then divided in terms of age at diabetes onset as follows:<50 y,50-59 y,60-69 y,and≥70 y.Compared with diabetes onset age<50 y,50-59 y(OR:0.463,95%CI:0.306-0.699,P=0.000),60-69 y(OR:0.329,95%CI:0.203-0.535,P=0.000)and≥70 y(OR:0.232,95%CI:0.094-0.577,P=0.002)were at a lower risk of DR.The prevalence of DR was highest in patients with diabetes onset age<50 y(29.5%,P<0.05).The Hb A1 c level(8.67±1.97)%and proportion of insulin injection(52.5%)in patients with diabetes onset<40 y were higher than in patients with older diabetes onset age(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Diabetes onset at an earlier age and uncontrollable high Hb A1 c level could be independent risk factors for DR.     

Identification of risk factors for targeted diabetic retinopathy screening to urgently decrease the rate of blindness in people with diabetes in India

Purpose:There is an exponential rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in India. Ideally all people with DM should be periodically screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) but is not practical with current infrastructure. An alternate strategy is to identify high-risk individuals with vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) for priority screening and treatment.Methods:We reanalyzed four population-based studies, conducted in South India between 2001 and 2010, and reclassified individuals above 40 years into known and newly diagnosed diabetes. Multiple regression analysis was done to identify risk factors in people with known and new DM.Results:The prevalence of DR in 44,599 subjects aged ≥40 years was 14.8% (18.4 and 4.7% in known and new DM, respectively), and the prevalence of VTDR was 5.1%. Higher risk factors of VTDR were older age >50 years, diabetes duration >5 years, and systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg. Targeted screening of people with diabetes using high-risk criteria obtained from this study was able to detect 93.5% of all individuals with VTDR.Conclusion:In a limited resource country like India, a high-risk group-based targeted screening of individuals with DM could be prioritized while continuing the current opportunistic screening till India adopts universal screening of all people with DM.     

Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in indigenous Australians within Central Australia: the Central Australian Ocular Health Study

Background: To estimate the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) within the indigenous Australian population living in Central Australia. Design: Clinic‐based cohort study. Participants: One thousand eight hundred eighty‐four individuals aged ≥20 years living in one of 30 remote communities within the statistical local area of ‘Central Australia’. Methods: Among those with diabetes mellitus (DM) (n = 1040), 432 (42%) were reviewed between 6 months and 3 years (median 21 months) after the initial examination. DR in participants with DM was graded using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification. Baseline results were compared with those at follow‐up. Main Outcome Measures: The incidence of any DR and vision‐threatening DR (clinically significant macular oedema and/or proliferative DR) in at least one eye. Results: Of those with DM but without DR at baseline, 8.41% (9.42% of those aged 40 years or older) per year developed DR. Meanwhile, 0.7% (0.92% for those aged ≥40 years) of those with no DR at baseline developed vision‐threatening DR per year, increasing to 8.4% per year for those with minimal or mild non‐proliferative DR, and 28.2% per year for those with moderate or severe non‐proliferative DR at baseline. Conclusion: Our study has estimated the annual incidence rates of DR among indigenous Australians living within Central Australia. These rates are similar to those from the non‐indigenous population, and highlight the need for good surveillance and service provision in a population where the prevalence of diabetes is very high and the logistics of screening are complex.     

Failure to initiate early insulin therapy – A risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in insulin users with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Sankara Nethralaya-Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics Study (SN-DREAMS,Report number 35)

Context:Insulin users have been reported to have a higher incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR).Aim:The aim was to elucidate the factors associated with DR among insulin users, especially association between duration, prior to initiating insulin for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and developing DR.Results:Insulin users had more incidence of DR (52.9% vs. 16.3%, P < 0.0001) and sight threatening DR (19.1% vs. 2.4%, P < 0.0001) in comparison to insulin nonusers. Among insulin users, longer duration of DM (odds ratio [OR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.25, P = 0.044) and abdominal obesity (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.29, P = 0.021) was associated with DR. The presence of DR was significantly associated with longer duration (≥5 years) prior to initiating insulin therapy, overall (38.0% vs. 62.0%, P = 0.013), and in subjects with suboptimal glycemic control (32.5% vs. 67.5%, P = 0.022).Conclusions:The presence of DR is significantly associated with longer duration of diabetes (>5 years) and sub-optimal glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin <7.0%). Among insulin users, abdominal obesity was found to be a significant predictor of DR; DR is associated with longer duration prior to initiating insulin therapy in Type 2 DM subjects with suboptimal glycemic control.     

印度成人对于儿童眼保健的认识及贫困因素对其的影响

目的：探讨印度金奈地区成人对于儿童视力筛查的认识以及贫困因素对其的影响。
　　方法：此研究采用为期4wk的现况研究方法,于2012－12在印度金奈市及周边社会经济发展水平较低的地区,随机选取参加拓展营的个体作为研究对象。在接受了免费的视力筛查之后,与他们进行了一个简短的半结构性面谈。每隔两位选取一位受访者在一开始就被问及是否有儿童居住在他们住宅区,回答肯定者则纳入此项研究。
　　结果：本研究共纳入120人,其中38％（95％CI：30～47）的人指出在他们住宅区内至少有一名儿童先前接受过眼部检查（组1）,62％（95％CI：53～70）的参与者表示无儿童曾经接受过眼科检查（组2）。采用简单贫困记分卡方法测量两组贫困比分并无统计学差异。
　　结论：据不到半数的参与者回忆,他们的孩子之前曾接受过眼部检查。在贫困比分上,确认之前曾接受过眼部检查的参与者与没有接受过眼科检查的参与者之间无统计学差异。与孩子从未接受过眼科检查的参与者相比,那些孩子接受过眼部检查的参与者对该检查抱有更积极的态度。研究表明,成人对于孩子接受眼部检查重要性的认识不受贫困程度的影响,提高成人对于儿童接受眼部检查的认识可能需要更多的干预措施而不是扶贫。