Anti-inflammatory effects of Mangifera indica L. extract in a model of colitis

AIM:To investigate the effect of aqueous extract from Mangifera indica L.(MIE)on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats.METHODS:MIE(150 mg/kg)was administered in two different protocols:(1)rectally,over 7 d at the same time as DSS administration;and(2)once daily over 14 d (by oral gavage,7 d before starting DSS,and rectally for 7 d during DSS administration).General observations of clinical signs were performed.Anti-inflammatory activity of MIE was assessed by myeloperoxidase(MPO)activity. Colonic lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS).Reduced glutathione(GSH)levels,expression of inflammatory related mediators[inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2,respectively]and cytokines[tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand TNF receptors 1 and 2]in colonic tissue were also assessed.Interleukin(IL)-6 and TNF-α serum levels were also measured. RESULTS:The results demonstrated that MIE has anti-inflammatory properties by improvement of clinical signs,reduction of ulceration and reduced MPO activity when administered before DSS.In addition,administration of MIE for 14 d resulted in an increase in GSH and reduction of TBARS levels and iNOS,COX-2, TNF-αand TNF R-2 expression in colonic tissue,and a decrease in IL-6 and TNF-αserum levels. CONCLUSION:MIE has anti-inflammatory activity in a DSS-induced rat colitis model and preventive administration(prior to DSS)seems to be a more effective protocol.     

Antioxidant lipoxygenase inhibitors from the leaf extracts of Simmondsia chinensis

ObjectiveTo isolate and identify chemical constituents with antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects of the ethanolic extract of Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) leaves.MethodsThe alcoholic extract was subjected to successive solvent fractionation. The antioxidant active fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions) were subjected to a combination of different chromatographic techniques guided by the antioxidant assay with DPPH. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and correlated with known compounds. The antioxidant activity was assessed quantitively using DPPH and β-carotene methods. The inhibitory potential against enzyme lipoxygenase was assessed on soybean lipoxygenase enzyme.ResultsTen flavonoids and four lignans were isolated. Flavonoid aglycones showed stronger antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects than their glycosides. Lignoid glycosides showed moderate to weak antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects.ConclusionsA total of 14 compounds were isolated and identified from Simmondsia chinensis; 12 of them were isolated for the first time. This is the first report that highlights deeply on the phenolic content of jojoba and their potential biological activities and shows the importance of this plant as a good source of phenolics in particular the flavonoid content.     

In-vitro anti-inflammatory and mosquito larvicidal efficacy of nickel nanoparticles phytofabricated from aqueous leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos Correa

In recent years there is a tremendous growth in the interdisciplinary world of nanotechnology across the globe and emergence of its potential applications remains as a big revolution to the industry. Fusion of green nanotechnology and medicine represents one of the major breakthroughs of modern science with the aim of developing nanomaterials for diagnosis, treatment, prevention of various diseases and overall improving health for the beneficial of mankind. In the present study phytofabrication of nickel nanoparticles (nickel NPs) was carried out by using indigenous Aegle marmelos Correa aqueous leaf extracts as a reducing, stabilizing and capping agents. Nickel NPs were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM and TGA studies. Phytosynthesis of nickel NPs was monitored both at room temperature (25 °C) and at 60 °C for 5 h. The green synthesis of triangular shape nickel NPs phytofabricated from A. marmelos Correa aqueous leaf extracts having face centered cubic structure showing an average particle size of 80–100 nm which is in consistent with the particle size calculated by XRD Scherer equation. We further explored and compared nickel NPs of A. marmelos Correa with crude leaf extracts of A. marmelos Correa for its in-vitro anti-inflammatory and mosquito larvicidal efficacy against three blood feeding parasites. The results obtained clearly gives an idea that nickel NPs of A. marmelos Correa (NiNPs of AmC) possess an enhanced anti-inflammatory and larvicidal activity when compared to crude leaf extracts of A. marmelos Correa.     

Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic contents in hydrophilic extracts of selected Bangladeshi medicinal plants

ObjectiveTo evaluate hydrophilic extracts from edible portions of fifteen plants for total phenolic content (TPC) and anti-oxidant capacity (AC) as an effort to find possible sources for future novel antioxidants.MethodsFolin-Ciocalteau and DPPH radical scavenging assays were employed to determine TPC and AC, respectively.ResultsAmong the assayed plants, TPC (mean±SD), expressed as gallic acid equivalent, varied from 0.04±0.01 (Amaranthus spinosus) to 6.01±0.04 (Zanthoxylum rhetsa) mg gallic acid equivalent/g fresh weight. AC (mean±SD), expressed as trolox equivalent, ranged from 0.14±0.00 (Alternanthera philoxeroides) to 7.54±0.00 (Zanthoxylum rhetsa) μmol trolox equivalent/g fresh weight. A significant and positive linear relationship (R²=0.99) was observed between TPC and AC of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Oxalis corymbosa, and Alternanthera sessilis.ConclusionsThe results of the present study implies that the analyzed plants possess varying degree of antioxidant capacity and, therefore, the antioxidant potency of these underused plants may be utilized to prevent oxidative damage and oxidative stress related disorders.     

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Polygonatum sibiricum rhizome extracts

Objective

To investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of distilled water extract of fresh Polygonatum sibiricum (P. sibiricum) rhizome.

Methods

: The extracts were tested for antioxidant activity by using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), and hydroxyl (OH•) radicals scavenging activity. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined in H₂O₂ treated chang liver cells. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) protein expression in a lipopolysaccharide stimulated Raw 264.7 murine macrophages cell line.

Results

: P. sibiricum water extracts scavenged DPPH, OH• radicals and decreased the level ROS. The extracts reduced NO reduction and inhibited the expression of iNOS and TNF-α proteins.

Conclusions

: The findings indicate that water extracts of P. sibiricum could be considered as natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents for food and drug industries.     

Antioxidant activity of newly discovered lineage of marine actinobacteria

ObjectiveTo investigate the antioxidant activity of marine actinobacteria.MethodsThe content of total phenolics, the level of antioxidant potential by DPPH radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, FRAP method, β carotene assay and NO scavenging activity in extract were determined.ResultsIn all the methods the extract exhibited good scavenging activity except NO scavenging activity. The IC₅₀ values of marine actinobacteria extract on DPPH radical were found to be 41.09 μg/mL. The zone of color retention was 12 mm in β-carotene bleaching assay. DNA protective efficiency of the extracts was also studied using UV-photolysed H₂O₂-driven oxidative damage to pBR322. HPLC analysis identified some of the major phenolic compounds in extracts, which might be responsible for the antioxidant potential and cyto-protection. It showed a 100% cytotoxic effect in brine shrimp lethality assay within 10 mins. The novel actinobacteria was identified as Streptomyces LK-3 (JF710608) through 16S rDNA Sequencing.ConclusionsThe results obtained suggest that the extracts bear anti-cancer metabolites and could be considered as a potential source for anti-cancer drug development.     

Toona sinensis leaf aqueous extract displays activity against sepsis in both in vitro and in vivo models

Toona sinensis (TS) leaves are used as a vegetable and in traditional Chinese medicine. However, in vivo experiments regarding the anti-inflammatory function of TS leaves have not previously been conducted. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of TS leaf extract (TSL) in the prevention of sepsis-induced lung injury in vivo and on macrophage activation in vitro. The results showed that oral gavage pretreatment with TSL in rats for 30 days improved the survival of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis, potentially by attenuating sepsis-induced histological lung damage rather than inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, we demonstrated that pretreatment with TSL attenuated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, thereby inhibiting nitric oxide production and release in murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. Interestingly, TSL did not affect the LPS-induced release of other cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β) but increased LPS-induced heme-oxygenase-1 expression. In conclusion, the study provides preliminary data for TSL on cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. The beneficial impact of TSL needs extensive study to get solid evidence.     

Carcinogenic activity in mice of diftalone,an anti-inflammatory agent

Summary The anti-inflammatory agent diftalone was administered in the diet to male and female BALB/c mice at 300-, 600-, and 1200-ppm dose levels for 80 weeks, starting at 8 weeks of age. The animals were kept under observation until 126–128 weeks of age, when the experiment was terminated. Diftalone treatment at the highest dose was hepatotoxic and induced hepatocellular tumors in females, angiomas of the liver in males, and angiosarcomas of the liver in male and female mice. The 300- and 600-ppm dose levels were not carcinogenic. The compound was not mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium.     

Antimicrobial and antispasmodic activity of leaf extract and fractions of Stachytarpheta cayennensis

ObjectiveTo investigate the antimicrobial activity of the methanol leaf extract (ME), n-hexane fraction (HF), ethylacetate fraction (EF) and methanol fraction (MF), of Stachytarpheta cayennensis C. Rich (verbenaceae) as well as to ascertain the antispasmodic effects of the ME and the various fractions (HF, EF and MF) on acetylcholine (Ach) and histamine (H) induced contractions on isolated guinea pig ileum.MethodsThe in vitro agar well diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial studies while the isolated tissue method was employed for the antispasmodic test. Organisms used were all clinical isolates of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.ResultsThe extract and fractions exhibited dose dependent inhibition against all the bacteria tested and also exhibited insignificant antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract and fractions (mg/mL) on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella paratyphi respectively were ME 5.62, 14.12, 22.38, 2.11; EF 1.25, 6.30, 9.40, 9.40 and MF 3.98, 8.81, 39.80, 21.13. The n-hexane fraction exhibited MIC of 1.07 mg/mL against only Bacillus subtilis. The extract and fractions exhibited significant (P< 0.05) dose dependent attenuation of contractions induced by acetylcholine and histamine on isolated guinea pig ileum. Concentrations of the extract and fractions (μg/mL) which evoked 50% inhibition of maximal response exhibited by Ach were ME 0.64, HF 0.16, EF 0.08 and MF 0.15, while that of histamine included ME 5.12, HF 0.16, EF 0.04 and MF 0.64. Preliminary phytochemical studies on the extract and fractions indicated the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids.ConclusionsThe extract and fractions of Stachytarpheta cayennensis possessed both antibacterial and antispasmodic effects confirming the claimed use in folkloric medicine for wound healing and gastrointestinal ulceration.     

Preliminary investigation on the antibacterial activity of mango (Mangifera indica L: Anacardiaceae) seed kernel

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed kernel.MethodsChokanan mango seed kernel and seed kernels from assorted mango varieties were collected, cleaned, dried and powered. Crude methanolic extracts of mango seed kernel were analyzed for the phytochemical constituents. The free radical scavenging activity was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion assay with three medically important bacterial pathogens such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (MRSA), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus).ResultsQualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of important phytochemical compounds such as glycosides, saponins, flavanoids, tannins and alkaloids. There was no significant difference in the phytochemical content between the single and assorted mango seed kernels. However, the free radical scavenging study indicated that the assorted mango kernels showed slightly higher activity than the single species (P <0.05). The crude methanolic extract of mango seed kernel at a concentration of 100 mg/mL is found to have potential antimicrobial activity against MRSA and E. coli compared to V. vulnificus. Study on the antibacterial activity also indicated that there was no significant difference in the antibacterial activity of the single and assorted mango seed kernel extracts.ConclusionsThe present study conclusively demonstrates the free radical scavenging activity and antibacterial activities of mango seed kernel. In addition, the results also indicated that there is no significant difference in the phytochemical content and biological activity of mango kernels from single and assorted mango varieties.     

皮下免疫热休克蛋白65对高密度脂蛋白抗炎抗氧化功能的影响

目的 观察不同剂量热休克蛋白65对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠高密度脂蛋白抗炎抗氧化功能的影响。方法 8周龄载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠随机分为磷酸盐缓冲液对照组、5 μg热休克蛋白65组及25 μg热休克蛋白65组,分别于第3、6周进行皮下免疫。第16周取标本,分别检测血脂水平、血清屏氧酶1活性、髓过氧化物酶活性、高密度脂蛋白炎症指数及炎症因子白细胞介素10和干扰素γ含量。结果 随着热休克蛋白65剂量的增加,血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平和白细胞介素10表达量逐渐下降,屏氧酶1活性逐渐降低,高密度脂蛋白炎症指数、髓过氧化物酶活性和干扰素γ表达量则逐渐升高。与对照组比较,25 μg热休克蛋白65组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平和白细胞介素10表达量明显下降（P<0.01）,屏氧酶1活性明显降低（P<0.05）,高密度脂蛋白炎症指数、髓过氧化物酶活性、干扰素γ表达量则显著升高（P<0.01）。结论 热休克蛋白65可引起炎症反应,损害高密度脂蛋白抗炎抗氧化功能,并且这种作用与其剂量有关。     

Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activities of Streptomyces sp.strain MJM 10778

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant activity of soil-borne aetinobacteria.Methods:The total phenolic contents,the level of antioxidant potential by DPPH radical scavenging activity,MO scavenging activity,and ABTS radical scavenging activity in ethyl acelale extract were determined.Results:The 16 S rDNA sequencing analysis revealed that Streptomyces sp.strain MJM 10778.which was isolated from Hambak Mountain.Korea,has 99.9% similarity to Streptomyces misionensis(S.misionenis) NBRC 13063.The physiological and the morphological test revealed that the strain MJM 10778 has different characteristics from the strain NBRC.13063.The entire antioxidant assay with the ethyl acelale extract displayed good radical scavenging activity.The IC_(50) values of the strain MJM 10778 extract on DPPH,.NO.and ABTS radicals were identified to he 92.8 μg/mL,0.02 μg/ml,and 134.9 μg/mL,respectively.The ethyl acetate extract of the strain MJM 10778 showed an 81.500% of cell viability at 100 μg/mL in Raw264.7cell viability assay.Conclusions:The results obtained suggesl that the ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp.strain MJM 10778 could be considered as a potential source of drug for the diseases that is caused by free radicals with its anti-oxidant activities and low cytotoxicity.     

An association between anti-inflammatory medication and internal pelvic fistulas

Spontaneous internal fistulas involving intestine, rectum, bladder, or vagina in patients without predisposing illnesses were studied. Twelve of 20 (60 percent) were receiving steroids or other anti-inflammatory medication at the time the fistulas developed. Fifteen of the 20 patients subsequently had diverticular disease identified. It is proposed that there is an association between anti-inflammatory medication and fistulas that develop from intestine to other pelvic viscera, spontaneously or in association with colonic diverticula.     

Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of hydrogenrich water alleviate ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice

AIM To investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich water(HRW) treatment on prevention of ethanol(Et OH)-induced early fatty liver in mice.METHODS In vitro reduction of hydrogen peroxide by HRW was determined with a chemiluminescence system. Female mice were randomly divided into five groups: control,Et OH,Et OH + silymarin,Et OH + HRW and Et OH + silymarin + HRW. Each group was fed a Lieber-De Carli liquid diet containing Et OH or isocaloric maltose dextrin(control diet). Silymarin was used as a positive control to compare HRW efficacy against chronic Et OH-induced hepatotoxicity. HRW was freshly prepared and given at a dosage of 1.2 m L/mouse trice daily. Blood and liver tissue were collected after chronic-binge liquid-diet feeding for 12 wk.RESULTS The in vitro study showed that HRW directly scavenged hydrogen peroxide. The in vivo study showed that HRW increased expression of acyl ghrelin,which was correlated with food intake. HRW treatment significantly reduced Et OH-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,triglycerol and total cholesterol levels,hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammatory cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) and interleukin(IL)-6. HRW attenuated malondialdehyde level,restored glutathione depletion and increased superoxide dismutase,glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in the liver. Moreover,HRW reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels but increased IL-10 and IL-22 levels.CONCLUSION HRW protects against chronic Et OH-induced liver injury,possibly by inducing acyl ghrelin to suppress the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and induce IL-10 and IL-22,thus activating antioxidant enzymes against oxidative stress.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Piper nigrum L.

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of pure compound, piperine along with hexane and ethanol extracts of Piper nigrum L. fruit in mice and rats.MethodsThe analgesic activity was determined by tail immersion method, analgesy-meter, hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing test. While the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in rats.ResultsPiperine at a dose of 5 mg/kg and ethanol extract at a dose of 15 mg/kg after 120 min and hexane extract at a dose of 10 mg/kg after 60 min exhibited significant (P<0.05) analgesic activity by tail immersion method, in comparison to ethanol extract at a dose of 10 mg/kg using analgesy-meter in rats. However, with hotplate method, piperine produced significant (P<0.05) analgesic activity at lower doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) after 120 min. A similar analgesic activity was noted with hexane extract at 15 mg/kg. However, in writhing test, ethanol extract significantly (P<0.05) stopped the number of writhes at a dose of 15 mg/kg, while piperine at a dose of 10 mg/kg completely terminated the writhes in mice. In the evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect using plethysmometer, piperine at doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg started producing anti-inflammatory effect after 30 min, which lasted till 60 min, whereas hexane and ethanol extracts also produced a similar activity at a slightly low dose (10 mg/kg) but lasted for 120 min.ConclusionsIt is concluded from the present study that Piper nigrum L possesses potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.     

非甾体类抗炎药物与消化性溃疡出血的关系

目的探讨非甾体类抗炎药物(NSAIDs)诱发消化性溃疡出血的临床流行病学特点。方法回顾分析1991~2004年我院诊治的消化性溃疡出血的临床资料,并用电脑数据库处理分析。结果在694例消化性溃疡并出血患者中,26.80%近期内有服用NSAIDs史。服用NSAIDs组与未服用NSAIDs组比较,服用NSAIDs组前驱症状(腹痛、消化不良等)发生率较低(30.65%比61.42%P<0.01);平均年龄较大[(44.16±13.25)岁比(35.23±11.49)岁,P<0.05];女性比例相对较多(26.34%比15.55%,P<0.01);胃溃疡比例较高(28.50%比20.67%,P<0.01);外科手术率无明显差别(P>0.05);结论NSAIDs是诱发消化性溃疡出血的一常见原因,应加强对NSAIDs胃肠毒副作用的防治。     

Aceclofenac in rheumatoid arthritis: A useful and novel anti-inflammatory

Summary The efficacy and safety of 100 mg aceclofenac twice daily was investigated in 73 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis in a multi-centre, double blind, randomised, parallel group, placebo controlled study over a period of 4 weeks. Treatment with aceclofenac was effective in improving the Ritchie articular index (predetermined primary end point), duration of morning stiffness, joint swelling, ARA functional class, patient's and physician's global assessments, and pain. All these improved to a significantly (P<0.05) greater extent than in placebo-treated patients. Grip strength showed a significant improvement from baseline in the aceclofenac-treated group and this was greater than the improvement measured in placebo treated patients. No significant difference was detected between the treatment groups for the number of subjects reporting an adverse event. Aceclofenac administered orally at 100 mg twice daily for four weeks thus produced significant improvements in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. This treatment was well tolerated with an adverse event profile similar to that of placebo.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的抗炎治疗进展

在全世界范围内慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是导致成人发病率及病死率的主要原因.各种炎症细胞和炎症介质参与了COPD的发生发展,因此可能成为COPD的治疗靶点.现将糖皮质激素、细胞信号抑制剂、白三烯B4对抗物、趋化因子抑制剂、细胞因子及其调节剂和黏附分子抑制剂在COPD抗炎治疗中的应用作一综述.