不同剂量右美托咪定对胃肠道恶性肿瘤根治术患者围术期电解质及术后康复的影响

目的 观察不同剂量右美托咪定对胃肠道恶性肿瘤根治术患者围术期电解质及术后康复的影响。方法 选择择期全麻下胃肠道恶性肿瘤根治术患者106例,男40例,女66例,年龄55～75岁,BMI 18.5～25.0 kg/m²,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为四组：麻醉诱导前,D1组、D2组和D3组右美托咪定负荷剂量分别为1.0、1.0、0.5μg/kg(均于10 min内静脉泵注完成),维持剂量分别为0.25、0.5、0.5μg·kg^-1·h^-1;C组生理盐水50 ml/h泵注10 min,维持量10 ml/h,四组维持剂量均至术毕前约30 min停止输注。于动脉穿刺完成后5 min(t₀)、手术开始后1 h(t₁)、术毕(t₂)、入PACU后1 h(t₃)、术后48 h(t₄)测定血清K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺浓度,于t₀—t<...     

瑞马唑仑用于经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形术患者围术期镇静的效果

目的 探讨瑞马唑仑应用于经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形术(PKP)患者围术期镇静的效果。方法 选择行PKP患者80例,男39例,女41例,年龄60～80岁,BMI 18～24 kg/m²,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：瑞马唑仑组(RM组)和右美托咪定组(DM组),每组40例。两组依次缓慢静脉注射氟比洛芬酯1 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg后,RM组静脉输注瑞马唑仑0.2 mg/kg, DM组静脉输注右美托咪定0.3μg/kg,输注时间均为10 min,待两组Ramsay评分为3分时,调整药物的输注速度持续镇静(RM组：0.3～0.5 mg·kg^-1·h^-1;DM组：0.20～0.75μg·kg^-1·h^-1),术中镇静深度保持Ramsay评分为3～5分,BIS 60～80。记录镇静用药前(T₀)、局麻开始时(T₁)、骨水泥注入时(T₂)、苏醒时(T₃)及苏醒后30 min(T     

瑞马唑仑复合瑞芬太尼用于支撑喉镜下声带手术的效果

目的 观察瑞马唑仑复合瑞芬太尼用于支撑喉镜下声带手术的临床效果。方法 选择2022年1—8月在全麻下行支撑喉镜声带手术患者180例,男77例,女103例,年龄18～64岁,BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为四组：丙泊酚组(C组)、瑞马唑仑1.0 mg·kg^-1·h^-1组(R1组)、瑞马唑仑1.5 mg·kg^-1·h^-1组(R2组)和瑞马唑仑2.0 mg·kg^-1·h^-1组(R3组),每组45例。C组麻醉维持采用静脉泵注丙泊酚5 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,R1组麻醉维持采用静脉泵注瑞马唑仑1.0 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,R2组麻醉维持采用静脉泵注瑞马唑仑1.5 mg·kg^-1·h^-1,R3组麻醉维持采用静脉泵注瑞马唑仑2.0 mg·kg^-1·h     

艾司氯胺酮泵注对依托咪酯靶控输注所致苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 探讨艾司氯胺酮恒速泵注对依托咪酯靶控输注患者苏醒期躁动的影响。方法选择拟在依托咪酯靶控输注全麻下行中耳鼓室成形手术的患者120例,男61例,女59例,年龄18～64岁,BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。将患者随机分为两组：艾司氯胺酮组(E组)和对照组(C组),每组60例。麻醉诱导开始至手术结束前30 min, E组泵注艾司氯胺酮0.2 ml·kg^-1·h^-1,C组泵注生理盐水0.2 ml·kg^-1·h^-1。记录手术时间、麻醉时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间、PACU停留时间。记录苏醒期躁动例数、出PACU时和术后1 d VAS疼痛评分、术后1 d恶心呕吐例数以及术后1 d恶心呕吐VAS评分。评估术前、术后1、2 d的焦虑和抑郁评分。结果 E组苏醒期躁动发生率、出PACU时和术后1 d VAS疼痛评分明显低于C组(P<0.05)。两组手术时间、麻醉时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间、PACU停留时间、术后1 d恶心呕吐发生率、术后1 d恶心呕吐VAS评分以及不同时点焦虑、...     

右美托咪定腰硬联合麻醉在老年经尿道前列腺电切术中的应用效果

目的 评价右美托咪定腰硬联合麻醉用于老年经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)的效果。方法 择期拟在腰硬联合麻醉下行TURP术的老年良性前列腺增生症(BPH)患者70例,年龄≥60周岁,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法分为观察组(36例)和对照组(34例)。2组均于L_3～4间隙穿刺注入0.25%布比卡因注射液2.0 mL和脑脊液1.0 mL混合液,并向头端置入硬膜外导管。控制感觉阻滞平面不超过T₁₀。术中根据平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)情况应用麻黄碱或阿托品。观察组在10 min内泵入0.5μg/kg右美托咪定,再以0.2μg·kg^-1·h^-1的速度维持;对照组在10 min内泵入0.04 mg/kg咪达唑仑,以0.04 mg·kg^-1·h^-1的速度维持;手术结束前10 min停止给药。分别于麻醉前(T₀)和手术开始后10 min(T₁)、30 min(T₂)、60 min(T_3...     

目标导向液体治疗联合甲氧明对创伤性脑损伤患者围术期的影响

目的评估目标导向液体治疗(GDFT)联合甲氧明对创伤性脑损伤(TBI)手术患者围术期的影响。方法选择2019年1—12月收治的24 h内入院的TBI手术患者60例,男42例,女18例,年龄18~64岁,BMI<28 kg/m²,ASAⅡ—Ⅳ级。采用随机数字表法分为两组:GDFT联合甲氧明组(GM组)和GDFT组(G组),每组30例。两组均以每搏量变异度(SVV)为目标导向进行补液。GM组于麻醉诱导后持续泵注甲氧明1.5~4.0μg·kg^-1·min^-1至术毕;G组泵注等容量生理盐水。记录晶体输注量、胶体输注量、总输液量、红细胞输注量、血浆输注量、总输血量、尿量和出血量。记录麻醉诱导后(T₀)、切开硬脑膜时(T₁)、切开硬脑膜后1 h(T₂)、术毕(T₃)、术后12 h(T₄)的HR和MAP。记录术中去甲肾上腺素使用例数。T₀—T₄时采集桡动脉及颈内静脉球部血样行血气分析,记录颈内静脉球部血氧饱和度(SjvO₂)和颈内静脉乳酸(jvLac)浓度,计算动静脉血氧含量差(Da-jvO₂)及脑氧摄取率(C_ERO₂)。T₀—T₄时采集颈内静脉球部血样,采用ELISA法检测血清S100β蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)浓度。分别于术前、术后1、3、5、7 d评估格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分。出院前采用格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评估术后早期生存质量。记录住院时间以及术后切口及颅内感染、脑积水、脑梗死、脑脊液漏、心肌梗死、肺炎等并发症的发生情况。结果与G组比较,GM组晶体输注量、胶体输注量、总输液量明显减少;T₁—T₃时MAP明显升高;术中去甲肾上腺素使用率明显降低;T₁—T₄时SjvO₂明显升高,Da-jvO₂、C_ERO₂明显降低;T₃时jvLac浓度明显降低;T₄时S100β蛋白、NSE浓度明显降低;术后3、5、7 d GCS评分明显升高(P<0.05)。两组红细胞输注量、血浆输注量、总输血量、尿量、出血量、不同时点HR、出院前GOS评分、住院时间以及术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论目标导向液体治疗联合甲氧明用于创伤性脑损伤手术患者,可以优化临床输液方案,稳定血流动力学以及改善脑组织氧供需平衡,从而改善患者预后。     

超声引导下耳大神经阻滞对中耳显微手术中瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度的影响

目的 探讨超声引导下耳大神经阻滞(GANB)对中耳显微手术中瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度的影响,评价其在中耳手术围术期少阿片或无阿片麻醉中的应用价值。方法 选择2019年5月至2021年1月择期行中耳显微手术的患者66例,男35例,女31例,年龄18～60岁,BMI 18～28 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：超声引导下GANB组(B组)和对照组(C组),每组33例。B组在麻醉诱导前10 min超声引导下注射0.5%罗哌卡因2 ml阻滞患侧耳大神经;C组行单纯全麻。两组全麻方案和用药相同。术中维持丙泊酚7 mg·kg^-1·h^-1静脉输注,通过调整瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度(Cp_remi)维持HR 50～90次/分,SBP 95～125 mmHg。血流动力学指标达标并稳定后,此时Cp_remi为适宜浓度,维持此浓度至术毕。记录切皮后适宜Cp_remi和达到适宜Cp_remi后3 min的BIS,麻醉维持中瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚每小时用量和...     

艾司氯胺酮复合丙泊酚在老年患者非插管全麻下股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定术中的应用

目的 观察艾司氯胺酮复合丙泊酚在老年患者非插管全麻下行股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)内固定术中的应用效果。方法 选择2020年11月至2021年12月择期行PFNA内固定术老年患者57例,男33例,女24例,年龄≥65岁,BMI 18～25 kg/m²,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。将患者随机分为两组：插管全麻组(T组,n=28)和非插管全麻组(NT组,n=29)。麻醉诱导前20 min行超声引导下患侧髂筋膜间隙阻滞(FICB),注射0.375%罗哌卡因30 ml。T组采用气管插管全麻;NT组切皮前静注艾司氯胺酮0.5 mg/kg,术中静脉泵注艾司氯胺酮0.25 mg·kg^-1·h^-1和丙泊酚1.5 mg·kg^-1·h^-1进行麻醉维持,术中保留自主呼吸。记录术中低血压、托下颌和体动例数、术后苏醒时间、PACU停留时间、术后24 h内镇痛泵有效按压次数和总按压次数。记录术后6、12、24 h静息时VAS疼痛评分。记录术前1 d和术后1 d C-反应蛋白(CRP)浓度、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比率(...     

右美托咪定对老年重症患者术后谵妄的影响

目的观察右美托咪定老年重症患者术后谵妄发生的影响。方法 60例行择期硬膜外复合全麻下腹部手术术后入SICU患者,年龄≥65岁。随机均分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组持续静脉输注右美托咪定0.2μg·kg^-1·h^-1直至总剂量达200μg（用生理盐水稀释至50ml）;对照组给予等容量生理盐水。观察术后第1、2、3天静息和咳嗽时VAS疼痛评分和睡眠评分,术后6、12h、停药时、术后24、48h镇痛泵的按压次数和用药量情况及术后7d内谵妄发生率。结果两组低血压发生率、VAS疼痛评分差异无统计学意义。术后第1天睡眠评分治疗组（3.48±2.19）分,明显低于对照组的（4.67±2.44）分（P<0.05）。术后7d内对照组谵妄发生率9例（31.0%）,治疗组13例（44.8%）,两组差异无统计学意义。结论老年外科重症患者,持续静脉输注右美托咪定0.2μg·kg^-1·h^-1能改善睡眠质量,对术后镇痛及谵妄发生无明显影响。     

不同脉冲间隔时间程控硬膜外间歇脉冲注入模式对分娩镇痛效果的影响

目的 比较不同脉冲间隔时间下程控硬膜外间歇脉冲注入(PIEB)模式和持续恒速输注(CEI)模式用于分娩镇痛的临床效果。方法 选择单胎妊娠、头位、足月初产妇95例,年龄20～40岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,孕期37～41周,随机分为三组：传统CEI模式组(C组,n=31)、PIEB模式间隔时间60 min组(P60组,n=32)和PIEB模式间隔时间40 min组(P40组,n=32)。在宫口扩张至1～4 cm时,采用硬膜外阻滞行分娩镇痛,注射负荷量后15 min为产妇镇痛开始时间。C组于镇痛开始后立即开启CEI模式,持续以10 ml/h恒速输注。P60组于镇痛开始后60 min开启PIEB模式,单次脉冲10 ml,脉冲间隔时间60 min。P40组于镇痛开始后40 min开启PIEB模式,单次脉冲10 ml,脉冲间隔时间40 min。镇痛泵配方为0.075%罗哌卡因+0.5μg/ml舒芬太尼100 ml,单次按压量5 ml,锁定时间15 min。记录镇痛前(t₀)、镇痛后1 h(t₁)、镇痛后2 h(t₂)、宫口开全(t     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.