Relationship between expression of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6 and autoimmune-type recurrent miscarriage

ObjectiveTo investigate the roles of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune-type recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA).MethodsRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6 in the trophoblast cells of murine RSA and normal pregnant models. The COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6 protein expressions were determined by using immunohistochemisry staining method. The COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6 protein expressions were determined by ELISA.ResultsThe embryo loss rates in experiment group was significantly higher than that in normal pregnancy control group, the expression of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6 in the trophoblast cells of murine RSA and normal pregnant models. The expression of COX-2 in autoimmune-type recurrent spontaneous abortion was significantly lesser than in normal pregnant models. The expression of TNF-α, IL-6 in autoimmune-type recurrent spontaneous abortion was significantly higher than in normal pregnant models. There was a positively correlation between TNF-α and IL-6. There was no relationship between COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6.ConclusionsThe abnormal expression of COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6 may result in RSA.     

肝脏X受体激活对α-GalCer诱导的小鼠肝损伤保护机制探讨

肝脏X受体（LXR）属于核受体超家族成员,对脂类代谢相关基因的转录调控起关键作用,同时具有调节免疫反应和抗炎效应。目的：研究LXR激活对仅．GalCer诱导的小鼠肝损伤保护作用的可能机制。方法：15只C57BL／6J小鼠随机分为正常对照组、α-GalCer模型组和LXR治疗组,后两组以仅α-GalCer腹腔注射诱导肝损伤模型．LXR治疗组于造模前连续7d腹腔注射LXR激动剂T0901317。造模6h后处死小鼠,行肝组织病理学检查和血清AIJT、AST水平检测,免疫组化染色检测肝组织白细胞介素-6（IL-6）表达．蛋白质印迹法检测肝内P13K／Akt／NF—κB信号通路激活情况,实时RT-PCR检测肝组织肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）mRNA表达。结果：与正常对照组相比,α-GalCer模型组小鼠肝损伤明显。血清转氨酶水平升高,肝组织IL-6、TNF-α仅、iNOS表达上调．P13K／Akt／NF—κB信号通路激活。LXR治疗组肝损伤和血清转氨酶水平较α-GalCer模型组显著改善,肝组织炎症介质表达下调,P13K／Akt／NF—κB信号通路激活受抑。结论：LXR激活可调节免疫反应,抑制肝脏炎症,从而显著减轻α-GalCer诱导的小鼠肝损伤．其机制可能与抑制P13K／Akt／NF—κB信号通路激活有关。     

腺苷介导大鼠心脏缺血后适应的保护效应

目的观察大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时NFκ-B mRNA表达和炎性细胞因子的变化及腺苷后适应对其影响,初步探讨腺苷后适应对缺血再灌注损伤心肌的保护机制。方法健康雄性SD大鼠48只随机分为4组:假手术组、缺血再灌注组、缺血后处理组及腺苷后适应组,每组12只,建立大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型。光镜下观察心肌组织形态学改变;TTC染色计算各组大鼠心肌梗死面积;RT-PCR检测心肌NF-κB mRNA表达水平,ELISA测定组织中TNF-α及白细胞介素6(IL-6)含量。结果假手术组心肌组织无改变,缺血再灌注组心肌损伤较重,腺苷后适应组及缺血后处理组心肌组织病理学改变明显减轻。与缺血再灌注组比较,腺苷后适应组NF-κB mRNA的表达水平、心肌梗死面积及TNF-α与IL-6的含量明显降低(P<0.01);与缺血后处理组比较,腺苷后适应组NFκ-B mRNA表达及TNF-α、IL-6的分泌均下降(P<0.05)。NFκ-B mRNA的表达与心肌中TNF-α、IL-6浓度呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论腺苷后适应可抑制再灌注后心肌NF-κB的表达活化,从而通过促使炎性细胞因子TNFα-、IL-6分泌减少来减轻缺血再灌注损伤。     

Leonurine protects against tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

ObjectiveLeonurine, a bioactive alkaloid compound in Herba leonuri, has various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-apoptotic capacities. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that leonurine was able to attenuate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) activation and the underlying molecular mechanisms.MethodsMitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, and inflammatory mediators expression were detected by Western blot or enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NF-κB p65 translocation were measured by immunofluorescence, endothelial cell–monocyte interaction was detected by microscope.ResultsLeonurine inhibited U937 cells adhesion to TNF-α-activated HUVEC in a concentration dependent manner. Treatment with leonurine blocked TNF-α-induced mRNA and protein expression of adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), cyclooxygenase-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in endothelial cells. In addition, leonurine attenuated TNF-α-induced intracellular ROS production in HUVEC. Furthermore, leonurine also suppressed the TNF-α-activated p38 phosphorylation and IκBα degradation. Subsequently, reduced NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and DNA-binding activity were also observed.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated for the first time that the anti-inflammatory properties of leonurine in endothelial cells, at least in part, through suppression of NF-κB activation, which may have a potential therapeutic use for inflammatory vascular diseases.     

cav-1和TNF-α在机械通气联合高氧致大鼠ALI中的表达研究

目的 观察机械通气联合高氧对大鼠肺组织小窝蛋白1(cav-1)、核转录因子κB(NF-κB)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)表达的影响,探讨机械通气联合高氧致大鼠ALI的发生机制及其相互作用.方法 24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、机械通气组和机械通气联合高氧组.观察各组大鼠肺组织的病理学改变,计算肺组织湿/干重比值;采用BCA法测定BALF中蛋白含量;采用免疫组化染色法和Western blot法测定肺组织中cav-1蛋白表达;采用RT-qPCR法测定肺组织中NF-κB和TNF-αmRNA表达.结果 与对照组比较,机械通气组和机械通气联合高氧组大鼠肺组织湿/干重比值、BALF中总蛋白含量以及肺组织中cav-1蛋白、NF-κB mRNA和TNF-αmRNA表达水平均显著升高(P值均<0.001),同时肺组织呈明显损伤性改变;机械通气组和机械通气联合高氧组之间上述指标比较差异也均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001),但机械通气组肺组织病理损伤程度较机械通气联合高氧组轻.相关性分析结果显示,各组大鼠肺组织cav-1蛋白表达量与NF-κB mRNA表达量之间呈正相关(r=0.827,P<0.001);NF-κB mRNA表达量与TNF-αmRNA表达量之间呈正相关(r=0.903,P<0.001).结论 高氧可上调肺组织cav-1的表达,使NF-κB信号通路发生活化,后者通过介导TNF-α等炎症细胞因子释放,从而加重机械通气大鼠肺组织炎症性损伤.     

双歧杆菌分泌型粘附素对肠上皮细胞应激反应的影响

目的 观察双歧杆菌分泌型粘附素对肠上皮细胞应激反应后核因子(NF)-κB DNA结合活性、细胞胞质核因子抑制蛋白κB(IκB)、细胞胞核NF-κB p65的表达和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-8等细胞因子表达的影响.方法 经培养的肠上皮Lovo细胞分为5组,分别经LPS( 100 ng/ml)、H2O2( 200 μmol/L)直接刺激3h以及经双歧杆菌分泌型粘附素(30 μg/ml)预孵30 min后再予LPS( 100 ng/ml)、H2O2刺激(200 μmol/L)刺激3h,正常对照组未作任何处理.采用凝胶电泳迁移率试验(EMSA)方法检测NF-κB DNA结合活性;Western印迹法分别检测细胞胞质IκB和细胞胞核NF-κBp65的表达;RT- PCR方法检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8等细胞因子mRNA的表达情况.结果LPS和H2O2刺激后,细胞表现出较高的NF-κB DNA结合活性[分别为正常对照组的(6.20±0.35)倍和(4.16±0.52)倍]和细胞胞核NF-κB p65的表达[分别为(0.64±0.05)和(0.67±0.06)],而细胞胞质IxB的表达则较弱[分别为(0.28±0.10)和(0.39±0.12)];以双歧杆菌分泌型粘附素预孵后,前二者活性明显降低,而后者的表达明显增强;LPS和H2O2处理后,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8等细胞因子mRNA的表达水平均明显增高[LPS处理组分别为(0.92±0.10)、(0.38±0.03)、(1.44±0.25),H2O2处理组分别为(0.89±0.13)、(0.36±0.06)、(1.42±0.18)],而粘附素预孵后则可显著降低它们的表达水平.NF-κB DNA结合活性与TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8三种细胞因子的mRNA表达水平均呈显著正相关.结论 双歧杆菌分泌型粘附素对LPS和H2O2诱导的肠上皮细胞NF-κB DNA结合活性有显著抑制作用,NF-κB的活化可能与TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-8等炎性细胞因子的表达调控有关.     

The therapeutic effect of CORM-3 on acute liver failure induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine in mice

BACKGROUND: Acute liver failure(ALF) is a severe and lifethreatening clinical syndrome resulting in a high mortality and extremely poor prognosis. Recently, a water-soluble CO-releasing molecule(CORM-3) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effect. The present study was to investigate the effect of CORM-3 on ALF and elucidate its underlying mechanism.METHODS: ALF was induced by a combination of LPS/D-Gal N in mice which were treated with CORM-3 or inactive CORM-3(i CORM-3). The efficacy of CORM-3 was evaluated based on survival, liver histopathology, serum aminotransferase activities(ALT and AST) and total bilirubin(TBi L). Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10) and liver immunohistochemistry of NF-κB-p65 were determined; the expression of inflammatory mediators such as i NOS, COX-2 and TLR4 was measured using Western blotting.RESULTS: The pretreatment with CORM-3 significantly improved the liver histology and the survival rate of mice compared with the controls; CORM-3 also decreased the levels of ALT, AST and TBi L. Furthermore, CORM-3 significantly inhibited the increased concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine(IL-10) productions in ALF mice. Moreover, CORM-3 significantly reduced the increased expression of i NOS and TLR4 in liver tissues and inhibited the nuclear expression of NF-κB-p65. CORM-3 had no effect on the increased expression of COX-2 in the ALF mice. An i CORM-3 failed to prevent acute liver damage induced by LPS/D-Gal N. CONCLUSION: These findings provided evidence that CORM-3 may offer a novel alternative approach for the management of ALF through anti-inflammatory functions.     

Anti-inflammatory effects of Clematis chinensis Osbeck extract(AR-6) may be associated with NF-κB, TNF-α, and COX-2 in collagen-induced arthritis in rat

The root of Clematis chinensis Osbeck has been used widely in rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese traditional medicine, and AR-6 is a triterpene saponin isolated from it. In this present study, we investigated the in vivo effects of oral AR-6 in chronic rat with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and possible molecular mechanism. CIA was induced by immunizing 56 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with chicken typeIIcollagen (CII). Following eighteen days, the immunization rats with CIA were treated with AR-6 (32, 16, 8?mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (7?mg/kg), and TGP (Total Glucosides of Paeonia) (180?mg/kg) for 7?days, and rats without CIA were given the same volume of purified water. TNF-α and IL-1β levels in peripheral blood will be measured by ELISA, and Western blot analysis will be used to detect the expression of NF-κB p65 subunits, TNF-α and COX-2, in synovial membrane. We found that therapeutic treatment with AR-6 markedly improves the paw swelling and histopathological changes. Moreover, the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were markedly lowered, and the expression of NF-κB p65 subunits, TNF-α and COX-2, in the synovial membrane of CIA rats was significantly inhibited in the AR-6-treated groups. These results enable to prove that AR-6 has a potential anti-inflammatory effect in CIA rats, and its mechanism may relate to the inhibition of the expression of NF-κB p65 subunits, TNF-α and COX-2.     

Potential anti-inflammatory action of resveratrol and piperine in adjuvant-induced arthritis: Effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers

Aim of the workResveratrol (RSV) is a phytoalexin with potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties; however, its low bioavailability is considered a major obstacle. Piperine (PIP), an alkaloid, has been widely used as an effective bio-enhancer with drugs associated with low bioavailability. The current study was directed to examine the role of PIP in enhancing the efficacy of RSV in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats.Materials and methodsCarrageenan-induced paw edema model was designed for RSV and PIP doses optimization. Afterward, in the AIA model, rats were immunized at day 0 by sub-plantar injection of Freund’s complete-adjuvant. RSV (50 mg/kg) and PIP (20 mg/kg) were orally administered concurrently once daily from day 14 for two weeks. A standard anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, was employed for treatment validation. The paw volume was measured every 4 days. On day 29, rats were sacrificed and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total nitrate/nitrite (NO_x) were estimated. Ankles were dissected for histopathological examinations and immuno-histochemical expression of nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65).ResultsCo-administration of RSV and PIP significantly decreased the paw swelling and ameliorated the histopathological changes. In addition, the combined treatment highly reduced the serum TNF-α, IL-1β, TBARS and NO_x. Besides, a nearly negative expression of NF-κB p65 in the synovial tissue was observed by co-administration of PIP with RSV. Results of the combination treatment were comparable to that of the diclofenac treatment.ConclusionCo-administration of PIP enhanced the anti-inflammatory efficacy of RSV in the arthritic-induced rats.     

Effects of curcumin on proinflammatory cytokines and tissue injury in the early and late phases of experimental acute pancreatitis

Background & aimsAcute pancreatitis (AP) varies from mild to severe necrotizing changes with high mortality. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of curcumin on tissue injury and proinflammatory cytokines in the early and late phases of AP.MethodsAP was induced by sodium taurocholate in rats (n = 140). First group was left untreated. Group II received 100 mg/kg curcumin daily starting 20 days before AP induction. The rats were allocated into 7 sub-groups (n:5) and were sacrificed at 2, 6, 12, 24, 72, 144 and 288 h following the induction of AP. Blood and pancreatic tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathologic evaluations and the assessment of protein and mRNA levels, as well.ResultsCurcumin decreased total histopathologic scores in comparison with those of the taurocholate group (P < 0.05). Curcumin increased Caspase-3 activity and decreased trypsin activity, while inhibited nuclear factor-κ (NF-κB) at all time points (P < 0.05) and moreover reduced activator protein-1 (AP-1). Curcumin decreased chemokine (except for 288 h), TNF-α (except for 2 and 24 h), IL-6 (except for 2, 6 and 288 h) and iNOS (except for 144 and 288 h) mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Curcumin serum nitric oxide (NO) (except for 144 and 288 h) levels were reduced, as well.ConclusionsIn conclusion, curcumin reduced tissue injury, trypsin activation and inhibited NF-κB and AP-1. However TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS and NO were not inhibited at all time points. Therefore no direct correlation was detected in the subgroups between tissue injury, proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative enzymes.     

Berberine improves airway inflammation and inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway in an ovalbumin-induced rat model of asthma

Objectives: Berberine has been reported for its various activities including anti-inflammatory effects and has been used in treating many diseases. However, its effects on airway inflammation in asthma have not been investigated. This study mainly aimed to detect its effects on the airway inflammation and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway activity in a rat model of asthma. Methods: Asthma was induced by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge. The asthmatic rats were respectively treated with vehicle PBS or berberine (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg) for 28 days. The control rats were treated with PBS. Inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted and the lung inflammation was scored. Levels of NF-κB p65 (mRNA and protein), phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65), inhibitory κB alpha (IκBα) (mRNA and protein) and phosphorylated IκBα (p-IκBα), as well as NF-κB p65 DNA-binding activity, were measured to assess the activity of NF-κB signaling pathway. Levels of the downstream inflammatory mediators of NF-κB signaling, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 and IL-17 in BALF, were measured. Besides, the serum levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E were measured. Results: Results showed that OVA increased the number of inflammatory cells in BALF, elevated lung inflammation scores, enhanced the NF-κB signaling activity and promoted the production of IgE in rats. Berberine dose-dependently reversed the alterations induced by OVA in the asthmatic rats. Conclusions: The findings suggested a therapeutic potential of berberine on OVA- induced airway inflammation. The ameliorative effects on the OVA-induced airway inflammation might be associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.     

细胞因子信号转导抑制蛋白1在小蘖碱抑制脂多糖和γ-干扰素诱导的N9小胶质细胞激活中的作用

目的探讨细胞因子信号转导抑制蛋白1(suppressor of cytokine signaling,SOCS1)在小蘖碱(berberine,BBR)抑制小胶质细胞激活中的作用。方法联合应用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和γ-干扰素(interferonγ,IFN-γ)激活N9小胶质细胞模拟神经炎症。将细胞分为对照组、模拟神经炎症组(10 ng/ml LPS+10 U/ml IFN-γ)、BBR处理组(1μmol/L BBR+LPS/IFN-γ)、SOCS1-siRNA处理组(SOCS1-siRNA+BBR+LPS/IFN-γ)和乱序-siRNA处理组(SC-siRNA+BBR+LPS/IFN-γ)。孵育24 h后,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测细胞培养液内肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)表达水平,采用蛋白质印迹法检测诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和核因子κB(nuclei factor-κB,NF-κB)蛋白表达水平,采用免疫细胞化学法观察细胞形态和iNOS表达。结果与对照组相比,LPS/IFN-γ可显著增高培养基内TNF-α和IL-6含量,上调iNOS和NF-κB表达水平(P均<0.05),并增大小胶质细胞体积。1μmol/L BBR可显著抑制小胶质细胞TNF-α和IL-6释放量,降低iNOS和NF-κB表达水平(P均<0.05),并改善细胞形态。SOCS1-siRNA能显著逆转BBR对小胶质细胞激活的抑制作用(P均<0.05)。结论BBR可能通过SOCS1分子介导抑制LPS和IFN-γ对小胶质细胞的激活。     

Ghrelin inhibits IKKβ/NF-κB activation and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production in pancreatic acinar AR42J cells treated with cerulein

Background: Previous studies have provided conflicting results regarding whether the serum ghrelin concentration can reflect the severity of acute pancreatitis(AP). The present study examined the correlation between the serum ghrelin concentration and AP severity in animal models and investigated whether altered ghrelin expression in pancreatic acinar cells influences IKK β/NF-κ B signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Methods: Mild or severe AP was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein or retrograde cholangiopancreatic duct injection of sodium taurocholate, respectively. After successful model induction, serum ghrelin, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and interleukin-6(IL-6) concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IKK β/NF-κ B activation was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, stable overexpression or knockdown of ghrelin in AR42 J cells was achieved by lentiviral transfection. After transfected cells and control cells were treated with cerulein for 24 h, the TNF-αand IL-1 β levels in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression levels of p-p65, IKK β, and p-IKK β were detected by Western blotting. Results: In rat AP models, AP severity was correlated with increased IKK β/NF-κ B activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and ghrelin secretion. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-αand IL-1 β as well as IKK β/NF-κ B signaling activity were increased upon knockdown of ghrelin in the AP acinar cell model and decreased with ghrelin overexpression. Conclusions: Serum ghrelin is related to the severity of AP. Ghrelin may play a protective role in the pathogenesis of AP by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of the IKK β/NF-κ B signaling pathway.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of a selective IκB kinase-beta inhibitor in rat lung in response to LPS and cigarette smoke

RationaleIκB kinase (IKK) activates NF-κB which plays a pivotal role in pro-inflammatory response in the lung. NF-κB has been shown to be activated in alveolar macrophages and peripheral lungs of smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of a highly selective and novel IKKβ/IKK2 inhibitor, PHA-408 [8-(5-chloro-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)isonicotinamido)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo[γ]indazole-3-carboxamide], in lungs of rat in vivo.MethodsAdult Sprague-Dawley rats were administered orally with PHA-408 (15 and 45 mg/kg) daily for 3 days and exposed to LPS aerosol (once on day 3, 2 h post-last PHA-408 administration) or cigarette smoke (CS; 2 h after PHA-408 administration for 3 days). Animals were sacrificed at 1, 4 and 24 h after the last exposure, and lung inflammatory response and NF-κB activation were measured.ResultsOral administration of IKKβ/IKK2 inhibitor PHA-408 significantly inhibited LPS- and CS-mediated neutrophil influx in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of rats. The levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in BAL fluid (CINC-1) and lungs (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and GM-CSF) were also reduced by PHA-408 administration in response to LPS or CS exposures. The reduced pro-inflammatory response in PHA-408-administered rats was associated with decreased nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of NF-κB in response to LPS or CS.ConclusionThese results suggest that IKKβ/IKK2 inhibitor PHA-408 is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent against LPS- and CS-mediated lung inflammation.     

Icariin enhance mild hypothermia-induced neuroprotection via inhibiting the activation of NF-κB in experimental ischemic stroke

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is a promising neuroprotective agent for treating stroke. However, its clinical application was limited by the impractical duration. Icariin (ICA) were reported to have therapeutic effect on cerebral ischemia. In this research, our aim was to investigate whether the combination of TH and ICA had better neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke. An ischemia-reperfusion rat model was established and treated with mild hypothermia, ICA or JSH-23 (inhibitor of NF-κB). Thermistor probe, 2′3’5′-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), 5/12-score system, and ELISA were used to detect temperature (rectum, cortex, striatum), infarct volume, neurological deficit, and cerebral cell death of these rats. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin- 6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARα), PPARγ, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), p-JAK2, signal transducers and activators of transduction-3 (STAT3), and p-STAT3 were detected by Western blot or q-PCR. Mild hypothermia, ICA, and JSH-23 reduced the cerebral infarct volume, neurological deficit, cerebral cell death of rats, downregulated the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, C-Caspase 3 and Bax, and the activation of PPARs/Nrf2/NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways, but elevated the expression of Bcl-2. ICA promoted the effect of mild hypothermia on infarct volume, neurological deficit, and cerebral cell death. Moreover, ICA also enhanced the regulatory effect of mild hypothermia on apoptosis/inflammation factors expressions and activation of PPARs/Nrf2/NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways. ICA could promote mild hypothermia-induced neuroprotection by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB through the PPARs/Nrf2/NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB pathways in experimental stroke.

     

Protective effect of the standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) against hypertension-induced renal injury in rats

ABSTRACT

Background: Ginkgo biloba leaves extract has been widely used worldwide to protect against oxidative stress-induced cell damage and improves blood circulation. Methods: The potential protective role of the standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) on hypertension-induced renal injury was investigated in rats. Hypertension was induced in rats by L-NAME. Result: Repeated treatment with EGb761 produced progressive reductions in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Also, EGb761 increased the progressive reductions in blood pressure induced by losartan. Hypertension-induced marked elevation of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels and reduction of reduced glutathione (GSH) level were inhibited by EGb761. In addition, hypertension-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) levels in renal tissues were inhibited by EGb761. Also, treatment with EGb761 inhibited hypertension-induced decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and increase in the protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B in the kidney tissues. EGb761 enhanced losartan effects on renal tissues oxidative stress, nitrite, and inflammatory markers levels and on protein expressions of eNOS, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B. effects. Conclusions:These results indicate that EGb761 has the ability to protect against hypertension-induced renal injury.     

呼吸道合胞病毒感染巨噬细胞诱导炎性基因表达的部分机制研究

目的探讨呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染巨噬细胞时前炎介质肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的基因表达变化及其调控的相关机制,为研究RSV的致病机制及有效预防和治疗RSV疾病提供新的思路。方法以RSV感染RAW264.7巨噬细胞,并设立不同的感染时间点(1h、4h、8h、16h和24h),同时给予PDTC(核转录因子NF-κB的特异性抑制剂)处理。以紫外线灭活RSV(UV-RSV)来分析有传染性的病毒的感染变化。收集各组细胞,用Western blot法检测细胞核内活性NF-κBp65蛋白的表达,半定量RT-PCR法检测TNF-α和iNOS mRNA表达量。结果RSV感染4h后,细胞核内活性NF-κBp65蛋白、TNF-α和iNOS mRNA表达均明显升高,各指标的变化与正常对照相比,差异均有显著性,并且与RSV感染存在时间依赖关系。当加入PDTC抑制NF-κB的入核活化后,则可显著下调相应时间点的RSV感染升高的TNF-α和iNOS mRNA表达量,使其降低至基线水平。而UV-RSV感染后并不引起NF-κB蛋白、TNF-α和iNOS mRNA的表达量增加(P>0.05)。结论RSV感染巨噬细胞可诱导前炎基因TNF-α和iNOS的大量表达,其表达可能主要依赖NF-κB活化,并且与病毒复制有关。提示在RSV感染的巨噬细胞中,NF-κB活化对TNF-α和iNOS基因表达具有重要的正调控作用。     

HDL和阿托伐他汀对oxLDL刺激下脂肪细胞炎症反应的影响

目的 观察高密度脂蛋白（HDL）及阿托伐他汀对氧化型低密度脂蛋白（oxLDL）刺激下3T3-L1脂肪细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNFα）分泌及mRNA表达的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 3T3-L1脂肪细胞促分化成熟后,oxLDL刺激脂肪细胞,给予不同浓度的HDL（10～100 μg/mL）和阿托伐他汀（0.1～10 μM）,及H-89（10 μM）＋HDL（100 μg/mL）干预,收集细胞,测定脂肪细胞TNFα水平、TNFα mRNA表达水平、核因子-κB（NF-κB）活性及NF-κB抑制单位（IκB）蛋白浓度.结果 oxLDL刺激使3T3-L1脂肪细胞TNFα分泌、mRNA表达水平及NF-κB活性明显增强.阿托伐他汀浓度依赖性降低TNFα 分泌及mRNA表达,抑制NF-κB活化.10 μM阿托伐他汀使oxLDL诱导的脂肪细胞TNFα mRNA表达降低56.5%,NF-κB活性减少41.2%.HDL也呈浓度依赖性抑制TNFα分泌及mRNA表达,降低NF-κB活性,减少IκB降解.与oxLDL刺激组比较,100 μg/ml HDL使TNFα mRNA表达降低64.5%,NF-κB活性减少49%,并明显增加IκB蛋白水平.HDL的这些抗炎效应能被蛋白激酶A（PKA）抑制剂（应放在H89第一次出现之处）H-89部分抑制.结论 HDL能抑制oxLDL诱导的3T3-L1脂肪细胞TNFα分泌和mRNA表达,PKA-IκB-NF-κB信号通路可能是其中作用途径之一,该效应不需要HDL与oxLDL的直接接触作用.阿托伐他汀亦通过NF-κB途径抑制oxLDL诱导的3T3-L1脂肪细胞TNFα分泌和mRNA表达.HDL的抗炎作用强度与阿托伐他汀相似.     

miR-24对氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导血管内皮细胞炎症损伤的影响

目的 探讨microRNA-24(miR-24)对氧化低密度脂蛋白(Ox-LDL)诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)炎症损伤的影响及潜在分子机制.方法 采用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)法检测HUVECs的增殖;Transwell试验检测HUVECs的迁移能力;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测miR-24...