皮质下缺血性血管性认知损害患者注意功能障碍的临床研究

目的:观察皮质下缺血性血管性认知功能损害(SIVCI)患者注意亚型障碍的特征。方法:对30例非痴呆型SIVCI(SIVCIND)患者(SIVCIND组)、15例皮质下缺血性血管性痴呆(SIVD)患者(SIVD组)和15名健康志愿者(对照组)采用计算机上持续操作任务(CPT)、Stroop试验及双任务测试法测试持续注意、选择注意和分散注意功能。结果:与对照组比较,SIVD组CPT反应时延长,漏报率增加(P<0.05);SIVCIND组漏报率与对照组比较显著增加,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。SIVD患者冲突及中性条件下,反应时与错误率及干扰量均增加;SIVCIND患者Stroop试验冲突条件反应时延长(P<0.01)、双任务法耗时差无明显增加(P>0.05);SIVD患者耗时差增加(P<0.01)。结论:SIVCIND早期主要以持续:注意及选择注意功能损害为主,晚期则持续注意、选择注意和分散注意功能普遍受累。     

Transient Cognitive Impairment and White Matter Hyperintensities in Severely Depressed Older Patients Treated With Electroconvulsive Therapy

BackgroundAlthough electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe and effective treatment for patients with severe late life depression (LLD), transient cognitive impairment can be a reason to discontinue the treatment. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the association between structural brain characteristics and general cognitive function during and after ECT.MethodsA total of 80 patients with LLD from the prospective naturalistic follow-up Mood Disorders in Elderly treated with Electroconvulsive Therapy study were examined. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired before ECT. Overall brain morphology (white and grey matter) was evaluated using visual rating scales. Cognitive functioning before, during, and after ECT was measured using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). A linear mixed-model analysis was performed to analyze the association between structural brain alterations and cognitive functioning over time.ResultsPatients with moderate to severe white matter hyperintensities (WMH) showed significantly lower MMSE scores than patients without severe WMH (F(1,75.54) = 5.42, p = 0.02) before, during, and post-ECT, however their trajectory of cognitive functioning was similar as no time × WMH interaction effect was observed (F(4,65.85) = 1.9, p = 0.25). Transient cognitive impairment was not associated with medial temporal or global cortical atrophy (MTA, GCA).ConclusionAll patients showed a significant drop in cognitive functioning during ECT, which however recovered above baseline levels post-ECT and remained stable until at least 6 months post-ECT, independently of severity of WMH, GCA, or MTA. Therefore, clinicians should not be reluctant to start or continue ECT in patients with severe structural brain alterations.     

卒中后失语患者非语言认知功能损害特点的临床研究

目的 探讨卒中后失语患者非语言认知功能损害的特点，并分析卒中后失语患者语言障碍与非语言 性认知功能损害之间的关系。 方法 选择2017年5月-2018年6月就诊的卒中患者共32例，经西方失语症成套测验（western aphasia battery，WAB）评估语言功能，分为失语组和无失语组，其中失语组15例，无失语组17例。洛文斯顿成 套测验中文版（Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment，LOTCA）第2版评估患者非语言认 知功能。对失语组与非失语组的LOTCA各分项分值及总分分别进行非参数检验；对WAB中各分项得 分及失语商与LOTCA各认知分项得分及总分进行偏相关分析，并行多元逐步回归分析。 结果 失语组的LOTCA总分低于无失语组，差异有统计学意义[85.0（69.0～92.0）分 vs 99.0 （86.0～102.5）分，P <0.05]；失语患者LOTCA总分与WAB各分项及失语商呈正相关（r =0.587～0.883， 均P <0.05），WAB分项中的各分项与LOTCA中各分项之间呈正相关（r =0.521～0.843，均P <0.05）；多 元逐步回归分析显示，影响患者失语商的主要因素为LOTCA总分（β=0.707，P =0.003）。 结论 卒中后失语患者存在非语言认知功能障碍，失语程度越重其非语言认知功能受损程度越重。     

两种轻度认知障碍患者的注意力缺损研究

目的：观察不同类型轻度认知障碍（MCI）患者注意力缺损状况。方法：82例MCI患者,按病因分成两组：神经变性MCI组37例,血管性MCI组45例。应用划销测验检测患者注意力缺损状况,并与40例正常健康者（对照组）比较分析。结果：划销测验3组间相互比较均差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;其中对照组分值最高,血管性MCI组分值最低,神经变性MCI组位于两者之间。结论：注意力受损是MCI患者的症状之一,以血管性MCI患者受损最为严重,可能与注意形成环路受损有关。     

解读有关尼莫地平治疗血管性认知功能损害的临床试验

迄今为止,已有十余种药物治疗血管性痴呆(VaD)的临床研究报道,绝大多数的试验结果令人失望,仅部分试验结果提示治疗能在一定程度上改善受试者的整体功能、认知能力或日常生活能力(ADL)。导致这种现象的原因很多,有些现在还不为我们所知,但试验设计的缺陷及VaD本身的明显异质性被认为是重要的原因[1-3]。因此,必须从两方面予以纠正:第一,应选择恰当的患者人群,不考虑病因、发病机制、病理改变和临床表现的巨大     

脑白质疏松轻度认知障碍患者认知损害特点分析

目的 探讨脑白质疏松轻度认知障碍（leukoaraiosis mild cognitive impairmen,LACI）的认知损害特点,为临床诊治提供参考。方法 纳入LACI组77例及脑白质疏松（leukoaraiosis,LA）且无认知障碍组（对照组）74例进行蒙特利尔认知评估（Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA）量表等心理量表检测。结果 LACI组MoCA量表总分为20.84±3.04分,对照组27.38±1.25分,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;LACI组在MoCA量表的亚项-视空间与执行、命名能力、注意力、语言能力、抽象能力、延迟记忆能力、定向力等7个认知域的得分均较对照组低（P <0.01）,MoCA总分与各亚项得分进行相关分析,除命名及语言能力2个亚项外,其他5个亚项均与总分有正相关关系,按相关系数的高低排序,依次为视空间与执行功能、延迟记忆、注意力、抽象能力、定向力。结论 LACI患者在视空间与执行、命名能力、注意力、语言能力、抽象能力、延迟记忆能力、定向力等认知域有不同程度的损害,其中视空间与执行功能、延迟记忆、注意力、抽象能力、定向力损害可能是早期损害较为明显的认知域,且在记忆过程中的编码、存储、提取这3个关键环节可能都存在损害。     

Cognitive Side-effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Elderly Depressed Patients

Knowledge about cognitive side-effects induced by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in depressed elderly patients is sparse. In this study we investigated changes in the cognitive functioning of non-demented elderly depressed patients receiving ECT (n = 62) compared with healthy elderly people (n = 17). Neuropsychological tests were administered at the start of treatment and again within 1 week after treatment. We computed reliable change indices (RCIs) using simple regression methods. RCIs are statistical methods for analyzing change in individuals that have not yet been used in studies of the acute cognitive side-effects of ECT. At the group level, only letter fluency performance was found to be significantly reduced in the ECT group compared with the controls, whereas both groups demonstrated stable or improved performance on all other measures. At the individual level, however, 11% of patients showed retrograde amnesia for public facts post-ECT and 40% of the patients showed a significant decline in neuropsychological functioning. Decline on a measure of delayed verbal anterograde memory was most common. Our findings indicate that there are mild neurocognitive impairments in the acute phase for a substantial minority of elderly patients receiving ECT. Analysis of reliable change facilitated the illumination of cognitive side-effects in our sample.     

皮质下脑梗死所致血管性认知障碍患者认知功能与脑白质病变的相关性研究

目的 分析皮层下脑梗死所致血管性认知障碍 （subcorticalvascular cognitive impairment, SVCI） 脑白质 变性与认知功能评分的相关性。 方法 连续入组皮层下脑梗死患者91例, 根据神经心理学蒙特利尔认知评估 （Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MOCA） 分为皮层下脑梗死所致血管性认知障碍 （subcortical vascular cognitive impairment, SVCI） 组 （49例） 和无认知障碍的皮质下梗死 （subcortical infarcts, SI） 组 （42例） , 分析其临床、 认知 障碍、 神经影像学特征, 并探讨认知障碍与白质损伤的相关性。 结果 SVCI组糖尿病发病率高于SI组 （38.78% vs 16.67%, P =0.02） , SVCI组脑白质病变患者37 例 （75.51%） 。 脑白质损害程度与MOCA执行功能 （ Rs =-0.415, P =0.028） 、 瞬时记忆 （ Rs =-0.577, P =0.001） 、 注意 （ Rs =-0.382, P =0.001） 、 延迟记忆 （ Rs =-0.389, P =0.041） 等4个分量表以及MOCA 量表总分 （ Rs =-0.495, P =0.002） 成负相关。 结论 SVCI患者糖尿病比例高于SI患者, 白质病变多见, 且白质病变的程度可以反映不同程度的认知 损害。     

非关键部位脑梗死患者的认知功能损伤研究

目的 研究单次或两次非关键部位脑梗死（包括皮质下梗死和脑干小脑梗死）的患者其认知功能表现与正常对照之间的差异,了解非关键部位脑梗死患者认知功能受损情况。方法 选取符合入组标准的、性别、年龄和受教育年数一一匹配的单次或两次发病的非关键部位脑梗死后3～6个月的患者和正常对照各30例,进行日常生活自理能力量表（ADL）、Hamilton抑郁量表17项评分（HAMD-17）、简易精神状态检查法（MMSE）、加利福尼亚词语学习（CVLT）、逻辑记忆（LM）、复杂图形（FC）、词语流畅性（VF）、结构实例（CP）、数字广度（DS）的评定。结果 卒中组患者MMSE总分显著低于对照组（27.8±2.4 vs 28.9±0.9,P＝0.021）;在CVLT总分、VF、认知总分方面与对照组相比存在统计学差异（38.2±7.0 vs 43.1±8.0,P＝0.016;43.8±10.6 vs 53.6±11.3,P＝0.001;168.3±24.0 vs 188.8±25.4,P＝0.002）,而在FC、LM、CP、DS方面两组相比没有统计学差异（41.2±7.1 vs 43.4±5.5,P＝0.185;21.6±5.6 vs 24.1±5.1,P＝0.078;11.0 vs 11.0,P＝0.775;13.0±2.4 vs 13.9±2.8,P＝0.171）。另外卒中组ADL和HAMD－17的得分显著高于对照组（26±9 vs 20±0,P＝0.001;2.00 vs 0.00,P＝0.000）。结论 单次或两次非关键部位脑梗死的患者存在一定的认知功能障碍,主要表现为词语记忆和执行功能方面,尤其以执行功能为著。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者认知损害与血清脑源性神经营养因子水平的相关性

目的 研究轻度认知功能障碍（mild cognitive impairment,MCI）患者认知损害与血清脑源性神经营养因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）水平的关系。 方法 从认知障碍门诊筛选MCI患者30例,正常对照老年人32例,采用酶联免疫吸附法（enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）检测MCI患者的血清BDNF水平。 结果 MCI的血清BDNF水平较正常对照组显著升高（P=0.025）,MCI组中血清BDNF与简明精神状态量表（Mini-Mental State Examination Scale,MMSE）中的记忆力（r=-0.494,P=0.009）、语言能力（r=-0.399,P=0.039）呈负相关,与定向力、注意力和计算力、回忆能力无相关性;与临床痴呆量表（Clinical Dementia Rating Scale,CDR）总分呈正相关（r=0.476,P=0.012）;与MMSE总分、全面衰退量表（Global Deterioration Scale,GDS）总分无相关性。 结论 MCI患者的BDNF水平显著升高,提示BDNF可能参与MCI认知损害的病理生理过程     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在癫认知功能障碍患者中的应用价值

目的分析蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表筛查癫患者认知功能障碍的应用价值。方法使用简明精神状态检查(MMSE)量表筛查出认知功能正常的120例癫患者,再行MoCA量表评分。依据MoCA量表评分结果将120例癫患者分为①认知功能正常(NC)组:MoCA量表评分≥26分;②认知功能损害(CI)组:MoCA量表评分<26分。比较两组癫患者MoCA量表各项分数的差异及认知功能改变的特点,应用单因素及多元Logistic回归分析认知功能损害的影响因素。结果①120例患者中50例(41.7%)MoCA量表评分<26分;②CI组MoCA量表各条目得分均低于NC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);③Logistic回归分析结果显示,受教育年限是认知功能损害的影响因素(OR=1.34,95%C1:1.05~1.70,P<0.05)。结论 MMSE正常癫患者中仍存在相当比例MoCA量表评分异常的患者。建议使用MoCA量表测试癫患者的认知功能水平。     

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms as Predictor of Poor Clinical Outcome in Patients With Vascular Cognitive Impairment

ObjectiveExamine the association between neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and clinical outcome in memory clinic patients with vascular brain injury.Design/SettingTRACE-VCI prospective memory clinic cohort with follow-up (2.1 ± 0.5 years).ParticipantsFive hundred and seventy-five memory clinic patients with vascular brain injury on MRI (i.e. possible Vascular Cognitive Impairment [VCI]). Severity of cognitive impairment ranged from no objective cognitive impairment to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.MeasurementsWe used Neuropsychiatric Inventory (total score and score on hyperactive, psychotic, affective, and apathetic behavior domains) to measure NPS. We assessed the association between NPS and institutionalization, mortality and cognitive deterioration (increase ≥0.5 on Clinical Dementia Rating scale) with Cox proportional hazards models and logistic regression analyses.ResultsNPS were present in 89% of all patients, most commonly in the hyperactive and apathetic behavior domain. Across the whole cohort, affective behavior was associated with institutionalization (HR: 1.98 [1.01-3.87]), mainly driven by the dementia subgroup (HR: 2.06 [1.00–4.21]). Apathetic behavior was associated with mortality and cognitive deterioration (HR: 2.07 [1.10–3.90],OR: 1.67 [1.12–2.49], respectively), mainly driven by the MCI subgroup (HR: 4.93 [1.07–22.86],OR: 3.25 [1.46–7.24], respectively). Conversely, hyperactive behavior was related to lower mortality (HR: 0.54 [0.29–0.98]), again particularly driven by the MCI subgroup (HR:0.17 [0.04–0.75]). Psychotic behavior was associated with cognitive deterioration in patients with no objective cognitive impairment (OR: 3.10 [1.09–8.80]) and with institutionalization in MCI (HR: 12.45 [1.28–121.14]).ConclusionNPS are common and have prognostic value in memory clinic patients with possible VCI. This prognostic value depends on the severity of cognitive impairment.     

Impairment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Objective

This study was conducted to examine the following: whether patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) show impairments in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) as compared to controls; to identify the functional sub-domains of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) that are affected in MCI and, finally, to identify the Seoul-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (S-IADL) scale cut-off score that best differentiated between MCI and controls.

Methods

This study was carried out at the geropsychiatry clinic, university hospital. The study participants included 66 patients with MCI and 61 normal elderly. The S-IADL and Seoul-Activities of Daily Living (S-ADL) scales were administered to the main caregivers of all participants in order to assess everyday functioning.

Results

The total S-IADL score was significantly higher in the patients with MCI [mean (SD) score=4.47 (2.06)] than in the controls [mean (SD) score=1.44 (1.65)] (p<0.001). The patients with MCI performed significantly worse on IADLs, such as the ability to use the telephone, prepare meals, take medication, manage belongings, keep appointments, talk about recent events, and perform leisure activities/hobbies (p<0.05). The S-IADL scale discriminated well between patients with MCI and controls (Area Under Curve=87%).

Conclusion

The patients with MCI showed impairments in the ability to perform complex ADL in comparison to healthy controls. IADLs related to memory and frontal/executive functioning were particularly affected in MCI.     

Cerebellar Atrophy in Patients with Subcortical-Type Vascular Cognitive Impairment

Recent studies suggest that the role of the cerebellum extends into cognitive regulation and that subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD) can result in cerebellar atrophy. However, there has been no evaluation of the cerebellar volume in the preclinical stage of SVaD. We aimed to compare cerebellar volume among patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment (svMCI) and evaluate which factors could have contributed to the cerebellar volume. Participants were composed of 355 patients with aMCI, svMCI, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and SVaD. Cerebellar volumes were measured using automated methods. A direct comparison of the cerebellar volume in SVaD and AD groups showed that the SVaD group had a statistically smaller cerebellar volume than the AD group. Additionally, the svMCI group had a smaller cerebellar volume than the aMCI group, with the number of lacunes (especially in the supratentorial regions) being associated with cerebellar volume. Cerebellar volumes were associated with some neuropsychological tests, digit span backward and ideomotor apraxia. These findings suggest that cerebellar atrophy may be useful in differentiating subtypes of dementia and the cerebellum plays a potential role in cognition.