立体定向微创钻孔引流与保守治疗未昏迷的基底节区出血患者的疗效对比

目的研究未昏迷基底节区高血压脑出血患者立体定向微创钻孔引流手术治疗与内科保守治疗的疗效。方法分析116例未昏迷的基底节区高血压脑出血患者的临床资料;其中74例患者采用立体定向钻孔引流手术治疗(微创手术组),42例患者采用内科保守治疗(保守治疗组)。对比两组患者的治疗效果和预后。结果微创手术组患者基底节区血肿的消除时间明显短于保守治疗组。治疗2周后,微创手术组血肿清除≥95%的患者的比率(97.3%)显著高于保守治疗组(47.6%),患侧肢体肌力改善亦显著优于保守治疗组,差异均有统计学意义(χ~2=40.297,Z=5.617,均P0.001)。结论对有手术指征的未昏迷基底节区脑出血患者,立体定向钻孔引流手术的治疗效果显著优于内科保守治疗;能明显改善患者的神经功能及预后。     

微创钻颅引流治疗幕上手术临界点下高血压性脑出血

目的探讨幕上高血压性脑出血手术临界点下血肿的治疗方法。方法对134例幕上高血压性脑出血手术临界点下血肿,分别采用微创钻颅穿刺引流+尿激酶治疗及内科保守治疗后的治疗效果进行对比分析。结果术后30d时微创手术组生活自理26例,保守治疗组14例,微创组生活自理能力评分明显高于对照组。术后3个月时微创组生活自理38例,保守治疗组21例,微创组ADL评分亦明显高于保守治疗组。微创手术组再出血6例,保守治疗组再出血5例,微创手术组与保守治疗组再出血率无显著差异。两组无死亡病例。结论对幕上高血压性脑出血手术临界点下20～30ml血肿,采用微创钻孔引流+尿激酶治疗优于保守治疗。     

立体定向手术与传统开颅手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的疗效比较

目的评价立体定向手术与传统开颅手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院收治的基底节区高血压脑出血患者的病历资料,根据手术方式分为立体定向组(A组)与传统手术组(B组),对比2组病死率与术后1aGOS评分。结果共198例患者纳入研究,其中A组84例,B组114例,术后30d内共死亡64例,其中立体定向组23例,传统手术组41例,差异无统计学意义(P=0.203),于年龄≤60岁或血肿体积≤60mL患者,立体定向组病死率明显低于传统手术组;术后1aGOS评分3分者A组33例,B组20例,A组明显高于B组(P=0.001)。结论立体定向手术是治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的有效方式,尤其对于年龄≤60岁、血肿体积≤60mL的患者,立体定向手术较传统开颅手术可以降低病死率,改善患者预后。     

脑出血立体定向穿刺与内科保守治疗的临床比较分析

目的探讨临界手术出血量(25~35 ml)的高血压脑出血患者,立体定向穿刺引流术与内科保守治疗的临床疗效。方法 102例高血压脑出血患者随机分为穿刺组(n=52)与保守组(n=50),穿刺组给予立体定向穿刺治疗,保守组给予内科保守治疗,对比两组患者治疗效果。结果穿刺组住院时间明显低于保守组(P0.01);穿刺组治疗良好率为46.15%,显著高于保守组的24%(P0.05);两组患者病死率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论立体定向穿刺术治疗高血压脑出血具有较好效果,可缩短患者住院时间,利于患者术后神经功能的恢复,降低病残率提高生存质量。值得临床推广。     

立体定向血肿抽吸和尿激酶溶解治疗高血压脑出血疗效观察

目的 评价立体定向血肿抽吸和尿激酶溶解引流治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效.方法 将2003年5月至2007年3月收治的93例高血压脑出血的病人,采用立体定向血肿腔穿刺抽吸,尿激酶溶解引流治疗,并于同期内科保守治疗的87例高血压脑出血病人进行疗效比较.结果 定向治疗组死亡率为6.45%(6/93),ADL I～III级者占78.49%(73/93);保守治疗组死亡率为20.69%(18/87),ADL I～III级者占45.98%(40/87),两组比较均有显著差异(P<0.01).结论 立体定向血肿抽吸和尿激酶溶解治疗高血压脑出血疗效明显优于内科保守治疗.     

CT引导立体定向抽吸术治疗自发性基底节区出血临床研究

目的分析CT引导立体定向血肿抽吸术与内科保守治疗基底节区中等量出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析2014-01—2015-11我院收治的自发性基底节区出血(出血量20~50 mL)患者58例,分为立体定向手术组(32例)和内科治疗组(26例),采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评定2组治疗前及治疗后14、30d的神经功能缺损程度,并随访评估2组治疗后90d扩展格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS-E)。结果立体定向手术组血肿完全清除24例(75%),次全清除8例(25%)。手术组患者治疗后14dNIHSS评分低于内科组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);手术组患者治疗后30dNIHSS评分低于内科组(P0.05),且治疗后90dGOS-E评分高于内科组(P0.05),2组发病后30d内病死率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CT引导立体定向抽吸术可较快清除幕上20~50mL的脑内血肿,手术安全有效且损伤小,远期疗效优于内科保守治疗。     

亚急性高血压脑出血的立体定向穿刺引流治疗

目的 探讨亚急性高血压脑出血微侵袭治疗及其必要性.方法 对比分析亚急性高血压脑出血采用立体定向血肿引流术(定向组,n=40)与采用内科保守治疗(保守组,n=32)的近、远期疗效.结果 定向组和保守组近期优良率分别为75%、71.9%(P＞0.05),远期优良率分别为95%、82.4%(P＜0.05);动态CT观察血肿消失时间立体定向穿刺引流治疗组术后血肿消失时间为2±0.7d,保守组为9±0.4d,两者有显著差异(P＜0.05).结论 立体定向血肿引流可以缩短亚急性高血压脑出血吸收时间,改善其远期疗效.     

立体定向与神经导航技术在少量大脑半球出血患者中的应用

目的对于少量自发性脑出血伴明显功能障碍的患者是采取保守治疗还是手术,通常有争议性,探讨通过立体定向技术清除血肿对患者预后的改善作用。方法选取近5 a大脑半球出血患者150例(出血量20~30 mL),其中50例采用立体定向技术给予血肿清除术,50例采用导航技术给予血肿清除术,分别为手术组1、手术组2,另50例为药物保守治疗组,对比3组患者的改良Barthel指数评分及mRS评分。结果入组患者单侧肢体肌力<3级,出血量≤30 mL,出血部位为基底节区或丘脑。通过6个月随访,手术组改良Barthel指数评分、mRS评分显著优于保守治疗组。手术组相对保守组有更好的功能改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于少量自发性脑出血伴明显功能障碍的患者,通过立体定向手术、神经导航技术能显著改善患者的日常生活功能,其中立体定向技术并发症及血肿清除率优于神经导航技术。     

立体定向手术与内科治疗中小量基底核区脑出血的对比研究

目的探讨立体定向手术治疗中小量基底核区脑出血病人的疗效。方法回顾性分析82例中小量基底核区脑出血病人的临床资料,以立体定向手术抽吸结合尿激酶引流治疗为立体定向治疗组(n=41),采用内科保守治疗为内科治疗组(n=41),比较2组病人发病后30 d瘫痪侧肢体运动功能和90 d格拉斯哥预后评分(glasgow outcome scale,GOS)情况。结果立体定向治疗组病人血肿消散时间为(3.3±1.5)d,内科治疗组为(24.0±7.3)d,两组血肿消散时间存在显著差异(P<0.01)。立体定向治疗组中发病后30 d运动功能预后好者和发病后90 d GOS 5分者均明显多于内科治疗组(均P<0.05)。结论对于血肿量≤30 ml的基底核区脑出血、瘫痪侧肢体肌力为1~3级的病人,应首选立体定向手术治疗。     

简易脑立体定向微创液化软通道对高血压脑出血的治疗

目的 探讨高血压脑出血简单、安全、有效的临床治疗方法.方法 选择高血压脑出血病人,随机分为内科治疗组和微创治疗组,内科组采用传统的内科治疗,微创治疗组采用简易脑立体定向微创液化软通道技术.结果 内科治疗组病死率明显高于微创手术组.结论 早期、超早期实施简易脑立体定向微创软通道手术,可取得较满意疗效.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.