血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗糖尿病肾病

本文介绍了血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗糖尿病肾病的理论基础,临床应用、疗效及副作用等。     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗糖尿病肾病研究进展

综述了血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗糖尿病肾病的现状、可能的机理以及副作用。     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗高血压

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂是抗高血压药,其降压作用与抑制组织中存在的血管紧张素转换酶有关。它在身体不同部位可产生不同的血流动力学效果,如可增加原发性高血压病人的肾血流量和肾小球滤过率,增加正常人骨骼肌和皮肤的外周阻力等。有关该类药的药代动力学及对高血压的治疗文中亦做了介绍。 (吴晶摘)     

血管紧张素转换酶和糜酶抑制剂对人脐静脉内皮细胞产生血管紧张素Ⅱ的影响

目的 探讨血管紧张素转换酶和糜酶抑制剂对人脐静脉内皮细胞产生血管紧张素Ⅱ的影响。方法 培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞培养液中加入不同浓度开搏通和／或糜酶抑制剂孵育24小时，取上清液用放免法测定血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度。结果 10^-2μmol／L AngⅠ使内皮细胞产生AngⅠ明显增加，约为对照组的11．5倍。100、1000μmol／L开搏通使AngⅡ的生成分别降低了11．15％和17．06％。100、1000μmol／L糜酶抑制剂使AngⅡ的生成分别降低了60.23％和68．48％。1μmol／L抑肽酶使AngⅡ的生成降低了13．96％。氯沙坦使培养液中AngⅡ浓度略有升高。开搏通 糜酶抑制剂使HUVEC产生AngⅡ减少85．81％，开搏通 抑肽酶抑制29．57％AngⅡ的生成，开搏通 糜酶抑制剂 抑肽酶几乎完全抑制HUVEC将AngⅠ转变成AngⅡ，与AngⅠ组相比降低97．71％。结论 人脐静脉内皮细胞存在ACE和非ACE途径AngⅡ生成，非ACE途径是主要的，影响非ACE途径血管紧张素Ⅱ生成的酶主要是糜酶抑制剂。     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂联合应用治疗肾小球疾病

高血压是促使肾小球疾病进展的重要因素之一 ,阻断肾素 血管紧张素系统 (ＲＡＳ)能降低全身血压及肾小球毛细血管内压力 ,保护肾脏 ,延缓肾衰进展。多种药物能在不同环节阻断ＲＡＳ ,其中血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ＡＣＥＩ)能抑制血管紧张素转换酶 (ＡＣＥ)而减少血管紧张素Ⅱ (ＡＴⅡ )的产生 ,ＡＴⅡ受体拮抗剂 (ＡＲＡ)则通过阻断ＡＴⅡ与其特异性受体结合 ,而发挥降压作用。由于ＡＣＥＩ和ＡＲＡ阻断ＲＡＳ的机制不同 ,这二类药物在降低血压、减少蛋白尿、保护肾功能方面是否存在差异[1] ,二者联合应用是否更为合理 ?本文从ＡＣＥＩ、…     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对早期糖尿病性肾病的防治作用

为探讨血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ＡＣＥＩ）对早期糖尿病性肾病的长期治疗作用，将４６例新诊断的血压正常、２４小时尿白蛋白排泄＜３０ｍｇ的非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者随机分为两组。Ａ组服ＡＣＥＩ培哚普利（ｐｅｒｉｎｄｏｐｒｉｌ），２ｍｇ／ｄ，Ｂ组为对照组。对两组患者的收缩压、舒张压、平均血压、肾小球滤过率、肾有效血浆流量、滤过分数、尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）、胰岛素敏感指数（ＳＩ）及血脂进行为期约２年的观察。结果表明，Ａ组用ＡＣＥＩ治疗２年后，ＮＩＤＤＭ者肾小球高滤过状态得以改善（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＵＡＥＲ明显减少（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＳＩ降低，血压稳定；而非ＡＣＥＩ治疗的Ｂ组，肾功能指标有恶化趋势，并且血压明显增高，ＳＩ改善不明显。两组的血脂在治疗前后变化均不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示小剂量培哚普利长期治疗，对早期糖尿病性肾病具有保护其肾功能的作用，并可改善胰岛素抵抗，减少动脉粥样硬化的危险因素     

糖尿病肾病对高血糖及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂反应的性别差异

背景：糖尿病可降低女性性别一介导的防止肾脏疾病进展的保护功能，但其机制不明。性别对糖尿病患者肾脏高滤过阶段的影响未见研究报告。因此，我们选取无并发症的1型糖尿病青年患者，研究肾脏对高糖及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）反应的性别差异。     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对不伴高血压2型糖尿病者动态血压观察

近年研究结果提示血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）能保护血管内皮细胞功能,其作用机制系增加缓激肽及乙酰胆碱水平一氧化氮释放引起血管扩张^[1-4],鉴于此,作者试图用小剂量ACEI对不伴高血压2型糖尿病作治疗前,后24h动态血压监测（ABPM）,观察其对血压波动状况及临床反应,以便指导日后该药临床长期应用可行性,对伴与不伴高血压糖尿病者其慢性并发症的发生与发展作干预探索。     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对冠脉粥样硬化的影响

肾素－血管紧张素系统在循环和局部血管壁中激活，除增加血管收缩和系统血管阻力外，还促进内皮功能紊乱、平滑肌生长和增殖，并与动脉粥样硬化发展有密切关系。实验和新的研究结果表明，血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂具有继发性或可能是原发性防治冠脉粥样硬化和冠心病的作用。     

Changes of the tubular markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus with glomerular hyperfiltration

Aim

To assess whether glomerular hyperfiltration (GHF) could result in renal tubular damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.

Methods

Reference value of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was determined in 248 healthy individuals based on serum CysC levels. GHF was defined as an eGFR exceeding the sex-specific 97.5th percentile in non-diabetic individuals. In the present study, 30 with GHF, 58 with norm-GFR T2DM, and 24 healthy controls were recruited. Tubular markers, such as urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), as well as serum and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were measured and compared. The correlation of these markers with eGFR was analyzed in the GHF group.

Results

The GHF group had higher urinary NGAL and KIM-1 levels but lower serum NGAL level than the norm-GFR and control groups. Slightly decreased serum NGAL and increased urinary NGAL levels were also noted in the norm-GFR group compared with those of the controls. There was no statistical difference in the urinary NAG values among the three groups. Correlation analysis showed that eGFR was positively related to fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, urinary NGAL, and KIM-1, but negatively with serum NGAL in the GHF group.

Conclusion

Higher urinary tubular damage markers were found in T2DM patients with GHF than the norm-GFR and control groups, probably a direct proof that GHF is a deleterious factor for diabetic nephropathy.     

Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or beta blocker on glomerular structural changes in young microalbuminuric patients with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus

Aims/hypothesis. To investigate the influence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta blockers on the progression of early diabetic glomerulopathy. Methods. Thirteen patients with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (mean age 18.8 years) with microalbuminuria 31 (19–160) μg/min were randomised to treatment with enalapril (group 1, n = 7) or metoprolol (group 2, n = 6). Renal biopsies were taken before and after 38 (36–48) months of treatment. Albumin excretion rate, blood pressure and HbA_{1 c} were measured every third month. A reference group without antihypertensive treatment (group 3, n = 9), with similar age, diabetes duration and degree of microalbuminuria as group 1 and 2, had baseline and follow-up renal biopsies taken previously with an interval of 26–34 months, analysed at the same laboratory. Glomerular structures were measured by stereological methods. Results. Measurements of basement membrane thickness, mesangial and matrix volume fractions were similar among groups at baseline. Structural variables were only increased in group 3 at follow-up. Delta values in basement membrane thickness and diabetic glomerulopathy index per 24 months were lower in group 1 and 2 than in group 3 (p < 0.05). Microalbuminuria returned to normal in group 1 and 2 only. Decreased albumin excretion rate tended to inversely correlate with increased basement membrane thickness (p = 0.08) and diabetic glomerulopathy index (p = 0.05). Mean HbA_{1 c} was similar between groups. Mean diastolic blood pressure was lower in group 1 and 2 than in group 3 (p < 0.01). Mean HbA_{1 c} and mean diastolic blood pressure correlated to changes in basement membrane thickness, mesangial volume fraction and diabetic glomerulopathy index (p < 0.05). Conclusion/interpretation. Contrary to findings in the group without antihypertensive treatment, no progression of glomerulopathy was seen in those treated with enalapril or metoprolol. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 589–595] Received: 11 November 1998 and in revised form: 21 December 1998     

心房颤动患者心房组织的血管紧张素转换酶2表达及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂干预的影响

目的 探讨心房颤动（房颤）患者心房肌组织中血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）的表达和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）干预的影响及可能的信号传导途径。方法 选取接受开胸手术的风湿性心脏病患者47例,手术中取右心耳处心房肌标本。采用RT-PCR法检测心房肌ACE2和ACEmRNA水平,采用Western blot法检测ACE、ACE2、细胞外信号调节激酶1／2（ERK1／2）和磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶1／2（pERK1／2）蛋白表达水平,应用放射免疫法检测心房肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）水平。结果 与窦性心律组相比,持续性房颤组心房肌组织中ACE2表达显著减少（P〈0．05）,而ACE的表达和AngⅡ含量显著增加（P〈0．05）。ERK1／2的活化水平在持续性房颤组较窦性心律组明显增加（P〈0．05）。与持续性房颤组相比,ACEⅠ干预组ACE2表达水平显著增加（P〈0．01）,ERK1／2的活化水平显著降低（P〈0．05）,而ACE表达和AngⅡ含量差异无统计学意义。结论 房颤患者心房肌组织中ACE2表达下调,ACE／ACE2平衡失调;ACEⅠ对房颤的长期临床效应可能与其上调ACE2、抑制有丝分裂素激活蛋白激酶信号途径有关。     

Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism in type 2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of this study is the assessment of the association of human angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism with type 2 diabetes in 155 diabetic patients and 139 healthy individuals. These polymorphism were studied using polymerase chain reaction. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene DD genotype associated with type 2 diabetes in overweight and obese patients and patients with normal total plasma cholesterol. There is also association of DD genotype with arterial hypertension and with myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients.     

The higher immunoreactivity to ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus than in non-diabetic individuals

In a random sample of 200 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, immunoreactivities to ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) were measured by ELISA. Immunoreactivities were positive for 129 (64.5%) patients, and were positive in 30 (83.3%) out of 36 patients in the early stage of clinical diabetic nephropathy. Serum ACE activity in rabbits immunized with ACE decreased to 50% of the control level after 7 months (78.0 +/- 3.8 IU/L/37 degrees C, basal, 42.0 +/- 5.0 at 7 months and 33.3 +/- 3.5 IU/L/37 degrees C at 8 months, respectively). When rabbit serum containing antiACE antibodies was mixed, after heat-treatment at 56 degrees C for 30 min, with normal human serum, the ACE activity was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggested that anti-ACE autoantibody may be present in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the absence of data on the epitope for the antibody does not allow any conclusion except that the immunoreactivities to ACE are higher in type 2 diabetic patients than in non-diabetic individuals.     

Insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin I converting enzyme gene and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

INTRODUCTION: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a well known risk factor of death from cardiovascular causes. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at particularly high risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which accounts for 80% of deaths in this group. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is probably related to increased left ventricular mass (LVM). Existing data show that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system may play a role in the development of LVH. Since the I/D polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene influences the activity of RAA, it is likely that it could also have an impact on LVH. AIM: To assess the relationship between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and the severity of LVH assessed by echocardiography (Echo) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The study group consisted of 103 patients (37 women and 66 men; mean age 60.1+/-9.1 years) suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus with a mean duration of 9.0+/-6.5 years. BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), arterial blood pressure, LVM and LVM index (LVM indexed for body surface area [g/m(2)] or height raised to the power 2.7 [g/m(2.7)]) were evaluated. I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Distribution of I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene in the study group was as follows: genotype II--32.0%, ID--42.7%, DD--25.2% of patients. LVH was diagnosed in 43-71% of patients (depending on criteria used). Distribution of individual genotypes was similar in patients with and without LVH. Genotypes II, ID and DD were observed in 37.3%, 31.4% and 31.4% of patients without LVH (according to the Levy criteria) and in 26.9%, 53.9%, 19.2% in the LVH group, respectively. In persons with DD genotype, when compared to group II, significantly higher values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were noted (147.7+/-20.2 vs 138.2+/-16.7 mmHg, p=0.03 and 89.4+/-9.7 vs 81.9+/-8.7 mmHg, p=0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus there is no relationship between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and LVH.     

维生素D受体基因多态性与糖尿病的相关性

目的研究维生素D受体（VDR）基因BsmⅠ酶切位点多态性是否与糖尿病（DM）的易感性相关。方法采用PCR-RFLP方法分型并用x^2检验比较各组间基因型及等位基因频率的分布。结果全部研究对象中共见BB、bb、Bb三种基因型。1型糖尿病（T1DM）BB基因型频率为2％，Bb基因型频率为47％，分别明显高于对照组的0．5％和9．2％，而2型糖尿病（T2DM）的BB基因型频率为0．6％，Bb基因型频率为10．8％，与对照组分别相似。结论VDR基因BsmⅠ位点多态性与T2DM的易感性可能无关（P〉0．05），但与T1DM的易感性密切相关（P〈0．05）。     

Dry cough in the elderly patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

Since dry cough has recently been recognized as a side effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors employed in the treatment of hypertension or congestive heart failure, the incidence of dry cough in elderly patients receiving ACE inhibitors was investigated. There were 237 out-patients on either captopril, enalapril, or delapril, in August and November 1989. Questionnaires concerning dry cough and smoking were completed by 184 patients. Patients either less than 50 years of age, or with chronic pulmonary disease were excluded. The remaining 168 patients, 63 males, 105 females, with a mean age of 73 years were analyzed for the incidence of a dry cough in relation to age, sex, smoking, and type of drugs. The overall incidence of a dry cough was 21/168 (12.5%), 7/63 (11.1%) for males and 14/105 (13.3%) for females, and was less frequent with advancing age; in the 51-60 age group 4/11 (36.4%), in the 61-70 age group 5/39 (12.8%), in the 71-80 age group 9/75 (12.0%), in the 81-90 age group 3/40 (7.5%), in the 91- age group 0/3 (0%). Enalapril showed significantly higher incidence of dry cough than captopril (16/93, 17.2% vs 7/88, 8.0%, p less than 0.05). Delapril showed an incidence 4/11, 36.4%, however, 9 out of the 11 patients who were given delapril had had a history of a dry cough with captopril or enalapril, and in 4 out of these 9 patients the dry cough disappeared by replacement of captopril or enalapril by delapril.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)